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Meaning of A

English Translation from English to English dictionary online for the word A

A - The first letter of the English and of many other alphabets. The capital A of the alphabets of Middle and Western Europe, as also the small letter (a), besides the forms in Italic, black letter, etc., are all descended from the old Latin A, which was borrowed from the Greek Alpha, of the same form; and this was made from the first letter (/) of the Phoenician alphabet, the equivalent of the Hebrew Aleph, and itself from the Egyptian origin. The Aleph was a consonant letter, with a guttural breath sound that was not an element of Greek articulation; and the Greeks took it to represent their vowel Alpha with the a sound, the Phoenician alphabet having no vowel symbols.

Abaca - The Manila-hemp plant (Musa textilis); also, its fiber. See Manila hemp under Manila.

Abada - The rhinoceros.

Abanga - A West Indian palm; also the fruit of this palm, the seeds of which are used as a remedy for diseases of the chest.

Abba - Father; religious superior; -- in the Syriac, Coptic, and Ethiopic churches, a title given to the bishops, and by the bishops to the patriarch.

Abdominalia - A group of cirripeds having abdominal appendages.

Aboma - A large South American serpent (Boa aboma).

Abracadabra - A mystical word or collocation of letters written as in the figure. Worn on an amulet it was supposed to ward off fever. At present the word is used chiefly in jest to denote something without meaning; jargon.

Abranchiata - A group of annelids, so called because the species composing it have no special organs of respiration.

Abscissa - One of the elements of reference by which a point, as of a curve, is referred to a system of fixed rectilineal coordinate axes.

Abuna - The Patriarch, or head of the Abyssinian Church.

Acacia - A roll or bag, filled with dust, borne by Byzantine emperors, as a memento of mortality. It is represented on medals.

Acacia - A genus of leguminous trees and shrubs. Nearly 300 species are Australian or Polynesian, and have terete or vertically compressed leaf stalks, instead of the bipinnate leaves of the much fewer species of America, Africa, etc. Very few are found in temperate climates.

Acacia - The inspissated juice of several species of acacia; -- called also gum acacia, and gum arabic.

Acantha - A prickle.

Acantha - A spine or prickly fin.

Acantha - The vertebral column; the spinous process of a vertebra.

Acanthocephala - A group of intestinal worms, having the proboscis armed with recurved spines.

A cappella - In church or chapel style; -- said of compositions sung in the old church style, without instrumental accompaniment; as, a mass a capella, i. e., a mass purely vocal.

A cappella - A time indication, equivalent to alla breve.

Acarina - The group of Arachnida which includes the mites and ticks. Many species are parasitic, and cause diseases like the itch and mange.

Acciaccatura - A short grace note, one semitone below the note to which it is prefixed; -- used especially in organ music. Now used as equivalent to the short appoggiatura.

Aceldama - The potter's field, said to have lain south of Jerusalem, purchased with the bribe which Judas took for betraying his Master, and therefore called the field of blood. Fig.: A field of bloodshed.

Acephala - That division of the Mollusca which includes the bivalve shells, like the clams and oysters; -- so called because they have no evident head. Formerly the group included the Tunicata, Brachiopoda, and sometimes the Bryozoa. See Mollusca.

Acetabulifera - The division of Cephalopoda in which the arms are furnished with cup-shaped suckers, as the cuttlefishes, squids, and octopus; the Dibranchiata. See Cephalopoda.

Achatina - A genus of land snails, often large, common in the warm parts of America and Africa.

Acholia - Deficiency or want of bile.

Acicula - One of the needlelike or bristlelike spines or prickles of some animals and plants; also, a needlelike crystal.

Acinesia - Same as Akinesia.

Aconitia - Same as Aconitine.

Acontia - Threadlike defensive organs, composed largely of nettling cells (cnidae), thrown out of the mouth or special pores of certain Actiniae when irritated.

Acrania - Partial or total absence of the skull.

Acrania - The lowest group of Vertebrata, including the amphioxus, in which no skull exists.

Acrasia - Alt. of Acrasy

Acraspeda - A group of acalephs, including most of the larger jellyfishes; the Discophora.

Acrisia - Alt. of Acrisy

Acrita - The lowest groups of animals, in which no nervous system has been observed.

Acroteria - of Acroterium

Actinaria - A large division of Anthozoa, including those which have simple tentacles and do not form stony corals. Sometimes, in a wider sense, applied to all the Anthozoa, expert the Alcyonaria, whether forming corals or not.

Aga - Alt. of Agha

Agha - In Turkey, a commander or chief officer. It is used also as a title of respect.

Agalactia - Alt. of Agalaxy

Agama - A genus of lizards, one of the few which feed upon vegetable substances; also, one of these lizards.

Amphibia - One of the classes of vertebrates.

Amphibiotica - A division of insects having aquatic larvae.

Amphibia - of Amphibium

Amphineura - A division of Mollusca remarkable for the bilateral symmetry of the organs and the arrangement of the nerves.

Armilla - An armil.

Armilla - A ring of hair or feathers on the legs.

Arna - Alt. of Arnee

Arnica - A genus of plants; also, the most important species (Arnica montana), native of the mountains of Europe, used in medicine as a narcotic and stimulant.

Barracuda - Alt. of Barracouata

Barracouata - A voracious pikelike, marine fish, of the genus Sphyraena, sometimes used as food.

Barracouata - A large edible fresh-water fish of Australia and New Zealand (Thyrsites atun).

Barranca - A ravine caused by heavy rains or a watercourse.

Actinia - An animal of the class Anthozoa, and family Actinidae. From a resemblance to flowers in form and color, they are often called animal flowers and sea anemones. [See Polyp.].

Actinia - A genus in the family Actinidae.

Actinotrocha - A peculiar larval form of Phoronis, a genus of marine worms, having a circle of ciliated tentacles.

Actinozoa - A group of Coelenterata, comprising the Anthozoa and Ctenophora. The sea anemone, or actinia, is a familiar example.

Actinula - A kind of embryo of certain hydroids (Tubularia), having a stellate form.

Adansonia - A genus of great trees related to the Bombax. There are two species, A. digitata, the baobab or monkey-bread of Africa and India, and A. Gregorii, the sour gourd or cream-of-tartar tree of Australia. Both have a trunk of moderate height, but of enormous diameter, and a wide-spreading head. The fruit is oblong, and filled with pleasantly acid pulp. The wood is very soft, and the bark is used by the natives for making ropes and cloth.

Addenda - of Addendum

Adelphia - A "brotherhood," or collection of stamens in a bundle; -- used in composition, as in the class names, Monadelphia, Diadelphia, etc.

Adenalgia - Alt. of Adenalgy

Adularia - A transparent or translucent variety of common feldspar, or orthoclase, which often shows pearly opalescent reflections; -- called by lapidaries moonstone.

Adversaria - A miscellaneous collection of notes, remarks, or selections; a commonplace book; also, commentaries or notes.

Adynamia - Considerable debility of the vital powers, as in typhoid fever.

Adyta - of Adytum

Aecidia - of Aecidium

Aegicrania - Sculptured ornaments, used in classical architecture, representing rams' heads or skulls.

Aerophobia - Alt. of Aerophoby

Aesthesia - Perception by the senses; feeling; -- the opposite of anaesthesia.

Agenda - of Agendum

Agora - An assembly; hence, the place of assembly, especially the market place, in an ancient Greek city.

Agouara - The crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus), found in the tropical parts of America.

Agouta - A small insectivorous mammal (Solenodon paradoxus), allied to the moles, found only in Hayti.

Agraphia - The absence or loss of the power of expressing ideas by written signs. It is one form of aphasia.

Aha - An exclamation expressing, by different intonations, triumph, mixed with derision or irony, or simple surprise.

Aha - A sunk fence. See Ha-ha.

Ailuroidea - A group of the Carnivora, which includes the cats, civets, and hyenas.

Akinesia - Paralysis of the motor nerves; loss of movement.

Ala - A winglike organ, or part.

Alabastra - of Alabastrum

Alalonga - Alt. of Alilonghi

Albata - A white metallic alloy; which is made into spoons, forks, teapots, etc. British plate or German silver. See German silver, under German.

Albuminuria - A morbid condition in which albumin is present in the urine.

Alcanna - An oriental shrub (Lawsonia inermis) from which henna is obtained.

Alcarraza - A vessel of porous earthenware, used for cooling liquids by evaporation from the exterior surface.

Alcyonacea - A group of soft-bodied Alcyonaria, of which Alcyonium is the type. See Illust. under Alcyonaria.

Alcyonaria - One of the orders of Anthozoa. It includes the Alcyonacea, Pennatulacea, and Gorgonacea.

Alfa - Alt. of Alfa grass

Alfalfa - The lucern (Medicago sativa); -- so called in California, Texas, etc.

Alfilaria - The pin grass (Erodium cicutarium), a weed in California.

Alga - A kind of seaweed; pl. the class of cellular cryptogamic plants which includes the black, red, and green seaweeds, as kelp, dulse, sea lettuce, also marine and fresh water confervae, etc.

Algaroba - The Carob, a leguminous tree of the Mediterranean region; also, its edible beans or pods, called St. John's bread.

Algaroba - The Honey mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), a small tree found from California to Buenos Ayres; also, its sweet, pulpy pods. A valuable gum, resembling gum arabic, is collected from the tree in Texas and Mexico.

Algarovilla - The agglutinated seeds and husks of the legumes of a South American tree (Inga Marthae). It is valuable for tanning leather, and as a dye.

Algebra - That branch of mathematics which treats of the relations and properties of quantity by means of letters and other symbols. It is applicable to those relations that are true of every kind of magnitude.

Algebra - A treatise on this science.

Alhambra - The palace of the Moorish kings at Granada.

Alhenna - See Henna.

Allantoidea - The division of Vertebrata in which the embryo develops an allantois. It includes reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Alleluia - Alt. of Alleluiah

Alluvia - of Alluvium

Alma - Alt. of Almah

Almadia - Alt. of Almadie

Almagra - A fine, deep red ocher, somewhat purplish, found in Spain. It is the sil atticum of the ancients. Under the name of Indian red it is used for polishing glass and silver.

Alopecia - Alt. of Alopecy

Alpaca - An animal of Peru (Lama paco), having long, fine, wooly hair, supposed by some to be a domesticated variety of the llama.

Alpaca - Wool of the alpaca.

Alpaca - A thin kind of cloth made of the wooly hair of the alpaca, often mixed with silk or with cotton.

Alpha - The first letter in the Greek alphabet, answering to A, and hence used to denote the beginning.

Alpia - The seed of canary grass (Phalaris Canariensis), used for feeding cage birds.

Althaea - Alt. of Althea

Althea - A genus of plants of the Mallow family. It includes the officinal marsh mallow, and the garden hollyhocks.

Althea - An ornamental shrub (Hibiscus Syriacus) of the Mallow family.

Alula - A false or bastard wing. See under Bastard.

Alumina - One of the earths, consisting of two parts of aluminium and three of oxygen, Al2O3.

Alumna - A female pupil; especially, a graduate of a school or college.

Amalgama - Same as Amalgam.

Amblyopia - Alt. of Amblyopy

Amblypoda - A group of large, extinct, herbivorous mammals, common in the Tertiary formation of the United States.

Ambrosia - The fabled food of the gods (as nectar was their drink), which conferred immortality upon those who partook of it.

Ambrosia - An unguent of the gods.

Ambrosia - A perfumed unguent, salve, or draught; something very pleasing to the taste or smell.

Ambrosia - Formerly, a kind of fragrant plant; now (Bot.), a genus of plants, including some coarse and worthless weeds, called ragweed, hogweed, etc.

Ambulacra - of Ambulacrum

Amenorrhoea - Retention or suppression of the menstrual discharge.

Amentia - Imbecility; total want of understanding.

Amenta - of Amentum

Ametabola - A group of insects which do not undergo any metamorphosis.

Ametropia - Any abnormal condition of the refracting powers of the eye.

Amia - A genus of fresh-water ganoid fishes, exclusively confined to North America; called bowfin in Lake Champlain, dogfish in Lake Erie, and mudfish in South Carolina, etc. See Bowfin.

Amma - An abbes or spiritual mother.

Ammonia - A gaseous compound of hydrogen and nitrogen, NH3, with a pungent smell and taste: -- often called volatile alkali, and spirits of hartshorn.

Ammonitoidea - An extensive group of fossil cephalopods often very abundant in Mesozoic rocks. See Ammonite.

Amnesia - Forgetfulness; also, a defect of speech, from cerebral disease, in which the patient substitutes wrong words or names in the place of those he wishes to employ.

Amniota - That group of vertebrates which develops in its embryonic life the envelope called the amnion. It comprises the reptiles, the birds, and the mammals.

Amoeba - A rhizopod. common in fresh water, capable of undergoing many changes of form at will. See Rhizopoda.

Amoebea - That division of the Rhizopoda which includes the amoeba and similar forms.

Amorosa - A wanton woman; a courtesan.

Amorpha - A genus of leguminous shrubs, having long clusters of purple flowers; false or bastard indigo.

Amorphozoa - Animals without a mouth or regular internal organs, as the sponges.

Amphipoda - A numerous group of fourteen -- footed Crustacea, inhabiting both fresh and salt water. The body is usually compressed laterally, and the anterior pairs or legs are directed downward and forward, but the posterior legs are usually turned upward and backward. The beach flea is an example. See Tetradecapoda and Arthrostraca.

Amphirhina - A name applied to the elasmobranch fishes, because the nasal sac is double.

Amphisbaena - A fabled serpent with a head at each end, moving either way.

Amphisbaena - A genus of harmless lizards, serpentlike in form, without legs, and with both ends so much alike that they appear to have a head at each, and ability to move either way. See Illustration in Appendix.

Amphitrocha - A kind of annelid larva having both a dorsal and a ventral circle of special cilia.

Amphiuma - A genus of amphibians, inhabiting the Southern United States, having a serpentlike form, but with four minute limbs and two persistent gill openings; the Congo snake.

Amphora - Among the ancients, a two-handled vessel, tapering at the bottom, used for holding wine, oil, etc.

Ampulla - A narrow-necked vessel having two handles and bellying out like a jug.

Ampulla - A cruet for the wine and water at Mass.

Ampulla - The vase in which the holy oil for chrism, unction, or coronation is kept.

Ampulla - Any membranous bag shaped like a leathern bottle, as the dilated end of a vessel or duct; especially the dilations of the semicircular canals of the ear.

Amrita - Immortality; also, the nectar conferring immortality.

Amrita - Ambrosial; immortal.

Ana - Of each; an equal quantity; as, wine and honey, ana (or, contracted, aa), / ij., that is, of wine and honey, each, two ounces.

Anaconda - A large South American snake of the Boa family (Eunectes murinus), which lives near rivers, and preys on birds and small mammals. The name is also applied to a similar large serpent (Python tigris) of Ceylon.

Anaemia - A morbid condition in which the blood is deficient in quality or in quantity.

Anaesthesia - Entire or partial loss or absence of feeling or sensation; a state of general or local insensibility produced by disease or by the inhalation or application of an anaesthetic.

Analecta - A collection of literary fragments.

Analemma - An orthographic projection of the sphere on the plane of the meridian, the eye being supposed at an infinite distance, and in the east or west point of the horizon.

Analemma - An instrument of wood or brass, on which this projection of the sphere is made, having a movable horizon or cursor; -- formerly much used in solving some common astronomical problems.

Analemma - A scale of the sun's declination for each day of the year, drawn across the torrid zone on an artificial terrestrial globe.

Analgesia - Absence of sensibility to pain.

Anallantoidea - The division of Vertebrata in which no allantois is developed. It includes amphibians, fishes, and lower forms.

Anaphora - A repetition of a word or of words at the beginning of two or more successive clauses.

Anaphrodisia - Absence of sexual appetite.

Anarthropoda - One of the divisions of Articulata in which there are no jointed legs, as the annelids; -- opposed to Arthropoda.

Anasarca - Dropsy of the subcutaneous cellular tissue; an effusion of serum into the cellular substance, occasioning a soft, pale, inelastic swelling of the skin.

Anathema - A ban or curse pronounced with religious solemnity by ecclesiastical authority, and accompanied by excommunication. Hence: Denunciation of anything as accursed.

Anathema - An imprecation; a curse; a malediction.

Anathema - Any person or thing anathematized, or cursed by ecclesiastical authority.

Anatifa - An animal of the barnacle tribe, of the genus Lepas, having a fleshy stem or peduncle; a goose barnacle. See Cirripedia.

Andromeda - A northern constellation, supposed to represent the mythical Andromeda.

Andromeda - A genus of ericaceous flowering plants of northern climates, of which the original species was found growing on a rock surrounded by water.

Anesthesia - Alt. of Anesthetic

Angelica - An aromatic umbelliferous plant (Archangelica officinalis or Angelica archangelica) the leaf stalks of which are sometimes candied and used in confectionery, and the roots and seeds as an aromatic tonic.

Angelica - The candied leaf stalks of angelica.

Angienchyma - Vascular tissue of plants, consisting of spiral vessels, dotted, barred, and pitted ducts, and laticiferous vessels.

Angina - Any inflammatory affection of the throat or faces, as the quinsy, malignant sore throat, croup, etc., especially such as tends to produce suffocation, choking, or shortness of breath.

Angioma - A tumor composed chiefly of dilated blood vessels.

Anglomania - A mania for, or an inordinate attachment to, English customs, institutions, etc.

Anglophobia - Intense dread of, or aversion to, England or the English.

Angola - A fabric made from the wool of the Angora goat.

Angola pea - A tropical plant (Cajanus indicus) and its edible seed, a kind of pulse; -- so called from Angola in Western Africa. Called also pigeon pea and Congo pea.

Angora - A city of Asia Minor (or Anatolia) which has given its name to a goat, a cat, etc.

Anhima - A South American aquatic bird; the horned screamer or kamichi (Palamedea cornuta). See Kamichi.

Anhinga - An aquatic bird of the southern United States (Platus anhinga); the darter, or snakebird.

Animalcula - of Animalculum

Anisodactyla - Alt. of Anisodactyls

Anisopleura - A primary division of gastropods, including those having spiral shells. The two sides of the body are unequally developed.

Anisopoda - A division of Crustacea, which, in some its characteristics, is intermediate between Amphipoda and Isopoda.

Anna - An East Indian money of account, the sixteenth of a rupee, or about 2/ cents.

Annelida - A division of the Articulata, having the body formed of numerous rings or annular segments, and without jointed legs. The principal subdivisions are the Chaetopoda, including the Oligochaeta or earthworms and Polychaeta or marine worms; and the Hirudinea or leeches. See Chaetopoda.

Annellata - See Annelida.

Annulata - A class of articulate animals, nearly equivalent to Annelida, including the marine annelids, earthworms, Gephyrea, Gymnotoma, leeches, etc. See Annelida.

Annuloida - A division of the Articulata, including the annelids and allied groups; sometimes made to include also the helminths and echinoderms.

Annulosa - A division of the Invertebrata, nearly equivalent to the Articulata. It includes the Arthoropoda and Anarthropoda. By some zoologists it is applied to the former only.

Anoa - A small wild ox of Celebes (Anoa depressicornis), allied to the buffalo, but having long nearly straight horns.

Anomia - A genus of bivalve shells, allied to the oyster, so called from their unequal valves, of which the lower is perforated for attachment.

Anomura - Alt. of Anomoura

Anomoura - A group of decapod Crustacea, of which the hermit crab in an example.

Anona - A genus of tropical or subtropical plants of the natural order Anonaceae, including the soursop.

Anopla - One of the two orders of Nemerteans. See Nemertina.

Anoplura - A group of insects which includes the lice.

Anopsia - Alt. of Anopsy

Anorexia - Alt. of Anorexy

Anosmia - Loss of the sense of smell.

Anotta - See Annotto.

Anoura - See Anura.

Ansa - A name given to either of the projecting ends of Saturn's ring.

Anta - A species of pier produced by thickening a wall at its termination, treated architecturally as a pilaster, with capital and base.

Antefixa - of Antefix

Antenna - A movable, articulated organ of sensation, attached to the heads of insects and Crustacea. There are two in the former, and usually four in the latter. They are used as organs of touch, and in some species of Crustacea the cavity of the ear is situated near the basal joint. In insects, they are popularly called horns, and also feelers. The term in also applied to similar organs on the heads of other arthropods and of annelids.

Antepenultima - The last syllable of a word except two, as -syl- in monosyllable.

Anthelia - of Anthelion

Antheridia - of Antheridium

Anthobranchia - A division of nudibranchiate Mollusca, in which the gills form a wreath or cluster upon the posterior part of the back. See Nudibranchiata, and Doris.

Anthomania - A extravagant fondness for flowers.

Anthozoa - The class of the Coelenterata which includes the corals and sea anemones. The three principal groups or orders are Acyonaria, Actinaria, and Madreporaria.

Anthropoidea - The suborder of primates which includes the monkeys, apes, and man.

Anthropomorpha - The manlike, or anthropoid, apes.

Anticlinoria - of Anticlinorium

Antilegomena - Certain books of the New Testament which were for a time not universally received, but which are now considered canonical. These are the Epistle to the Hebrews, the Epistles of James and Jude, the second Epistle of Peter, the second and third Epistles of John, and the Revelation. The undisputed books are called the Homologoumena.

Antlia - The spiral tubular proboscis of lepidopterous insects. See Lepidoptera.

Antonomasia - The use of some epithet or the name of some office, dignity, or the like, instead of the proper name of the person; as when his majesty is used for a king, or when, instead of Aristotle, we say, the philosopher; or, conversely, the use of a proper name instead of an appellative, as when a wise man is called a Solomon, or an eminent orator a Cicero.

Antra - of Antrum

Anura - One of the orders of amphibians characterized by the absence of a tail, as the frogs and toads.

Aorta - The great artery which carries the blood from the heart to all parts of the body except the lungs; the main trunk of the arterial system.

Apara - See Mataco.

Aperea - The wild Guinea pig of Brazil (Cavia aperea).

Aphakia - An anomalous state of refraction caused by the absence of the crystalline lens, as after operations for cataract. The remedy is the use of powerful convex lenses.

Aphaniptera - A group of wingless insects, of which the flea in the type. See Flea.

Aphasia - Alt. of Aphasy

Aphelia - of Aphelion

Aphemia - Loss of the power of speaking, while retaining the power of writing; -- a disorder of cerebral origin.

Aphonia - Alt. of Aphony

Aphtha - One of the whitish specks called aphthae.

Aphtha - The disease, also called thrush.

Aplacentata - Mammals which have no placenta.

Aplacophora - A division of Amphineura in which the body is naked or covered with slender spines or setae, but is without shelly plates.

Aplysia - A genus of marine mollusks of the order Tectibranchiata; the sea hare. Some of the species when disturbed throw out a deep purple liquor, which colors the water to some distance. See Illust. in Appendix.

Apneumona - An order of holothurians in which the internal respiratory organs are wanting; -- called also Apoda or Apodes.

Apnoea - Partial privation or suspension of breath; suffocation.

Apocrypha - Something, as a writing, that is of doubtful authorship or authority; -- formerly used also adjectively.

Apocrypha - Specif.: Certain writings which are received by some Christians as an authentic part of the Holy Scriptures, but are rejected by others.

Apoda - A group of cirripeds, destitute of footlike organs.

Apoda - An order of Amphibia without feet. See Ophiomorpha.

Apoda - A group of worms without appendages, as the leech.

Apomorphia - Alt. of Apomorphine

Aporia - A figure in which the speaker professes to be at a loss what course to pursue, where to begin to end, what to say, etc.

Aporosa - A group of corals in which the coral is not porous; -- opposed to Perforata.

Apothecia - of Apothecium

Appendicularia - A genus of small free-swimming Tunicata, shaped somewhat like a tadpole, and remarkable for resemblances to the larvae of other Tunicata. It is the type of the order Copelata or Larvalia. See Illustration in Appendix.

Appendiculata - An order of annelids; the Polych/ta.

Appoggiatura - A passing tone preceding an essential tone, and borrowing the time it occupies from that; a short auxiliary or grace note one degree above or below the principal note unless it be of the same harmony; -- generally indicated by a note of smaller size, as in the illustration above. It forms no essential part of the harmony.

Aprocta - A group of Turbellaria in which there is no anal aperture.

Aptera - Insects without wings, constituting the seventh Linnaen order of insects, an artificial group, which included Crustacea, spiders, centipeds, and even worms. These animals are now placed in several distinct classes and orders.

Apteria - Naked spaces between the feathered areas of birds. See Pteryliae.

Apyrexia - Alt. of Apyrexy

Aqua - Water; -- a word much used in pharmacy and the old chemistry, in various signification, determined by the word or words annexed.

Aquaria - of Aquarium

Aquatinta - A kind of etching in which spaces are bitten by the use of aqua fortis, by which an effect is produced resembling a drawing in water colors or India ink; also, the engraving produced by this method.

Aquila - A genus of eagles.

Aquila - A northern constellation southerly from Lyra and Cygnus and preceding the Dolphin; the Eagle.

Ara - The Altar; a southern constellation, south of the tail of the Scorpion.

Ara - A name of the great blue and yellow macaw (Ara ararauna), native of South America.

Arachnida - One of the classes of Arthropoda. See Illustration in Appendix.

Arachnoidea - Same as Arachnida.

Araneida - Alt. of Araneoidea

Araneoidea - See Araneina.

Araneina - The order of Arachnida that includes the spiders.

Arapaima - A large fresh-water food fish of South America.

Arara - The palm (or great black) cockatoo, of Australia (Microglossus aterrimus).

Araucaria - A genus of tall conifers of the pine family. The species are confined mostly to South America and Australia. The wood cells differ from those of other in having the dots in their lateral surfaces in two or three rows, and the dots of contiguous rows alternating. The seeds are edible.

Arboreta - of Arboretum

Arcadia - A mountainous and picturesque district of Greece, in the heart of the Peloponnesus, whose people were distinguished for contentment and rural happiness.

Arcadia - Fig.: Any region or scene of simple pleasure and untroubled quiet.

Arcana - of Arcanum

Archencephala - The division that includes man alone.

Archiannelida - A group of Annelida remarkable for having no external segments or distinct ventral nerve ganglions.

Archiblastula - A hollow blastula, supposed to be the primitive form; a c/loblastula.

Arctisca - A group of Arachnida. See Illust. in Appendix.

Arctoidea - A group of the Carnivora, that includes the bears, weasels, etc.

Area - Any plane surface, as of the floor of a room or church, or of the ground within an inclosure; an open space in a building.

Area - The inclosed space on which a building stands.

Area - The sunken space or court, giving ingress and affording light to the basement of a building.

Area - An extent of surface; a tract of the earth's surface; a region; as, vast uncultivated areas.

Area - The superficial contents of any figure; the surface included within any given lines; superficial extent; as, the area of a square or a triangle.

Area - A spot or small marked space; as, the germinative area.

Area - Extent; scope; range; as, a wide area of thought.

Areca - A genus of palms, one species of which produces the areca nut, or betel nut, which is chewed in India with the leaf of the Piper Betle and lime.

Arena - The area in the central part of an amphitheater, in which the gladiators fought and other shows were exhibited; -- so called because it was covered with sand.

Arena - Any place of public contest or exertion; any sphere of action; as, the arenaof debate; the arena of life.

Arena - "Sand" or "gravel" in the kidneys.

Arenga - A palm tree (Saguerus saccharifer) which furnishes sago, wine, and fibers for ropes; the gomuti palm.

Areola - An interstice or small space, as between the cracks of the surface in certain crustaceous lichens; or as between the fibers composing organs or vessels that interlace; or as between the nervures of an insect's wing.

Areola - The colored ring around the nipple, or around a vesicle or pustule.

Argala - The adjutant bird.

Argonauta - A genus of Cephalopoda. The shell is called paper nautilus or paper sailor.

Aria - An air or song; a melody; a tune.

Arietta - Alt. of Ariette

Arista - An awn.

Armada - A fleet of armed ships; a squadron. Specifically, the Spanish fleet which was sent to assail England, a. d. 1558.

Aroma - The quality or principle of plants or other substances which constitutes their fragrance; agreeable odor; as, the aroma of coffee.

Aroma - Fig.: The fine diffusive quality of intellectual power; flavor; as, the subtile aroma of genius.

Arroba - A Spanish weight used in Mexico and South America = 25.36 lbs. avoir.; also, an old Portuguese weight, used in Brazil = 32.38 lbs. avoir.

Arroba - A Spanish liquid measure for wine = 3.54 imp. gallons, and for oil = 2.78 imp. gallons.

Artemia - A genus of phyllopod Crustacea found in salt lakes and brines; the brine shrimp. See Brine shrimp.

Artemisia - A genus of plants including the plants called mugwort, southernwood, and wormwood. Of these A. absinthium, or common wormwood, is well known, and A. tridentata is the sage brush of the Rocky Mountain region.

Arthrodia - A form of diarthrodial articulation in which the articular surfaces are nearly flat, so that they form only an imperfect ball and socket.

Arthrodynia - An affection characterized by pain in or about a joint, not dependent upon structural disease.

Arthrogastra - A division of the Arachnida, having the abdomen annulated, including the scorpions, harvestmen, etc.; pedipalpi.

Arthropleura - The side or limb-bearing portion of an arthromere.

Arthropoda - A large division of Articulata, embracing all those that have jointed legs. It includes Insects, Arachnida, Pychnogonida, and Crustacea.

Arthropomata - One of the orders of Branchiopoda. See Branchiopoda.

Arthrostraca - One of the larger divisions of Crustacea, so called because the thorax and abdomen are both segmented; Tetradecapoda. It includes the Amphipoda and Isopoda.

Articulata - One of the four subkingdoms in the classification of Cuvier. It has been much modified by later writers.

Articulata - One of the subdivisions of the Brachiopoda, including those that have the shells united by a hinge.

Articulata - A subdivision of the Crinoidea.

Artiodactyla - One of the divisions of the ungulate animals. The functional toes of the hind foot are even in number, and the third digit of each foot (corresponding to the middle finger in man) is asymmetrical and paired with the fourth digit, as in the hog, the sheep, and the ox; -- opposed to Perissodactyla.

Asa - An ancient name of a gum.

Asafetida - Alt. of Asafoetida

Asafoetida - The fetid gum resin or inspissated juice of a large umbelliferous plant (Ferula asafoetida) of Persia and the East Indies. It is used in medicine as an antispasmodic.

Asarabacca - An acrid herbaceous plant (Asarum Europaeum), the leaves and roots of which are emetic and cathartic. It is principally used in cephalic snuffs.

Ascidioidea - A group of Tunicata, often shaped like a two-necked bottle. The group includes, social, and compound species. The gill is a netlike structure within the oral aperture. The integument is usually leathery in texture. See Illustration in Appendix.

Ascidia - of Ascidium

A-sea - On the sea; at sea; toward the sea.

Asiphonea - Alt. of Asiphonida

Asiphonata - Alt. of Asiphonida

Asiphonida - A group of bivalve mollusks destitute of siphons, as the oyster; the asiphonate mollusks.

Asitia - Want of appetite; loathing of food.

Aspersoria - of Aspersorium

Asphyxia - Alt. of Asphyxy

Aspidobranchia - A group of Gastropoda, with limpetlike shells, including the abalone shells and keyhole limpets.

Assaf/tida - Same as Asafetida.

Asterioidea - Alt. of Asteridea

Asteridea - A class of Echinodermata including the true starfishes. The rays vary in number and always have ambulacral grooves below. The body is star-shaped or pentagonal.

Asthenia - Alt. of Astheny

Asthenopia - Weakness of sight.

Asthma - A disease, characterized by difficulty of breathing (due to a spasmodic contraction of the bronchi), recurring at intervals, accompanied with a wheezing sound, a sense of constriction in the chest, a cough, and expectoration.

Asura - An enemy of the gods, esp. one of a race of demons and giants.

Asyla - of Asylum

Ataraxia - Alt. of Ataraxy

Ataxia - Alt. of Ataxy

Athecata - A division of Hydroidea in which the zooids are naked, or not inclosed in a capsule. See Tubularian.

Athenaea - of Athenaeum

Atheroma - An encysted tumor containing curdy matter.

Atheroma - A disease characterized by thickening and fatty degeneration of the inner coat of the arteries.

Atlanta - A genus of small glassy heteropod mollusks found swimming at the surface in mid ocean. See Heteropod.

Atresia - Absence or closure of a natural passage or channel of the body; imperforation.

Atria - of Atrium

Atrocha - A kind of chaetopod larva in which no circles of cilia are developed.

Atropia - Same as Atropine.

Atrypa - A extinct genus of Branchiopoda, very common in Silurian limestones.

Attacca - Attack at once; -- a direction at the end of a movement to show that the next is to follow immediately, without any pause.

Audita querela - A writ which lies for a party against whom judgment is recovered, but to whom good matter of discharge has subsequently accrued which could not have been availed of to prevent such judgment.

Aura - Any subtile, invisible emanation, effluvium, or exhalation from a substance, as the aroma of flowers, the odor of the blood, a supposed fertilizing emanation from the pollen of flowers, etc.

Aura - The peculiar sensation, as of a light vapor, or cold air, rising from the trunk or limbs towards the head, a premonitory symptom of epilepsy or hysterics.

Aurelia - The chrysalis, or pupa of an insect, esp. when reflecting a brilliant golden color, as that of some of the butterflies.

Aurelia - A genus of jellyfishes. See Discophora.

Aureola - Alt. of Aureole

Auricula - A species of Primula, or primrose, called also, from the shape of its leaves, bear's-ear.

Auricula - A species of Hirneola (H. auricula), a membranaceous fungus, called also auricula Judae, or Jew's-ear.

Auricula - A genus of air-breathing mollusks mostly found near the sea, where the water is brackish

Auricula - One of the five arched processes of the shell around the jaws of a sea urchin.

Auricularia - A kind of holothurian larva, with soft, blunt appendages. See Illustration in Appendix.

Auriga - The Charioteer, or Wagoner, a constellation in the northern hemisphere, situated between Perseus and Gemini. It contains the bright star Capella.

Aurora - The rising light of the morning; the dawn of day; the redness of the sky just before the sun rises.

Aurora - The rise, dawn, or beginning.

Aurora - The Roman personification of the dawn of day; the goddess of the morning. The poets represented her a rising out of the ocean, in a chariot, with rosy fingers dropping gentle dew.

Aurora - A species of crowfoot.

Aurora - The aurora borealis or aurora australis (northern or southern lights).

Automata - of Automaton

Ava - Same as Kava.

Ave Maria - Alt. of Ave Mary

Avena - A genus of grasses, including the common oat (Avena sativa); the oat grasses.

Avesta - The Zoroastrian scriptures. See Zend-Avesta.

Avicula - A genus of marine bivalves, having a pearly interior, allied to the pearl oyster; -- so called from a supposed resemblance of the typical species to a bird.

Avicularia - See prehensile processes on the cells of some Bryozoa, often having the shape of a bird's bill.

Avifauna - The birds, or all the kinds of birds, inhabiting a region.

Axilla - The armpit, or the cavity beneath the junction of the arm and shoulder.

Axilla - An axil.

Azalea - A genus of showy flowering shrubs, mostly natives of China or of North America; false honeysuckle. The genus is scarcely distinct from Rhododendron.

Ba - To kiss.

Baa - To cry baa, or bleat as a sheep.

Baa - The cry or bleating of a sheep; a bleat.

Baba - A kind of plum cake.

Babiroussa - Alt. of Babirussa

Babirussa - A large hoglike quadruped (Sus, / Porcus, babirussa) of the East Indies, sometimes domesticated; the Indian hog. Its upper canine teeth or tusks are large and recurved.

Babyroussa - Alt. of Babyrussa

Babyrussa - See Babyroussa.

Baccara - Alt. of Baccarat

Bacchanalia - A feast or an orgy in honor of Bacchus.

Bacchanalia - Hence: A drunken feast; drunken reveler.

Bacteria - See Bacterium.

Bacteria - of Bacterium

Badiaga - A fresh-water sponge (Spongilla), common in the north of Europe, the powder of which is used to take away the livid marks of bruises.

Bafta - A coarse stuff, usually of cotton, originally made in India. Also, an imitation of this fabric made for export.

Baggala - A two-masted Arab or Indian trading vessel, used in Indian Ocean.

Balaenoidea - A division of the Cetacea, including the right whale and all other whales having the mouth fringed with baleen. See Baleen.

Balistraria - A narrow opening, often cruciform, through which arrows might be discharged.

Ballista - An ancient military engine, in the form of a crossbow, used for hurling large missiles.

Balsa - A raft or float, used principally on the Pacific coast of South America.

Banana - A perennial herbaceous plant of almost treelike size (Musa sapientum); also, its edible fruit. See Musa.

Bandala - A fabric made in Manilla from the older leaf sheaths of the abaca (Musa textilis).

Bandanna - Alt. of Bandana

Bandana - A species of silk or cotton handkerchief, having a uniformly dyed ground, usually of red or blue, with white or yellow figures of a circular, lozenge, or other simple form.

Bandana - A style of calico printing, in which white or bright spots are produced upon cloth previously dyed of a uniform red or dark color, by discharging portions of the color by chemical means, while the rest of the cloth is under pressure.

Barbara - The first word in certain mnemonic lines which represent the various forms of the syllogism. It indicates a syllogism whose three propositions are universal affirmatives.

Baria - Baryta.

Barilla - A name given to several species of Salsola from which soda is made, by burning the barilla in heaps and lixiviating the ashes.

Barilla - The alkali produced from the plant, being an impure carbonate of soda, used for making soap, glass, etc., and for bleaching purposes.

Barilla - Impure soda obtained from the ashes of any seashore plant, or kelp.

Baryta - An oxide of barium (or barytum); a heavy earth with a specific gravity above 4.

Basilica - Originally, the place of a king; but afterward, an apartment provided in the houses of persons of importance, where assemblies were held for dispensing justice; and hence, any large hall used for this purpose.

Basilica - A building used by the Romans as a place of public meeting, with court rooms, etc., attached.

Basilica - A church building of the earlier centuries of Christianity, the plan of which was taken from the basilica of the Romans. The name is still applied to some churches by way of honorary distinction.

Basilica - A digest of the laws of Justinian, translated from the original Latin into Greek, by order of Basil I., in the ninth century.

Basommatophora - A group of Pulmonifera having the eyes at the base of the tentacles, including the common pond snails.

Bassa - Alt. of Bassaw

Basta - Enough; stop.

Batata - An aboriginal American name for the sweet potato (Ipomaea batatas).

Batrachia - The order of amphibians which includes the frogs and toads; the Anura. Sometimes the word is used in a wider sense as equivalent to Amphibia.

Batta - Extra pay; esp. an extra allowance to an English officer serving in India.

Batta - Rate of exchange; also, the discount on uncurrent coins.

Battalia - Order of battle; disposition or arrangement of troops (brigades, regiments, battalions, etc.), or of a naval force, for action.

Battalia - An army in battle array; also, the main battalia or body.

Battuta - The measuring of time by beating.

Baya - The East Indian weaver bird (Ploceus Philippinus).

Bdelloidea - The order of Annulata which includes the leeches. See Hirudinea.

Bdellomorpha - An order of Nemertina, including the large leechlike worms (Malacobdella) often parasitic in clams.

Beccabunga - See Brooklime.

Becuna - A fish of the Mediterranean (Sphyraena spet). See Barracuda.

Bega - See Bigha.

Begonia - A genus of plants, mostly of tropical America, many species of which are grown as ornamental plants. The leaves are curiously one-sided, and often exhibit brilliant colors.

Belladonna - An herbaceous European plant (Atropa belladonna) with reddish bell-shaped flowers and shining black berries. The whole plant and its fruit are very poisonous, and the root and leaves are used as powerful medicinal agents. Its properties are largely due to the alkaloid atropine which it contains. Called also deadly nightshade.

Belladonna - A species of Amaryllis (A. belladonna); the belladonna lily.

Bellona - The goddess of war.

Beluga - A cetacean allied to the dolphins.

Bema - A platform from which speakers addressed an assembly.

Bema - That part of an early Christian church which was reserved for the higher clergy; the inner or eastern part of the chancel.

Bema - Erroneously: A pulpit.

Bengola - A Bengal light.

Beretta - Same as Berretta.

Berretta - A square cap worn by ecclesiastics of the Roman Catholic Church. A cardinal's berretta is scarlet; that worn by other clerics is black, except that a bishop's is lined with green.

Bertha - A kind of collar or cape worn by ladies.

Beteela - An East India muslin, formerly used for cravats, veils, etc.

Cariama - A large, long-legged South American bird (Dicholophus cristatus) which preys upon snakes, etc. See Seriema.

Cholaemaa - A disease characterized by severe nervous symptoms, dependent upon the presence of the constituents of the bile in the blood.

Cholera - One of several diseases affecting the digestive and intestinal tract and more or less dangerous to life, esp. the one commonly called Asiatic cholera.

Coaita - The native name of certain South American monkeys of the genus Ateles, esp. A. paniscus. The black-faced coaita is Ateles ater. See Illustration in Appendix.

Bibliomania - A mania for acquiring books.

Bibliophobia - A dread of books.

Bibliotheca - A library.

Biga - A two-horse chariot.

Bigha - A measure of land in India, varying from a third of an acre to an acre.

Bignonia - A large genus of American, mostly tropical, climbing shrubs, having compound leaves and showy somewhat tubular flowers. B. capreolata is the cross vine of the Southern United States. The trumpet creeper was formerly considered to be of this genus.

Bimana - Animals having two hands; -- a term applied by Cuvier to man as a special order of Mammalia.

Bipinnaria - The larva of certain starfishes as developed in the free-swimming stage.

Biretta - Same as Berretta.

Blastemata - of Blastema

Blastema - The structureless, protoplasmic tissue of the embryo; the primitive basis of an organ yet unformed, from which it grows.

Blastoidea - One of the divisions of Crinoidea found fossil in paleozoic rocks; pentremites. They are so named on account of their budlike form.

Blastula - That stage in the development of the ovum in which the outer cells of the morula become more defined and form the blastoderm.

Blea - The part of a tree which lies immediately under the bark; the alburnum or sapwood.

Blennorrhea - An inordinate secretion and discharge of mucus.

Blennorrhea - Gonorrhea.

Boa - A genus of large American serpents, including the boa constrictor, the emperor boa of Mexico (B. imperator), and the chevalier boa of Peru (B. eques).

Boa - A long, round fur tippet; -- so called from its resemblance in shape to the boa constrictor.

Bocca - The round hole in the furnace of a glass manufactory through which the fused glass is taken out.

Bohea - Bohea tea, an inferior kind of black tea. See under Tea.

Bohemia - A country of central Europe.

Bohemia - Fig.: The region or community of social Bohemians. See Bohemian, n., 3.

Bologna - A city of Italy which has given its name to various objects.

Bologna - A Bologna sausage.

Bonanza - In mining, a rich mine or vein of silver or gold; hence, anything which is a mine of wealth or yields a large income.

Bona peritura - Perishable goods.

Bona roba - A showy wanton; a courtesan.

Bonetta - See Bonito.

Bosa - A drink, used in the East. See Boza.

Bothrenchyma - Dotted or pitted ducts or vessels forming the pores seen in many kinds of wood.

Bougainvillaea - A genus of plants of the order Nyctoginaceae, from tropical South America, having the flowers surrounded by large bracts.

Boza - An acidulated fermented drink of the Arabs and Egyptians, made from millet seed and various astringent substances; also, an intoxicating beverage made from hemp seed, darnel meal, and water.

Brachelytra - A group of beetles having short elytra, as the rove beetles.

Brachia - See Brachium.

Brachiata - A division of the Crinoidea, including those furnished with long jointed arms. See Crinoidea.

Brachiolaria - A peculiar early larval stage of certain starfishes, having a bilateral structure, and swimming by means of bands of vibrating cilia.

Brachiopoda - A class of Molluscoidea having a symmetrical bivalve shell, often attached by a fleshy peduncle.

Bracchia - of Brachium

Brachyptera - A group of Coleoptera having short wings; the rove beetles.

Brachyura - A group of decapod Crustacea, including the common crabs, characterized by a small and short abdomen, which is bent up beneath the large cephalo-thorax. [Also spelt Brachyoura.] See Crab, and Illustration in Appendix.

Bractea - A bract.

Brahma - The One First Cause; also, one of the triad of Hindoo gods. The triad consists of Brahma, the Creator, Vishnu, the Preserver, and Siva, the Destroyer.

Brahma - A valuable variety of large, domestic fowl, peculiar in having the comb divided lengthwise into three parts, and the legs well feathered. There are two breeds, the dark or penciled, and the light; -- called also Brahmapootra.

Brama - See Brahma.

Branchia - A gill; a respiratory organ for breathing the air contained in water, such as many aquatic and semiaquatic animals have.

Branchiogastropoda - Those Gastropoda that breathe by branchiae, including the Prosobranchiata and Opisthobranchiata.

Branchiopoda - An order of Entomostraca; -- so named from the feet of branchiopods having been supposed to perform the function of gills. It includes the fresh-water genera Branchipus, Apus, and Limnadia, and the genus Artemia found in salt lakes. It is also called Phyllopoda. See Phyllopoda, Cladocera. It is sometimes used in a broader sense.

Branchiostoma - The lancelet. See Amphioxus.

Branchiura - A group of Entomostraca, with suctorial mouths, including species parasitic on fishes, as the carp lice (Argulus).

Brassica - A genus of plants embracing several species and varieties differing much in appearance and qualities: such as the common cabbage (B. oleracea), broccoli, cauliflowers, etc.; the wild turnip (B. campestris); the common turnip (B. rapa); the rape or coleseed (B. napus), etc.

Bravura - A florid, brilliant style of music, written for effect, to show the range and flexibility of a singer's voice, or the technical force and skill of a performer; virtuoso music.

Breccia - A rock composed of angular fragments either of the same mineral or of different minerals, etc., united by a cement, and commonly presenting a variety of colors.

Bregma - The point of junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures of the skull.

Bretwalda - The official title applied to that one of the Anglo-Saxon chieftains who was chosen by the other chiefs to lead them in their warfare against the British tribes.

Britannia - A white-metal alloy of tin, antimony, bismuth, copper, etc. It somewhat resembles silver, and is used for table ware. Called also Britannia metal.

Britzska - A long carriage, with a calash top, so constructed as to give space for reclining at night, when used on a journey.

Broma - Aliment; food.

Broma - A light form of prepared cocoa (or cacao), or the drink made from it.

Bronchia - The bronchial tubes which arise from the branching of the trachea, esp. the subdivision of the bronchi.

Broncho-pneumonia - Inflammation of the bronchi and lungs; catarrhal pneumonia.

Bruta - See Edentata.

Bryophyta - See Cryptogamia.

Bryozoa - A class of Molluscoidea, including minute animals which by budding form compound colonies; -- called also Polyzoa.

Buckra - A white man; -- a term used by negroes of the African coast, West Indies, etc.

Buckra - White; white man's; strong; good; as, buckra yam, a white yam.

Bucrania - of Bucranium

Buddha - The title of an incarnation of self-abnegation, virtue, and wisdom, or a deified religious teacher of the Buddhists, esp. Gautama Siddartha or Sakya Sinha (or Muni), the founder of Buddhism.

Buffa - The comic actress in an opera.

Buffa - Comic, farcical.

Bulimia - Alt. of Bulimy

Bulla - A bleb; a vesicle, or an elevation of the cuticle, containing a transparent watery fluid.

Bulla - The ovoid prominence below the opening of the ear in the skulls of many animals; as, the tympanic or auditory bulla.

Bulla - A leaden seal for a document; esp. the round leaden seal attached to the papal bulls, which has on one side a representation of St. Peter and St. Paul, and on the other the name of the pope who uses it.

Bulla - A genus of marine shells. See Bubble shell.

Bunodonta - Alt. of Bunodonts

Burletta - A comic operetta; a music farce.

Bursa - Any sac or saclike cavity; especially, one of the synovial sacs, or small spaces, often lined with synovial membrane, interposed between tendons and bony prominences.

Caaba - The small and nearly cubical stone building, toward which all Mohammedans must pray.

Cabala - A kind of occult theosophy or traditional interpretation of the Scriptures among Jewish rabbis and certain mediaeval Christians, which treats of the nature of god and the mystery of human existence. It assumes that every letter, word, number, and accent of Scripture contains a hidden sense; and it teaches the methods of interpretation for ascertaining these occult meanings. The cabalists pretend even to foretell events by this means.

Cabala - Secret science in general; mystic art; mystery.

Cabeca - Alt. of Cabesse

Cabrilla - A name applied to various species of edible fishes of the genus Serranus, and related genera, inhabiting the Meditarranean, the coast of California, etc. In California, some of them are also called rock bass and kelp salmon.

Cacaemia - Alt. of Cachaemia

Cachaemia - A degenerated or poisoned condition of the blood.

Cachexia - Alt. of Cachexy

Cachucha - An Andalusian dance in three-four time, resembling the bolero.

Cacochymia - Alt. of Cacochymy

Cadenza - A parenthetic flourish or flight of ornament in the course of a piece, commonly just before the final cadence.

Cadmia - An oxide of zinc which collects on the sides of furnaces where zinc is sublimed. Formerly applied to the mineral calamine.

Caeca - See Caecum.

Caeca - of Caecum

Caesura - A metrical break in a verse, occurring in the middle of a foot and commonly near the middle of the verse; a sense pause in the middle of a foot. Also, a long syllable on which the caesural accent rests, or which is used as a foot.

Caffila - See Cafila.

Cafila - Alt. of Cafileh

Ca ira - The refrain of a famous song of the French Revolution.

Calcaria - of Calcar

Calcavella - A sweet wine from Portugal; -- so called from the district of Carcavelhos.

Calceolaria - A genus of showy herbaceous or shrubby plants, brought from South America; slipperwort. It has a yellow or purple flower, often spotted or striped, the shape of which suggests its name.

Calc-tufa - See under Calcite.

Caledonia - The ancient Latin name of Scotland; -- still used in poetry.

Calendula - A genus of composite herbaceous plants. One species, Calendula officinalis, is the common marigold, and was supposed to blossom on the calends of every month, whence the name.

Calla - A genus of plants, of the order Araceae.

Calumba - The root of a plant (Jateorrhiza Calumba, and probably Cocculus palmatus), indigenous in Mozambique. It has an unpleasantly bitter taste, and is used as a tonic and antiseptic.

Calvaria - The bones of the cranium; more especially, the bones of the domelike upper portion.

Calycozoa - A group of acalephs of which Lucernaria is the type. The body is cup-shaped with eight marginal lobes bearing clavate tentacles. An aboral sucker serves for attachment. The interior is divided into four large compartments. See Lucernarida.

Calyptra - A little hood or veil, resembling an extinguisher in form and position, covering each of the small flasklike capsules which contain the spores of mosses; also, any similar covering body.

Camarilla - The private audience chamber of a king.

Camarilla - A company of secret and irresponsible advisers, as of a king; a cabal or clique.

Cambria - The ancient Latin name of Wales. It is used by modern poets.

Camellia - An Asiatic genus of small shrubs, often with shining leaves and showy flowers. Camellia Japonica is much cultivated for ornament, and C. Sassanqua and C. oleifera are grown in China for the oil which is pressed from their seeds. The tea plant is now referred to this genus under the name of Camellia Thea.

Camera - A chamber, or instrument having a chamber. Specifically: The camera obscura when used in photography. See Camera, and Camera obscura.

Camera lucida - An instrument which by means of a prism of a peculiar form, or an arrangement of mirrors, causes an apparent image of an external object or objects to appear as if projected upon a plane surface, as of paper or canvas, so that the outlines may conveniently traced. It is generally used with the microscope.

Camera obscura - An apparatus in which the images of external objects, formed by a convex lens or a concave mirror, are thrown on a paper or other white surface placed in the focus of the lens or mirror within a darkened chamber, or box, so that the outlines may be traced.

Camera obscura - An apparatus in which the image of an external object or objects is, by means of lenses, thrown upon a sensitized plate or surface placed at the back of an extensible darkened box or chamber variously modified; -- commonly called simply the camera.

Campagna - An open level tract of country; especially "Campagna di Roma." The extensive undulating plain which surrounds Rome.

Campana - A church bell.

Campana - The pasque flower.

Campana - Same as Gutta.

Campania - Open country.

Campanula - A large genus of plants bearing bell-shaped flowers, often of great beauty; -- also called bellflower.

Caada - A small caon; a narrow valley or glen; also, but less frequently, an open valley.

Canada - A British province in North America, giving its name to various plants and animals.

Candelabra - of Candelabrum

Canella - A genus of trees of the order Canellaceae, growing in the West Indies.

Cannicula - The Dog Star; Sirius.

Canna - A measure of length in Italy, varying from six to seven feet. See Cane, 4.

Canna - A genus of tropical plants, with large leaves and often with showy flowers. The Indian shot (C. Indica) is found in gardens of the northern United States.

Cannula - A small tube of metal, wood, or India rubber, used for various purposes, esp. for injecting or withdrawing fluids. It is usually associated with a trocar.

Cantata - A poem set to music; a musical composition comprising choruses, solos, interludes, etc., arranged in a somewhat dramatic manner; originally, a composition for a single noise, consisting of both recitative and melody.

Cantilena - See Cantabile.

Canula - Alt. of Canulated

Capella - A brilliant star in the constellation Auriga.

Capibara - See Capybara.

Capitan Pasha - Alt. of Pacha

Pacha - The chief admiral of the Turkish fleet.

Capitibranchiata - A division of annelids in which the gills arise from or near the head. See Tubicola.

Capitula - See Capitulum.

Cappella - See A cappella.

Capra - A genus of ruminants, including the common goat.

Capita - of Caput

Capybara - A large South American rodent (Hydrochaerus capybara) Living on the margins of lakes and rivers. It is the largest extant rodent, being about three feet long, and half that in height. It somewhat resembles the Guinea pig, to which it is related; -- called also cabiai and water hog.

Caracara - A south American bird of several species and genera, resembling both the eagles and the vultures. The caracaras act as scavengers, and are also called carrion buzzards.

Caracora - A light vessel or proa used by the people of Borneo, etc., and by the Dutch in the East Indies.

Carambola - An East Indian tree (Averrhoa Carambola), and its acid, juicy fruit; called also Coromandel gooseberry.

Carcinoma - A cancer. By some medical writers, the term is applied to an indolent tumor. See Cancer.

Cardia - The heart.

Cardia - The anterior or cardiac orifice of the stomach, where the esophagus enters it.

Cardialgla - Alt. of Cardialgy

Carina - A keel

Carina - That part of a papilionaceous flower, consisting of two petals, commonly united, which incloses the organs of fructification

Carina - A longitudinal ridge or projection like the keel of a boat.

Carina - The keel of the breastbone of birds.

Carinaria - A genus of oceanic heteropod Mollusca, having a thin, glassy, bonnet-shaped shell, which covers only the nucleus and gills.

Carnauba - The Brazilian wax palm. See Wax palm.

Carnivora - An order of Mammallia including the lion, tiger, wolf bear, seal, etc. They are adapted by their structure to feed upon flesh, though some of them, as the bears, also eat vegetable food. The teeth are large and sharp, suitable for cutting flesh, and the jaws powerful.

Carpalia - of Carpale

Carrancha - The Brazilian kite (Polyborus Brasiliensis); -- so called in imitation of its notes.

Caruncula - A small fleshy prominence or excrescence; especially the small, reddish body, the caruncula lacrymalis, in the inner angle of the eye.

Caruncula - An excrescence or appendage surrounding or near the hilum of a seed.

Caruncula - A naked, flesh appendage, on the head of a bird, as the wattles of a turkey, etc.

Cascara sagrada - Holy bark; the bark of the California buckthorn (Rhamnus Purshianus), used as a mild cathartic or laxative.

Cascarilla - A euphorbiaceous West Indian shrub (Croton Eleutheria); also, its aromatic bark.

Cassada - See Cassava.

Cassava - A shrubby euphorbiaceous plant of the genus Manihot, with fleshy rootstocks yielding an edible starch; -- called also manioc.

Cassava - A nutritious starch obtained from the rootstocks of the cassava plant, used as food and in making tapioca.

Cassia - A genus of leguminous plants (herbs, shrubs, or trees) of many species, most of which have purgative qualities. The leaves of several species furnish the senna used in medicine.

Cassia - The bark of several species of Cinnamomum grown in China, etc.; Chinese cinnamon. It is imported as cassia, but commonly sold as cinnamon, from which it differs more or less in strength and flavor, and the amount of outer bark attached.

Cassiopeia - A constellation of the northern hemisphere, situated between Cepheus and Perseus; -- so called in honor of the wife of Cepheus, a fabulous king of Ethiopia.

Castanea - A genus of nut-bearing trees or shrubs including the chestnut and chinquapin.

Casuarina - A genus of leafless trees or shrubs, with drooping branchlets of a rushlike appearance, mostly natives of Australia. Some of them are large, producing hard and heavy timber of excellent quality, called beefwood from its color.

Cata - The Latin and English form of a Greek preposition, used as a prefix to signify down, downward, under, against, contrary or opposed to, wholly, completely; as in cataclysm, catarrh. It sometimes drops the final vowel, as in catoptric; and is sometimes changed to cath, as in cathartic, catholic.

Catallacta - A division of Protozoa, of which Magosphaera is the type. They exist both in a myxopod state, with branched pseudopodia, and in the form of ciliated bodies united in free, spherical colonies.

Catalpa - A genus of American and East Indian trees, of which the best know species are the Catalpa bignonioides, a large, ornamental North American tree, with spotted white flowers and long cylindrical pods, and the C. speciosa, of the Mississipi valley; -- called also Indian bean.

Catamenia - The monthly courses of women; menstrual discharges; menses.

Catawba - A well known light red variety of American grape.

Catawba - A light-colored, sprightly American wine from the Catawba grape.

Catena - A chain or series of things connected with each other.

Cathedra - The official chair or throne of a bishop, or of any person in high authority.

Caudata - See Urodela.

Caudicula - A slender, elastic process, to which the masses of pollen in orchidaceous plants are attached.

Cauma - Great heat, as of the body in fever.

Cavatina - Originally, a melody of simpler form than the aria; a song without a second part and a da capo; -- a term now variously and vaguely used.

Cavicornia - A group of ruminants whose horns are hollow, and planted on a bony process of the front, as the ox.

Cecidomyia - A genus of small dipterous files, including several very injurious species, as the Hessian fly. See Hessian fly.

Cedilla - A mark placed under the letter c [thus, c], to show that it is to be sounded like s, as in facade.

Cella - The part inclosed within the walls of an ancient temple, as distinguished from the open porticoes.

Centaurea - A large genus of composite plants, related to the thistles and including the cornflower or bluebottle (Centaurea Cyanus) and the star thistle (C. Calcitrapa).

Centra - of Centrum

Cephalalgia - Alt. of Cephalalgy

Cephalata - A large division of Mollusca, including all except the bivalves; -- so called because the head is distinctly developed. See Illustration in Appendix.

Cephalophora - The cephalata.

Cephalopoda - The highest class of Mollusca.

Cephaloptera - One of the generic names of the gigantic ray (Manta birostris), known as devilfish and sea devil. It is common on the coasts of South Carolina, Florida, and farther south. Some of them grow to enormous size, becoming twenty feet of more across the body, and weighing more than a ton.

Cephalotrocha - A kind of annelid larva with a circle of cilia around the head.

Ceratobranchia - A group of nudibranchiate Mollusca having on the back papilliform or branched organs serving as gills.

Cercaria - The larval form of a trematode worm having the shape of a tadpole, with its body terminated by a tail-like appendage.

Cerealia - Public festivals in honor of Ceres.

Cerealia - The cereals.

Cerebella - of Cerebellum

Cerebra - of Cerebrum

Ceroma - The unguent (a composition of oil and wax) with which wrestlers were anointed among the ancient Romans.

Ceroma - That part of the baths and gymnasia in which bathers and wrestlers anointed themselves.

Ceroma - The cere of birds.

Cestoidea - A class of parasitic worms (Platelminthes) of which the tapeworms are the most common examples. The body is flattened, and usually but not always long, and composed of numerous joints or segments, each of which may contain a complete set of male and female reproductive organs. They have neither mouth nor intestine. See Tapeworm.

Cesura - See Caesura.

Cetacea - An order of marine mammals, including the whales. Like ordinary mammals they breathe by means of lungs, and bring forth living young which they suckle for some time. The anterior limbs are changed to paddles; the tail flukes are horizontal. There are two living suborders:

Chachalaca - The Texan guan (Ortalis vetula).

Chacma - A large species of African baboon (Cynocephalus porcarius); -- called also ursine baboon. [See Illust. of Baboon.]

Chaetognatha - An order of free-swimming marine worms, of which the genus Sagitta is the type. They have groups of curved spines on each side of the head.

Chaetopoda - A very extensive order of Annelida, characterized by the presence of lateral setae, or spines, on most or all of the segments. They are divided into two principal groups: Oligochaeta, including the earthworms and allied forms, and Polychaeta, including most of the marine species.

Chaja - The crested screamer of Brazil (Palamedea, / Chauna, chavaria), so called in imitation of its notes; -- called also chauna, and faithful kamichi. It is often domesticated and is useful in guarding other poultry. See Kamichi.

Chalaza - The place on an ovule, or seed, where its outer coats cohere with each other and the nucleus.

Chalaza - A spiral band of thickened albuminous substance which exists in the white of the bird's egg, and serves to maintain the yolk in its position; the treadle.

Chara - A genus of flowerless plants, having articulated stems and whorled branches. They flourish in wet places.

Charta - Material on which instruments, books, etc., are written; parchment or paper.

Charta - A charter or deed; a writing by which a grant is made. See Magna Charta.

Cheilopoda - See Ch/lopoda.

Cheiroptera - An order of mammalia, including the bats, having four toes of each of the anterior limbs elongated and connected by a web, so that they can be used like wings in flying. See Bat.

Cheiropterygia - of Cheiropterygium

Chela - The pincherlike claw of Crustacea and Arachnida.

Chelicera - One of the anterior pair of mouth organs, terminated by a pincherlike claw, in scorpions and allied Arachnida. They are homologous with the falcers of spiders, and probably with the mandibles of insects.

Chelonia - An order of reptiles, including the tortoises and turtles, peculiar in having a part of the vertebrae, ribs, and sternum united with the dermal plates so as to form a firm shell. The jaws are covered by a horny beak. See Reptilia; also, Illust. in Appendix.

Chelura - A genus of marine amphipod crustacea, which bore into and sometimes destroy timber.

Chiasma - A commissure; especially, the optic commissure, or crucial union of the optic nerves.

Chica - A red coloring matter. extracted from the Bignonia Chica, used by some tribes of South American Indians to stain the skin.

Chica - A fermented liquor or beer made in South American from a decoction of maize.

Chica - A popular Moorish, Spanish, and South American dance, said to be the original of the fandango, etc.

Chicha - See Chica.

Chick-pea - A Small leguminous plant (Cicer arietinum) of Asia, Africa, and the south of Europe; the chich; the dwarf pea; the gram.

Chick-pea - Its nutritious seed, used in cookery, and especially, when roasted (parched pulse), as food for travelers in the Eastern deserts.

Chikara - The goat antelope (Tragops Bennettii) of India.

Chikara - The Indian four-horned antelope (Tetraceros quadricornis).

Chilognatha - One of the two principal orders of myriapods. They have numerous segments, each bearing two pairs of small, slender legs, which are attached ventrally, near together.

Chiloma - The tumid upper lip of certain mammals, as of a camel.

Chilopoda - One of the orders of myriapods, including the centipeds. They have a single pair of elongated legs attached laterally to each segment; well developed jaws; and a pair of thoracic legs converted into poison fangs. They are insectivorous, very active, and some species grow to the length of a foot.

Chilostoma - Alt. of Chilostomata

Chilostomata - An extensive suborder of marine Bryozoa, mostly with calcareous shells. They have a movable lip and a lid to close the aperture of the cells.

Chimaera - A cartilaginous fish of several species, belonging to the order Holocephali. The teeth are few and large. The head is furnished with appendages, and the tail terminates in a point.

Chimera - A monster represented as vomiting flames, and as having the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a dragon.

Chimera - A vain, foolish, or incongruous fancy, or creature of the imagination; as, the chimera of an author.

China - A country in Eastern Asia.

China - China ware, which is the modern popular term for porcelain. See Porcelain.

Chincha - A south American rodent of the genus Lagotis.

Chinchilla - A small rodent (Chinchilla lanigera), of the size of a large squirrel, remarkable for its fine fur, which is very soft and of a pearly gray color. It is a native of Peru and Chili.

Chinchilla - The fur of the chinchilla.

Chinchilla - A heavy, long-napped, tufted woolen cloth.

Chinchona - Alt. of Chincona

Chincona - See Cinchona.

Chiragra - Gout in the hand.

Chiretta - A plant (Agathotes Chirayta) found in Northern India, having medicinal properties to the gentian, and esteemed as a tonic and febrifuge.

Chittra - The axis deer of India.

Chloasma - A cutaneous affection characterized by yellow or yellowish brown pigmented spots.

Chondroganoidea - An order of ganoid fishes, including the sturgeons; -- so called on account of their cartilaginous skeleton.

Chondromata - of Chondroma

Chondroma - A cartilaginous tumor or growth.

Chorda - A cord.

Chordata - A comprehensive division of animals including all Vertebrata together with the Tunicata, or all those having a dorsal nervous cord.

Chorea - St. Vitus's dance; a disease attended with convulsive twitchings and other involuntary movements of the muscles or limbs.

Chouicha - The salmon of the Columbia River or California. See Quinnat.

Chouka - The Indian four-horned antelope; the chikara.

Chrysocolla - A hydrous silicate of copper, occurring massive, of a blue or greenish blue color.

Chrysopa - A genus of neuropterous insects. See Lacewing.

Chthonophagia - Alt. of Chthonophagy

Chufa - A sedgelike plant (Cyperus esculentus) producing edible tubers, native about the Mediterranean, now cultivated in many regions; the earth almond.

Chyluria - A morbid condition in which the urine contains chyle or fatty matter, giving it a milky appearance.

Ciboria - of Ciborium

Cicada - Any species of the genus Cicada. They are large hemipterous insects, with nearly transparent wings. The male makes a shrill sound by peculiar organs in the under side of the abdomen, consisting of a pair of stretched membranes, acted upon by powerful muscles. A noted American species (C. septendecim) is called the seventeen year locust. Another common species is the dogday cicada.

Cicala - A cicada. See Cicada.

Cich-pea - The chick-pea.

Cicuta - a genus of poisonous umbelliferous plants, of which the water hemlock or cowbane is best known.

Cilia - The eyelashes.

Cilia - Small, generally microscopic, vibrating appendages lining certain organs, as the air passages of the higher animals, and in the lower animals often covering also the whole or a part of the exterior. They are also found on some vegetable organisms. In the Infusoria, and many larval forms, they are locomotive organs.

Cilia - Hairlike processes, commonly marginal and forming a fringe like the eyelash.

Cilia - Small, vibratory, swimming organs, somewhat resembling true cilia, as those of Ctenophora.

Ciliata - One of the orders of Infusoria, characterized by having cilia. In some species the cilia cover the body generally, in others they form a band around the mouth.

Cima - A kind of molding. See Cyma.

Cimbia - A fillet or band placed around the shaft of a column as if to strengthen it.

Cimia - See Cimbia.

Cinchona - A genus of trees growing naturally on the Andes in Peru and adjacent countries, but now cultivated in the East Indies, producing a medicinal bark of great value.

Cinchona - The bark of any species of Cinchona containing three per cent. or more of bitter febrifuge alkaloids; Peruvian bark; Jesuits' bark.

Cineraria - A Linnaean genus of free-flowering composite plants, mostly from South Africa. Several species are cultivated for ornament.

Cinura - The group of Thysanura which includes Lepisma and allied forms; the bristletails. See Bristletail, and Lepisma.

Cirripedia - An order of Crustacea including the barnacles. When adult, they have a calcareous shell composed of several pieces. From the opening of the shell the animal throws out a group of curved legs, looking like a delicate curl, whence the name of the group. See Anatifa.

Cirrobranchiata - A division of Mollusca having slender, cirriform appendages near the mouth; the Scaphopoda.

Cithara - An ancient instrument resembling the harp.

Cladocera - An order of the Entomostraca.

Claribella - A soft, sweet stop, or set of open wood pipes in an organ.

Claustra - of Claustrum

Claytonia - An American genus of perennial herbs with delicate blossoms; -- sometimes called spring beauty.

Clepsydra - A water clock; a contrivance for measuring time by the graduated flow of a liquid, as of water, through a small aperture. See Illust. in Appendix.

Cleptomania - See Kleptomania.

Cloaca - A sewer; as, the Cloaca Maxima of Rome.

Cloaca - A privy.

Cloaca - The common chamber into which the intestinal, urinary, and generative canals discharge in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and many fishes.

Cnida - One of the peculiar stinging, cells found in Coelenterata; a nematocyst; a lasso cell.

Cnidaria - A comprehensive group equivalent to the true Coelenterata, i. e., exclusive of the sponges. They are so named from presence of stinging cells (cnidae) in the tissues. See Coelenterata.

Coagula - of Coagulum

Cobaea - A genus of climbing plants, native of Mexico and South America. C. scandens is a conservatory climber with large bell-shaped flowers.

Cobia - An oceanic fish of large size (Elacate canada); the crabeater; -- called also bonito, cubbyyew, coalfish, and sergeant fish.

Cobra - See Copra.

Cobra - The cobra de capello.

Coca - The dried leaf of a South American shrub (Erythroxylon Coca). In med., called Erythroxylon.

Coccinella - A genus of small beetles of many species. They and their larvae feed on aphids or plant lice, and hence are of great benefit to man. Also called ladybirds and ladybugs.

Coccobacteria - of Coccobacterium

Cochlea - An appendage of the labyrinth of the internal ear, which is elongated and coiled into a spiral in mammals. See Ear.

Cocoa - Alt. of Cocoa palm

Cocoa - A preparation made from the seeds of the chocolate tree, and used in making, a beverage; also the beverage made from cocoa or cocoa shells.

Coda - A few measures added beyond the natural termination of a composition.

Codetta - A short passage connecting two sections, but not forming part of either; a short coda.

Codilla - The coarse tow of flax and hemp.

Coelentera - Alt. of Coelenterata

Coelenterata - A comprehensive group of Invertebrata, mostly marine, comprising the Anthozoa, Hydrozoa, and Ctenophora. The name implies that the stomach and body cavities are one. The group is sometimes enlarged so as to include the sponges.

Coelia - A cavity.

Coenenchyma - The common tissue which unites the polyps or zooids of a compound anthozoan or coral. It may be soft or more or less ossified. See Coral.

Coleoptera - An order of insects having the anterior pair of wings (elytra) hard and horny, and serving as coverings for the posterior pair, which are membranous, and folded transversely under the others when not in use. The mouth parts form two pairs of jaws (mandibles and maxillae) adapted for chewing. Most of the Coleoptera are known as beetles and weevils.

Coleorhiza - A sheath in the embryo of grasses, inclosing the caulicle.

Colera - Bile; choler.

Collectanea - Passages selected from various authors, usually for purposes of instruction; miscellany; anthology.

Collembola - The division of Thysanura which includes Podura, and allied forms.

Collenchyma - A tissue of vegetable cells which are thickend at the angles and (usually) elongated.

Colla - of Collum

Collyria - of Collyrium

Coloquintida - See Colocynth.

Columba - See Calumba.

Columbaria - of Columbarium

Columbella - A genus of univalve shells, abundant in tropical seas. Some species, as Columbella mercatoria, were formerly used as shell money.

Columbia - America; the United States; -- a poetical appellation given in honor of Columbus, the discoverer.

Columella - An axis to which a carpel of a compound pistil may be attached, as in the case of the geranium; or which is left when a pod opens.

Columella - A columnlike axis in the capsules of mosses.

Columella - A term applied to various columnlike parts; as, the columella, or epipterygoid bone, in the skull of many lizards; the columella of the ear, the bony or cartilaginous rod connecting the tympanic membrane with the internal ear.

Columella - The upright pillar in the axis of most univalve shells.

Columella - The central pillar or axis of the calicles of certain corals.

Colza - A variety of cabbage (Brassica oleracea), cultivated for its seeds, which yield an oil valued for illuminating and lubricating purposes; summer rape.

Coma - A state of profound insensibility from which it is difficult or impossible to rouse a person. See Carus.

Coma - The envelope of a comet; a nebulous covering, which surrounds the nucleus or body of a comet.

Coma - A tuft or bunch, -- as the assemblage of branches forming the head of a tree; or a cluster of bracts when empty and terminating the inflorescence of a plant; or a tuft of long hairs on certain seeds.

Comatula - A crinoid of the genus Antedon and related genera. When young they are fixed by a stem. When adult they become detached and cling to seaweeds, etc., by their dorsal cirri; -- called also feather stars.

Comedietta - A dramatic sketch; a brief comedy.

Comitia - A public assembly of the Roman people for electing officers or passing laws.

Comma - A character or point [,] marking the smallest divisions of a sentence, written or printed.

Comma - A small interval (the difference between a major and minor half step), seldom used except by tuners.

Compendia - of Compendium

Concertina - A small musical instrument on the principle of the accordion. It is a small elastic box, or bellows, having free reeds on the inside, and keys and handles on the outside of each of the two hexagonal heads.

Concha - The plain semidome of an apse; sometimes used for the entire apse.

Concha - The external ear; esp. the largest and deepest concavity of the external ear, surrounding the entrance to the auditory canal.

Conchifera - That class of Mollusca which includes the bivalve shells; the Lamellibranchiata. See Mollusca.

Condylomata - of Condylome

Condyloma - Alt. of Condylome

Conferva - Any unbranched, slender, green plant of the fresh-water algae. The word is frequently used in a wider sense.

Copaiba - Alt. of Copaiva

Copaiva - A more or less viscid, yellowish liquid, the bitter oleoresin of several species of Copaifera, a genus of trees growing in South America and the West Indies. It is stimulant and diuretic, and is much used in affections of the mucous membranes; -- called also balsam of copaiba.

Copelata - See Larvalla.

Daphnia - A genus of the genus Daphnia.

Decennia - of Decennium

Demonomania - A form of madness in which the patient conceives himself possessed of devils.

Derma - See Dermis.

Dermaptera - Alt. of Dermapteran

Doura - A kind of millet. See Durra.

Conia - Same as Conine.

Conida - of Conidium

Conistra - Originally, a part of the palestra, or gymnasium among the Greeks; either the place where sand was stored for use in sprinkling the wrestlers, or the wrestling ground itself. Hence, a part of the orchestra of the Greek theater.

Conjunctiva - The mucous membrane which covers the external surface of the ball of the eye and the inner surface of the lids; the conjunctival membrane.

Constantia - A superior wine, white and red, from Constantia, in Cape Colony.

Contra - A Latin adverb and preposition, signifying against, contrary, in opposition, etc., entering as a prefix into the composition of many English words. Cf. Counter, adv. & pref.

Contrayerva - A species of Dorstenia (D. Contrayerva), a South American plant, the aromatic root of which is sometimes used in medicine as a gentle stimulant and tonic.

Convallaria - The lily of the valley.

Copepoda - An order of Entomostraca, including many minute Crustacea, both fresh-water and marine.

Copra - The dried meat of the cocoanut, from which cocoanut oil is expressed.

Copula - The word which unites the subject and predicate.

Copula - The stop which connects the manuals, or the manuals with the pedals; -- called also coupler.

Coquina - A soft, whitish, coral-like stone, formed of broken shells and corals, found in the southern United States, and used for roadbeds and for building material, as in the fort at St. Augustine, Florida.

Cora - The Arabian gazelle (Gazella Arabica), found from persia to North Africa.

Coralligena - Same as Anthozoa.

Cordillera - A mountain ridge or chain.

Cormophyta - A term proposed by Endlicher to include all plants with an axis containing vascular tissue and with foliage.

Cornea - The transparent part of the coat of the eyeball which covers the iris and pupil and admits light to the interior. See Eye.

Cornicula - of Corniculum

Cornua - of Cornu

Cornucopia - The horn of plenty, from which fruits and flowers are represented as issuing. It is an emblem of abundance.

Cornucopia - A genus of grasses bearing spikes of flowers resembling the cornucopia in form.

Corolla - The inner envelope of a flower; the part which surrounds the organs of fructification, consisting of one or more leaves, called petals. It is usually distinguished from the calyx by the fineness of its texture and the gayness of its colors. See the Note under Blossom.

Corona - A crown or garland bestowed among the Romans as a reward for distinguished services.

Corona - The projecting part of a Classic cornice, the under side of which is cut with a recess or channel so as to form a drip. See Illust. of Column.

Corona - The upper surface of some part, as of a tooth or the skull; a crown.

Corona - The shelly skeleton of a sea urchin.

Corona - A peculiar luminous appearance, or aureola, which surrounds the sun, and which is seen only when the sun is totally eclipsed by the moon.

Corona - An inner appendage to a petal or a corolla, often forming a special cup, as in the daffodil and jonquil.

Corona - Any crownlike appendage at the top of an organ.

Corona - A circle, usually colored, seen in peculiar states of the atmosphere around and close to a luminous body, as the sun or moon.

Corona - A peculiar phase of the aurora borealis, formed by the concentration or convergence of luminous beams around the point in the heavens indicated by the direction of the dipping needle.

Corona - A crown or circlet suspended from the roof or vaulting of churches, to hold tapers lighted on solemn occasions. It is sometimes formed of double or triple circlets, arranged pyramidically. Called also corona lucis.

Corona - A character [/] called the pause or hold.

Coronilla - A genus of plants related to the clover, having their flowers arranged in little heads or tufts resembling coronets.

Corpora - of Corpus

Corpora callosa - of Corpus

Corpora lutea - of Corpus

Corpora striata - of Corpus

Corrigenda - of Corrigendum

Coryza - Nasal catarrh.

Coscoroba - A large, white, South American duck, of the genus Cascoroba, resembling a swan.

Cosmorama - An exhibition in which a series of views in various parts of the world is seen reflected by mirrors through a series of lenses, with such illumination, etc., as will make the views most closely represent reality.

Costa - A rib of an animal or a human being.

Costa - A rib or vein of a leaf, especially the midrib.

Costa - The anterior rib in the wing of an insect.

Costa - One of the riblike longitudinal ridges on the exterior of many corals.

Cotinga - A bird of the family Cotingidae, including numerous bright-colored South American species; -- called also chatterers.

Cotyla - Alt. of Cotyle

Cowpea - The seed of one or more leguminous plants of the genus Dolichos; also, the plant itself. Many varieties are cultivated in the southern part of the United States.

Coxa - The first joint of the leg of an insect or crustacean.

Coxalgia - Alt. of Coxalgy

Crania - A genus of living Brachiopoda; -- so called from its fancied resemblance to the cranium or skull.

Craniota - A comprehensive division of the Vertebrata, including all those that have a skull.

Crania - of Cranium

Crantara - The fiery cross, used as a rallying signal in the Highlands of Scotland.

Crapula - Alt. of Crapule

Craspedota - The hydroid or naked-eyed medusae. See Hydroidea.

Credenda - of Credendum

Cremona - A superior kind of violin, formerly made at Cremona, in Italy.

Crinoidea - A large class of Echinodermata, including numerous extinct families and genera, but comparatively few living ones. Most of the fossil species, like some that are recent, were attached by a jointed stem. See Blastoidea, Cystoidea, Comatula.

Crissa - of Crissum

Criteria - of Criterion

Crocodilia - An order of reptiles including the crocodiles, gavials, alligators, and many extinct kinds.

Croma - A quaver.

Cromorna - A certain reed stop in the organ, of a quality of tone resembling that of the oboe.

Crotalaria - A genus of leguminous plants; rattlebox.

Crura - See Crus.

Crura - of Crus

Crusta - A crust or shell.

Crusta - A gem engraved, or a plate embossed in low relief, for inlaying a vase or other object.

Crustacea - One of the classes of the arthropods, including lobsters and crabs; -- so called from the crustlike shell with which they are covered.

Cryptobranchiata - A division of the Amphibia; the Derotremata.

Cryptobranchiata - A group of nudibranch mollusks.

Cryptogamia - The series or division of flowerless plants, or those never having true stamens and pistils, but propagated by spores of various kinds.

Ctenophora - A class of Coelenterata, commonly ellipsoidal in shape, swimming by means of eight longitudinal rows of paddles. The separate paddles somewhat resemble combs.

Ctenostomata - A suborder of Bryozoa, usually having a circle of bristles below the tentacles.

Cuca - See Coca.

Culpa - Negligence or fault, as distinguishable from dolus (deceit, fraud), which implies intent, culpa being imputable to defect of intellect, dolus to defect of heart.

Cumacea - An order of marine Crustacea, mostly of small size.

Cunabula - The earliest abode; original dwelling place; originals; as, the cunabula of the human race.

Cunabula - The extant copies of the first or earliest printed books, or of such as were printed in the 15th century.

Cupola - A roof having a rounded form, hemispherical or nearly so; also, a ceiling having the same form. When on a large scale it is usually called dome.

Cupola - A small structure standing on the top of a dome; a lantern.

Cupola - A furnace for melting iron or other metals in large quantity, -- used chiefly in foundries and steel works.

Cupola - A revolving shot-proof turret for heavy ordnance.

Cupola - The top of the spire of the cochlea of the ear.

Curacoa - A liqueur, or cordial, flavored with orange peel, cinnamon, and mace; -- first made at the island of Curaccao.

Curcuma - A genus of plants of the order Scitamineae, including the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa).

Curia - One of the thirty parts into which the Roman people were divided by Romulus.

Curia - The place of assembly of one of these divisions.

Curia - The place where the meetings of the senate were held; the senate house.

Curia - The court of a sovereign or of a feudal lord; also; his residence or his household.

Curia - Any court of justice.

Curia - The Roman See in its temporal aspects, including all the machinery of administration; -- called also curia Romana.

Curricula - of Curriculum

Curtana - The pointless sword carried before English monarchs at their coronation, and emblematically considered as the sword of mercy; -- also called the sword of Edward the Confessor.

Cyclopedia - Alt. of Cyclopaedia

Cyclopaedia - The circle or compass of the arts and sciences (originally, of the seven so-called liberal arts and sciences); circle of human knowledge. Hence, a work containing, in alphabetical order, information in all departments of knowledge, or on a particular department or branch; as, a cyclopedia of the physical sciences, or of mechanics. See Encyclopedia.

Cyclorama - A pictorial view which is extended circularly, so that the spectator is surrounded by the objects represented as by things in nature. The realistic effect is increased by putting, in the space between the spectator and the picture, things adapted to the scene represented, and in some places only parts of these objects, the completion of them being carried out pictorially.

Cyclostomata - Alt. of Cyclostoma

Cyclostoma - A division of Bryozoa, in which the cells have circular apertures.

Cyma - A member or molding of the cornice, the profile of which is wavelike in form.

Cyma - A cyme. See Cyme.

Cynoidea - A division of Carnivora, including the dogs, wolves, and foxes.

Cynorexia - A voracious appetite, like that of a starved dog.

Cypraea - A genus of mollusks, including the cowries. See Cowrie.

Cypsela - A one-seeded, one-celled, indehiscent fruit; an achene with the calyx tube adherent.

Cystidea - An order of Crinoidea, mostly fossils of the Paleozoic rocks. They were usually roundish or egg-shaped, and often unsymmetrical; some were sessile, others had short stems.

Cystoidea - Same as Cystidea.

Cytoblastema - See Protoplasm.

Cytula - The fertilized egg cell or parent cell, from the development of which the child or other organism is formed.

Czarevna - The title of the wife of the czarowitz.

Czarina - The title of the empress of Russia.

Daboia - A large and highly venomous Asiatic viper (Daboia xanthica).

Dactylotheca - The scaly covering of the toes, as in birds.

Dagoba - A dome-shaped structure built over relics of Buddha or some Buddhist saint.

Dahlia - A genus of plants native to Mexico and Central America, of the order Compositae; also, any plant or flower of the genus. The numerous varieties of cultivated dahlias bear conspicuous flowers which differ in color.

Dalmania - A genus of trilobites, of many species, common in the Upper Silurian and Devonian rocks.

Dalmatica - Alt. of Dalmatic

Damiana - A Mexican drug, used as an aphrodisiac.

Dammara - An oleoresin used in making varnishes; dammar gum; dammara resin. It is obtained from certain resin trees indigenous to the East Indies, esp. Shorea robusta and the dammar pine.

Dammara - A large tree of the order Coniferae, indigenous to the East Indies and Australasia; -- called also Agathis. There are several species.

Damosella - Alt. of Damoiselle

Darlingtonia - A genus of California pitcher plants consisting of a single species. The long tubular leaves are hooded at the top, and frequently contain many insects drowned in the secretion of the leaves.

Data - See Datum.

Dataria - Formerly, a part of the Roman chancery; now, a separate office from which are sent graces or favors, cognizable in foro externo, such as appointments to benefices. The name is derived from the word datum, given or dated (with the indications of the time and place of granting the gift or favor).

Data - of Datum

Datura - A genus of solanaceous plants, with large funnel-shaped flowers and a four-celled, capsular fruit.

Decacerata - The division of Cephalopoda which includes the squids, cuttlefishes, and others having ten arms or tentacles; -- called also Decapoda. [Written also Decacera.] See Dibranchiata.

Decagynia - A Linnaean order of plants characterized by having ten styles.

Decahedra - of Decahedron

Decalcomania - Alt. of Decalcomanie

Decandria - A Linnaean class of plants characterized by having ten stamens.

Decapoda - The order of Crustacea which includes the shrimps, lobsters, crabs, etc.

Decapoda - A division of the dibranchiate cephalopods including the cuttlefishes and squids. See Decacera.

Decidua - The inner layer of the wall of the uterus, which envelops the embryo, forms a part of the placenta, and is discharged with it.

Deciduata - A group of Mammalia in which a decidua is thrown off with, or after, the fetus, as in the human species.

Deep-sea - Of or pertaining to the deeper parts of the sea; as, a deep-sea line (i. e., a line to take soundings at a great depth); deep-sea lead; deep-sea soundings, explorations, etc.

Dejecta - Excrements; as, the dejecta of the sick.

Delenda - Things to be erased or blotted out.

Della Crusca - A shortened form of Accademia della Crusca, an academy in Florence, Italy, founded in the 16th century, especially for conserving the purity of the Italian language.

Delphinoidea - The division of Cetacea which comprises the dolphins, porpoises, and related forms.

Delta - A tract of land shaped like the letter delta (/), especially when the land is alluvial and inclosed between two or more mouths of a river; as, the delta of the Ganges, of the Nile, or of the Mississippi.

Dementia - Insanity; madness; esp. that form which consists in weakness or total loss of thought and reason; mental imbecility; idiocy.

Dendroc/la - A division of the Turbellaria in which the digestive cavity gives off lateral branches, which are often divided into smaller branchlets.

Dermobranchiata - A group of nudibranch mollusks without special gills.

Dermoptera - The division of insects which includes the earwigs (Forticulidae).

Dermoptera - A group of lemuroid mammals having a parachutelike web of skin between the fore and hind legs, of which the colugo (Galeopithecus) is the type. See Colugo.

Dermoptera - An order of Mammalia; the Cheiroptera.

Derotremata - The tribe of aquatic Amphibia which includes Amphiuma, Menopoma, etc. They have permanent gill openings, but no external gills; -- called also Cryptobranchiata.

Dertrotheca - The horny covering of the end of the bill of birds.

Desiderata - See Desideratum.

Desiderata - of Desideratum

Desmobacteria - See Microbacteria.

Desmomyaria - The division of Tunicata which includes the Salpae. See Salpa.

Deuteropathia - Alt. of Deuteropathy

Deutzia - A genus of shrubs with pretty white flowers, much cultivated.

Deva - A god; a deity; a divine being; an idol; a king.

Devata - A deity; a divine being; a good spirit; an idol.

Dhoorra - Alt. of Dhurra

Dhourra - Alt. of Dhurra

Dhurra - Indian millet. See Durra.

Diadelphia - A Linnaean class of plants whose stamens are united into two bodies or bundles by their filaments.

Diana - The daughter of Jupiter and Latona; a virgin goddess who presided over hunting, chastity, and marriage; -- identified with the Greek goddess Artemis.

Diandria - A Linnaean class of plants having two stamens.

Diarrhea - Alt. of Diarrhoea

Diarrhoea - A morbidly frequent and profuse discharge of loose or fluid evacuations from the intestines, without tenesmus; a purging or looseness of the bowels; a flux.

Diastema - A vacant space, or gap, esp. between teeth in a jaw.

Diatryma - An extinct eocene bird from New Mexico, larger than the ostrich.

Dibranchiata - An order of cephalopods which includes those with two gills, an apparatus for emitting an inky fluid, and either eight or ten cephalic arms bearing suckers or hooks, as the octopi and squids. See Cephalopoda.

Dicentra - A genus of herbaceous plants, with racemes of two-spurred or heart-shaped flowers, including the Dutchman's breeches, and the more showy Bleeding heart (D. spectabilis).

Dicta - See Dictum.

Dicta - of Dictum

Dicyemata - An order of worms parasitic in cephalopods. They are remarkable for the extreme simplicity of their structure. The embryo exists in two forms.

Didelphia - The subclass of Mammalia which includes the marsupials. See Marsupialia.

Didonia - The curve which on a given surface and with a given perimeter contains the greatest area.

Didrachma - A two-drachma piece; an ancient Greek silver coin, worth nearly forty cents.

Didynamia - A Linnaean class of plants having four stamens disposed in pairs of unequal length.

Dielytra - See Dicentra.

Differentia - The formal or distinguishing part of the essence of a species; the characteristic attribute of a species; specific difference.

Digamma - A letter (/, /) of the Greek alphabet, which early fell into disuse.

Digenea - A division of Trematoda in which alternate generations occur, the immediate young not resembling their parents.

Digynia - A Linnaean order of plants having two styles.

Dika - A kind of food, made from the almondlike seeds of the Irvingia Barteri, much used by natives of the west coast of Africa; -- called also dika bread.

Dilemma - An argument which presents an antagonist with two or more alternatives, but is equally conclusive against him, whichever alternative he chooses.

Dilemma - A state of things in which evils or obstacles present themselves on every side, and it is difficult to determine what course to pursue; a vexatious alternative or predicament; a difficult choice or position.

Diluvia - of Diluvium

Dimera - A division of Coleoptera, having two joints to the tarsi.

Dimera - A division of the Hemiptera, including the aphids.

Dimya - Alt. of Dimyaria

Dimyaria - An order of lamellibranchiate mollusks having an anterior and posterior adductor muscle, as the common clam. See Bivalve.

Dinosauria - An order of extinct mesozoic reptiles, mostly of large size (whence the name). Notwithstanding their size, they present birdlike characters in the skeleton, esp. in the pelvis and hind limbs. Some walked on their three-toed hind feet, thus producing the large "bird tracks," so-called, of mesozoic sandstones; others were five-toed and quadrupedal. See Illust. of Compsognathus, also Illustration of Dinosaur in Appendix.

Dioecia - A Linnaean class of plants having the stamens and pistils on different plants.

Dioecia - A subclass of gastropod mollusks in which the sexes are separate. It includes most of the large marine species, like the conchs, cones, and cowries.

Diomedea - A genus of large sea birds, including the albatross. See Albatross.

Dionaea - An insectivorous plant. See Venus's flytrap.

Dioptra - An optical instrument, invented by Hipparchus, for taking altitudes, leveling, etc.

Diorama - A mode of scenic representation, invented by Daguerre and Bouton, in which a painting is seen from a distance through a large opening. By a combination of transparent and opaque painting, and of transmitted and reflected light, and by contrivances such as screens and shutters, much diversity of scenic effect is produced.

Diorama - A building used for such an exhibition.

Dioscorea - A genus of plants. See Yam.

Diota - A vase or drinking cup having two handles or ears.

Diphtheria - A very dangerous contagious disease in which the air passages, and especially the throat, become coated with a false membrane, produced by the solidification of an inflammatory exudation. Cf. Group.

Diploma - A letter or writing, usually under seal, conferring some privilege, honor, or power; a document bearing record of a degree conferred by a literary society or educational institution.

Diplopia - Alt. of Diplopy

Diplopoda - An order of myriapods having two pairs of legs on each segment; the Chilognatha.

Dipneumona - A group of spiders having only two lunglike organs.

Dipsomania - A morbid an uncontrollable craving (often periodic) for drink, esp. for alcoholic liquors; also improperly used to denote acute and chronic alcoholism.

Diptera - An extensive order of insects having only two functional wings and two balancers, as the house fly, mosquito, etc. They have a suctorial proboscis, often including two pairs of sharp organs (mandibles and maxillae) with which they pierce the skin of animals. They undergo a complete metamorphosis, their larvae (called maggots) being usually without feet.

Discina - A genus of Branchiopoda, having a disklike shell, attached by one valve, which is perforated by the peduncle.

Discodactylia - A division of amphibians having suctorial disks on the toes, as the tree frogs.

Discophora - A division of acalephs or jellyfishes, including most of the large disklike species.

Distoma - A genus of parasitic, trematode worms, having two suckers for attaching themselves to the part they infest. See 1st Fluke, 2.

Diurna - A division of Lepidoptera, including the butterflies; -- so called because they fly only in the daytime.

Diverticula - of Diverticulum

Docoglossa - An order of gastropods, including the true limpets, and having the teeth on the odontophore or lingual ribbon.

Dodecagynia - A Linnaean order of plants having twelve styles.

Dodecandria - A Linnaean class of plants including all that have any number of stamens between twelve and nineteen.

Dogmata - of Dogma

Dogma - That which is held as an opinion; a tenet; a doctrine.

Dogma - A formally stated and authoritatively settled doctrine; a definite, established, and authoritative tenet.

Dogma - A doctrinal notion asserted without regard to evidence or truth; an arbitrary dictum.

Dolabra - A rude ancient ax or hatchet, seen in museums.

Domina - Lady; a lady; -- a title formerly given to noble ladies who held a barony in their own right.

Doa - Lady; mistress; madam; -- a title of respect used in Spain, prefixed to the Christian name of a lady.

Doncella - A handsome fish of Florida and the West Indies (Platyglossus radiatus). The name is applied also to the ladyfish (Harpe rufa) of the same region.

Donna - A lady; madam; mistress; -- the title given a lady in Italy.

Doorga - A Hindoo divinity, the consort of Siva, represented with ten arms.

Dorsibranchiata - A division of chaetopod annelids in which the branchiae are along the back, on each side, or on the parapodia. [See Illusts. under Annelida and Chaetopoda.]

Doryphora - A genus of plant-eating beetles, including the potato beetle. See Potato beetle.

Dracaena - A genus of liliaceous plants with woody stems and funnel-shaped flowers.

Drachma - A silver coin among the ancient Greeks, having a different value in different States and at different periods. The average value of the Attic drachma is computed to have been about 19 cents.

Drachma - A gold and silver coin of modern Greece worth 19.3 cents.

Drachma - Among the ancient Greeks, a weight of about 66.5 grains; among the modern Greeks, a weight equal to a gram.

Drama - A composition, in prose or poetry, accommodated to action, and intended to exhibit a picture of human life, or to depict a series of grave or humorous actions of more than ordinary interest, tending toward some striking result. It is commonly designed to be spoken and represented by actors on the stage.

Drama - A series of real events invested with a dramatic unity and interest.

Drama - Dramatic composition and the literature pertaining to or illustrating it; dramatic literature.

Dravida - A race of Hindostan, believed to be the original people who occupied the land before the Hindoo or Aryan invasion.

Dreissena - A genus of bivalve shells of which one species (D. polymorpha) is often so abundant as to be very troublesome in the fresh waters of Europe.

Droitzschka - See Drosky.

Drosera - A genus of low perennial or biennial plants, the leaves of which are beset with gland-tipped bristles. See Sundew.

Dryandra - A genus of shrubs growing in Australia, having beautiful, hard, dry, evergreen leaves.

Duboisia - Same as Duboisine.

Duea - See Doa.

Duenna - The chief lady in waiting on the queen of Spain.

Duenna - An elderly lady holding a station between a governess and companion, and appointed to have charge over the younger ladies in a Spanish or a Portuguese family.

Duenna - Any old woman who is employed to guard a younger one; a governess.

Dulcamara - A plant (Solanum Dulcamara). See Bittersweet, n., 3 (a).

Dulciana - A sweet-toned stop of an organ.

Dulcinea - A mistress; a sweetheart.

Dulia - An inferior kind of veneration or worship, given to the angels and saints as the servants of God.

Dura - Short form for Dura mater.

Durga - Same as Doorga.

Emporia - of Emporium

Empyema - A collection of blood, pus, or other fluid, in some cavity of the body, especially that of the pleura.

Empyreuma - The peculiar smell and taste arising from products of decomposition of animal or vegetable substances when burnt in close vessels.

Equiseta - of Equisetum

Estufa - An assembly room in dwelling of the Pueblo Indians.

Et cetera - Alt. of Et caetera

Et caetera - Others of the like kind; and the rest; and so on; -- used to point out that other things which could be mentioned are to be understood. Usually abbreviated into etc. or &c. (&c).

Fascia - A band, sash, or fillet; especially, in surgery, a bandage or roller.

Fascia - A flat member of an order or building, like a flat band or broad fillet; especially, one of the three bands which make up the architrave, in the Ionic order. See Illust. of Column.

Fascia - The layer of loose tissue, often containing fat, immediately beneath the skin; the stronger layer of connective tissue covering and investing all muscles; an aponeurosis.

Fascia - A broad well-defined band of color.

Fasciola - A band of gray matter bordering the fimbria in the brain; the dentate convolution.

Filaria - A genus of slender, nematode worms of many species, parasitic in various animals. See Guinea worm.

Durra - A kind of millet, cultivated throughout Asia, and introduced into the south of Europe; a variety of Sorghum vulgare; -- called also Indian millet, and Guinea corn.

Dynasta - A tyrant.

Dysaesthesia - Impairment of any of the senses, esp. of touch.

Dyscrasia - An ill habit or state of the constitution; -- formerly regarded as dependent on a morbid condition of the blood and humors.

Dysmenorrhea - Difficult and painful menstruation.

Dyspepsia - Alt. of Dyspepsy

Dysphagia - Alt. of Dysphagy

Dysphonia - Alt. of Dysphony

Dysphoria - Impatience under affliction; morbid restlessness; dissatisfaction; the fidgets.

Dyspnoea - Difficulty of breathing.

Dystocia - Difficult delivery pr parturition.

Dysuria - Alt. of Dysury

Earthpea - A species of pea (Amphicarpaea monoica). It is a climbing leguminous plant, with hairy underground pods.

Ecclesia - The public legislative assembly of the Athenians.

Ecclesia - A church, either as a body or as a building.

Echidna - A monster, half maid and half serpent.

Echidna - A genus of Monotremata found in Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea. They are toothless and covered with spines; -- called also porcupine ant-eater, and Australian ant-eater.

Echinodermata - One of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom. By many writers it was formerly included in the Radiata.

Echinoidea - The class Echinodermata which includes the sea urchins. They have a calcareous, usually more or less spheroidal or disk-shaped, composed of many united plates, and covered with movable spines. See Spatangoid, Clypeastroid.

Echinozoa - The Echinodermata.

Echiuroidea - A division of Annelida which includes the genus Echiurus and allies. They are often classed among the Gephyrea, and called the armed Gephyreans.

Eclampsia - A fancied perception of flashes of light, a symptom of epilepsy; hence, epilepsy itself; convulsions.

Ecphonema - A breaking out with some interjectional particle.

Ectasia - A dilatation of a hollow organ or of a canal.

Ecthorea - of Ecthoreum

Ecthymata - of Ecthyma

Ecthyma - A cutaneous eruption, consisting of large, round pustules, upon an indurated and inflamed base.

Ectobronchia - of Ectobronchium

Ectopia - A morbid displacement of parts, especially such as is congenial; as, ectopia of the heart, or of the bladder.

Ectoprocta - An order of Bryozoa in which the anus lies outside the circle of tentacles.

Ectozoa - of Ectozoon

Eczema - An inflammatory disease of the skin, characterized by the presence of redness and itching, an eruption of small vesicles, and the discharge of a watery exudation, which often dries up, leaving the skin covered with crusts; -- called also tetter, milk crust, and salt rheum.

Edda - The religious or mythological book of the old Scandinavian tribes of German origin, containing two collections of Sagas (legends, myths) of the old northern gods and heroes.

Edema - Same as oedema.

Edentata - An order of mammals including the armadillos, sloths, and anteaters; -- called also Bruta. The incisor teeth are rarely developed, and in some groups all the teeth are lacking.

Edriophthalma - A group of Crustacea in which the eyes are without stalks; the Arthrostraca.

Effluvia - of Effluvium

Egesta - That which is egested or thrown off from the body by the various excretory channels; excrements; -- opposed to ingesta.

E-la - Originally, the highest note in the scale of Guido; hence, proverbially, any extravagant saying.

Elasipoda - An order of holothurians mostly found in the deep sea. They are remarkable for their bilateral symmetry and curious forms.

Elcaja - An Arabian tree (Trichilia emetica). The fruit, which is emetic, is sometimes employed in the composition of an ointment for the cure of the itch.

Eleutheromania - A mania or frantic zeal for freedom.

Elysia - of Elysium

Elytra - of Elytrum

Emgalla - The South African wart hog. See Wart hog.

Emmetropia - That refractive condition of the eye in which the rays of light are all brought accurately and without undue effort to a focus upon the retina; -- opposed to hypermetropia, myopia, an astigmatism.

Emphysema - A swelling produced by gas or air diffused in the cellular tissue.

Emydea - A group of chelonians which comprises many species of fresh-water tortoises and terrapins.

Enaliosauria - An extinct group of marine reptiles, embracing both the Ichthyosauria and the Plesiosauria, now regarded as distinct orders.

Enarthrodia - See Enarthrosis.

Encauma - An ulcer in the eye, upon the cornea, which causes the loss of the humors.

Encenia - A festival commemorative of the founding of a city or the consecration of a church; also, the ceremonies (as at Oxford and Cambridge, England) commemorative of founders or benefactors.

Enchondroma - A cartilaginous tumor growing from the interior of a bone.

Enchylemma - The basal substance of the cell nucleus; a hyaline or granular substance, more or less fluid during life, in which the other parts of the nucleus are imbedded.

Enchyma - The primitive formative juice, from which the tissues, particularly the cellular tissue, are formed.

Encrinoidea - That order of the Crinoidea which includes most of the living and many fossil forms, having jointed arms around the margin of the oral disk; -- also called Brachiata and Articulata. See Illusts. under Comatula and Crinoidea.

Encyclopedia - Alt. of Encyclopaedia

Encyclopaedia - The circle of arts and sciences; a comprehensive summary of knowledge, or of a branch of knowledge; esp., a work in which the various branches of science or art are discussed separately, and usually in alphabetical order; a cyclopedia.

Endophragma - A chitinous structure above the nervous cord in the thorax of certain Crustacea.

Endoplasma - Same as Entoplasm and Endosarc.

Endoplastica - A group of Rhizopoda having a distinct nucleus, as the am/ba.

Endopleura - The inner coating of a seed. See Tegmen.

Endorhiza - Any monocotyledonous plant; -- so named because many monocotyledons have an endorhizal embryo.

Endostoma - A plate which supports the labrum in certain Crustacea.

Endotheca - The tissue which partially fills the interior of the interseptal chambers of most madreporarian corals. It usually consists of a series of oblique tranverse septa, one above another.

Endothelia - of Endothelium

Endozoa - See Entozoa.

Endyma - See Ependyma.

Enemata - of Enema

Enema - An injection, or clyster, thrown into the rectum as a medicine, or to impart nourishment.

Enigma - A dark, obscure, or inexplicable saying; a riddle; a statement, the hidden meaning of which is to be discovered or guessed.

Enigma - An action, mode of action, or thing, which cannot be satisfactorily explained; a puzzle; as, his conduct is an enigma.

Enheahedria - Alt. of Enheahedron

Enneandria - A Linnaean class of plants having nine stamens.

Enopla - One of the orders of Nemertina, characterized by the presence of a peculiar armature of spines or plates in the proboscis.

Entasia - Tonic spasm; -- applied generically to denote any disease characterized by tonic spasms, as tetanus, trismus, etc.

Enteralgia - Pain in the intestines; colic.

Enteropneusta - A group of wormlike invertebrates having, along the sides of the body, branchial openings for the branchial sacs, which are formed by diverticula of the alimentary canal. Balanoglossus is the only known genus. See Illustration in Appendix.

Enthelmintha - Alt. of Enthelminthes

Entobronchia - of Entobronchium

Entomophaga - One of a group of hymenopterous insects whose larvae feed parasitically upon living insects. See Ichneumon, 2.

Entomophaga - A group of marsupials which are partly insectivorous, as the opossum.

Entomophaga - A group of edentates, including the ant-eaters.

Entomostraca - One of the subclasses of Crustacea, including a large number of species, many of them minute. The group embraces several orders; as the Phyllopoda, Ostracoda, Copepoda, and Pectostraca. See Copepoda, Phyllopoda, and Cladocera.

Entoplastra - of Entoplastron

Entoprocta - A group of Bryozoa in which the anus is within the circle of tentacles. See Pedicellina.

Entosterna - of Entosternum

Entozoa - A group of worms, including the tapeworms, flukes, roundworms, etc., most of which live parasitically in the interior of other animals; the Helminthes.

Entozoa - An artificial group, including all kinds of animals living parasitically in others.

Entozoa - of Entozoon

Eozoa - of Eozoon

Epanaphora - Same as Anaphora.

Epeira - A genus of spiders, including the common garden spider (E. diadema). They spin geometrical webs. See Garden spider.

Ependyma - The epithelial lining of the ventricles of the brain and the canal of the spinal cord; endyma; ependymis.

Epha - A Hebrew dry measure, supposed to be equal to two pecks and five quarts. ten ephahs make one homer.

Ephemera - A fever of one day's continuance only.

Ephemera - A genus of insects including the day flies, or ephemeral flies. See Ephemeral fly, under Ephemeral.

Ephemera - of Ephemeron

Ephyra - A stage in the development of discophorous medusae, when they first begin to swim about after being detached from the strobila. See Strobila.

Epiblema - The epidermal cells of rootlets, specially adapted to absorb liquids.

Epichiremata - of Epichirema

Epichirema - A syllogism in which the proof of the major or minor premise, or both, is introduced with the premises themselves, and the conclusion is derived in the ordinary manner.

Epigaea - An American genus of plants, containing but a single species (E. repens), the trailing arbutus.

Epimera - See Epimeron.

Epimera - of Epimeron

Epiphonema - An exclamatory sentence, or striking reflection, which sums up or concludes a discourse.

Epiphora - The watery eye; a disease in which the tears accumulate in the eye, and trickle over the cheek.

Epiphora - The emphatic repetition of a word or phrase, at the end of several sentences or stanzas.

Epiplastra - of Epiplastron

Epiploa - of Epiploon

Epipodialia - of Epipodiale

Epipodia - of Epipodium

Episterna - of Episternum

Epistoma - Alt. of Epistome

Epithalamia - of Epithalamium

Epitheca - A continuous and, usually, structureless layer which covers more or less of the exterior of many corals.

Epithelioma - A malignant growth containing epithelial cells; -- called also epithelial cancer.

Epithelia - of Epithelium

Epithema - A horny excrescence upon the beak of birds.

Epitrochlea - A projection on the outer side of the distal end of the humerus; the external condyle.

Epizoa - of Epizoon

Epocha - See Epoch.

Epopoeia - An epic poem; epic poetry.

Equilibria - of Equilibrium

Equinia - Glanders.

Era - A fixed point of time, usually an epoch, from which a series of years is reckoned.

Era - A period of time reckoned from some particular date or epoch; a succession of years dating from some important event; as, the era of Alexander; the era of Christ, or the Christian era (see under Christian).

Era - A period of time in which a new order of things prevails; a signal stage of history; an epoch.

Erica - A genus of shrubby plants, including the heaths, many of them producing beautiful flowers.

Errantia - A group of chaetopod annelids, including those that are not confined to tubes. See Chaetopoda.

Errata - See Erratum.

Errata - of Erratum

Eruca - An insect in the larval state; a caterpillar; a larva.

Erythema - A disease of the skin, in which a diffused inflammation forms rose-colored patches of variable size.

Erythrina - A genus of leguminous plants growing in the tropics; coral tree; -- so called from its red flowers.

Eschara - A genus of Bryozoa which produce delicate corals, often incrusting like lichens, but sometimes branched.

Eschscholtzia - A genus of papaveraceous plants, found in California and upon the west coast of North America, some species of which produce beautiful yellow, orange, rose-colored, or white flowers; the California poppy.

Estancia - A grazing; a country house.

Etna - A kind of small, portable, cooking apparatus for which heat is furnished by a spirit lamp.

Etyma - of Etymon

Eucopepoda - A group which includes the typical copepods and the lerneans.

Eudipleura - The fundamental forms of organic life, that are composed of two equal and symmetrical halves.

Eugenia - A genus of myrtaceous plants, mostly of tropical countries, and including several aromatic trees and shrubs, among which are the trees which produce allspice and cloves of commerce.

Euisopoda - A group which includes the typical Isopoda.

Eupepsia - Alt. of Eupepsy

Euphorbia - Spurge, or bastard spurge, a genus of plants of many species, mostly shrubby, herbaceous succulents, affording an acrid, milky juice. Some of them are armed with thorns. Most of them yield powerful emetic and cathartic products.

Euplectella - A genus of elegant, glassy sponges, consisting of interwoven siliceous fibers, and growing in the form of a cornucopia; -- called also Venus's flower-basket.

Euplexoptera - An order of insects, including the earwig. The anterior wings are short, in the form of elytra, while the posterior wings fold up beneath them. See Earwig.

Eupnaea - Normal breathing where arterialization of the blood is normal, in distinction from dyspnaea, in which the blood is insufficiently arterialized.

Eureka - The exclamation attributed to Archimedes, who is said to have cried out "Eureka! eureka!" (I have found it! I have found it!), upon suddenly discovering a method of finding out how much the gold of King Hiero's crown had been alloyed. Hence, an expression of triumph concerning a discovery.

Euryalida - A tribe of Ophiuroidea, including the genera Euryale, Astrophyton, etc. They generally have the arms branched. See Astrophyton.

Eurypteroidea - An extinct order of Merostomata, of which the genus Eurypterus is the type. They are found only in Paleozoic rocks.

Euthanasia - An easy death; a mode of dying to be desired.

Euthyneura - A large division of gastropod molluske, including the Pulmonifera and Opisthobranchiata.

Exanthemata - of Exanthema

Exanthema - An efflorescence or discoloration of the skin; an eruption or breaking out, as in measles, smallpox, scarlatina, and the like diseases; -- sometimes limited to eruptions attended with fever.

Excreta - Matters to be excreted.

Exedra - A room in a public building, furnished with seats.

Exedra - The projection of any part of a building in a rounded form.

Exedra - Any out-of-door seat in stone, large enough for several persons; esp., one of curved form.

Exhedra - See Exedra.

Exogyra - A genus of Cretaceous fossil shells allied to oysters.

Exophthalmia - The protrusion of the eyeball so that the eyelids will not cover it, in consequence of disease.

Exordia - of Exordium

Exorhiza - A plant Whose radicle is not inclosed or sheathed by the cotyledons or plumule.

Exotheca - The tissue which fills the interspaces between the costae of many madreporarian corals, usually consisting of small transverse or oblique septa.

Extra - Beyond what is due, usual, expected, or necessary; additional; supernumerary; also, extraordinarily good; superior; as, extra work; extra pay.

Extra - Something in addition to what is due, expected, or customary; something in addition to the regular charge or compensation, or for which an additional charge is made; as, at European hotels lights are extras.

Extravaganza - A composition, as in music, or in the drama, designed to produce effect by its wild irregularity; esp., a musical caricature.

Extravaganza - An extravagant flight of sentiment or language.

Exuvia - n. sing. of Exuviae.

Eyra - A wild cat (Felis eyra) ranging from southern Brazil to Texas. It is reddish yellow and about the size of the domestic cat, but with a more slender body and shorter legs.

Fa - A syllable applied to the fourth tone of the diatonic scale in solmization.

Fa - The tone F.

Fabella - One of the small sesamoid bones situated behind the condyles of the femur, in some mammals.

Facia - See Fascia.

Facta - of Factum

Faecula - See Fecula.

Falanaka - A viverrine mammal of Madagascar (Eupleres Goudotii), allied to the civet; -- called also Falanouc.

Falcula - A curved and sharp-pointed claw.

Fanega - A dry measure in Spain and Spanish America, varying from 1/ to 2/ bushels; also, a measure of land.

Fantasia - A continuous composition, not divided into what are called movements, or governed by the ordinary rules of musical design, but in which the author's fancy roves unrestricted by set form.

Farina - A fine flour or meal made from cereal grains or from the starch or fecula of vegetables, extracted by various processes, and used in cookery.

Farina - Pollen.

Fata Morgana - A kind of mirage by which distant objects appear inverted, distorted, displaced, or multiplied. It is noticed particularly at the Straits of Messina, between Calabria and Sicily.

Fauna - The animals of any given area or epoch; as, the fauna of America; fossil fauna; recent fauna.

Favella - A group of spores arranged without order and covered with a thin gelatinous envelope, as in certain delicate red algae.

Fecula - Any pulverulent matter obtained from plants by simply breaking down the texture, washing with water, and subsidence.

Fecula - The nutritious part of wheat; starch or farina; -- called also amylaceous fecula.

Fecula - The green matter of plants; chlorophyll.

Felucca - A small, swift-sailing vessel, propelled by oars and lateen sails, -- once common in the Mediterranean.

Femora - of Femur

Fenes-tella - Any small windowlike opening or recess, esp. one to show the relics within an altar, or the like.

Fenestra - A small opening; esp., one of the apertures, closed by membranes, between the tympanum and internal ear.

Feria - A week day, esp. a day which is neither a festival nor a fast.

Ferrara - A sword bearing the mark of one of the Ferrara family of Italy. These swords were highly esteemed in England and Scotland in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Ferula - A ferule.

Ferula - The imperial scepter in the Byzantine or Eastern Empire.

Fibrilla - A minute thread of fiber, as one of the fibrous elements of a muscular fiber; a fibril.

Fibroma - A tumor consisting mainly of fibrous tissue, or of same modification of such tissue.

Fibula - A brooch, clasp, or buckle.

Fibula - The outer and usually the smaller of the two bones of the leg, or hind limb, below the knee.

Fibula - A needle for sewing up wounds.

Fibularia - of Fibulare

Fidia - A genus of small beetles, of which one species (the grapevine Fidia, F. longipes) is very injurious to vines in America.

Fimbria - A fringe, or fringed border.

Fimbria - A band of white matter bordering the hippocampus in the brain.

Fissilinguia - A group of Lacertilia having the tongue forked, including the common lizards.

Fissipara - Animals which reproduce by fission.

Fissipedia - A division of the Carnivora, including the dogs, cats, and bears, in which the feet are not webbed; -- opposed to Pinnipedia.

Fissurella - A genus of marine gastropod mollusks, having a conical or limpetlike shell, with an opening at the apex; -- called also keyhole limpet.

Fistuca - An instrument used by the ancients in driving piles.

Fistula - A reed; a pipe.

Fistula - A pipe for convejing water.

Fistula - A permanent abnormal opening into the soft parts with a constant discharge; a deep, narrow, chronic abscess; an abnormal opening between an internal cavity and another cavity or the surface; as, a salivary fistula; an anal fistula; a recto-vaginal fistula.

Fistularia - A genus of fishes, having the head prolonged into a tube, with the mouth at the extremity.

Flagellata - An order of Infusoria, having one or two long, whiplike cilia, at the anterior end. It includes monads. See Infusoria, and Monad.

Flagella - of Flagellum

Flea - To flay.

Flea - An insect belonging to the genus Pulex, of the order Aphaniptera. Fleas are destitute of wings, but have the power of leaping energetically. The bite is poisonous to most persons. The human flea (Pulex irritans), abundant in Europe, is rare in America, where the dog flea (P. canis) takes its place. See Aphaniptera, and Dog flea. See Illustration in Appendix.

Gamma - The third letter (/, / = Eng. G) of the Greek alphabet.

Ganesa - The Hindoo god of wisdom or prudence.

Ganglia - of Ganglion

Gena - The cheek; the feathered side of the under mandible of a bird.

Gena - The part of the head to which the jaws of an insect are attached.

Genera - See Genus.

Generalia - Generalities; general terms.

Goura - One of several species of large, crested ground pigeons of the genus Goura, inhabiting New Guinea and adjacent islands. The Queen Victoria pigeon (Goura Victoria) and the crowned pigeon (G. coronata) are among the beat known species.

Hacienda - A large estate where work of any kind is done, as agriculture, manufacturing, mining, or raising of animals; a cultivated farm, with a good house, in distinction from a farming establishment with rude huts for herdsmen, etc.; -- a word used in Spanish-American regions.

Flora - The goddess of flowers and spring.

Flora - The complete system of vegetable species growing without cultivation in a given locality, region, or period; a list or description of, or treatise on, such plants.

Flota - A fleet; especially, a /eet of Spanish ships which formerly sailed every year from Cadiz to Vera Cruz, in Mexico, to transport to Spain the production of Spanish America.

Flotilla - A little fleet, or a fleet of small vessels.

Fodientia - A group of African edentates including the aard-vark.

Folia - of Folium

Foramina - of Foramen

Foraminifera - An extensive order of rhizopods which generally have a chambered calcareous shell formed by several united zooids. Many of them have perforated walls, whence the name. Some species are covered with sand. See Rhizophoda.

Forficula - A genus of insects including the earwigs. See Earwig, 1.

Formica - A Linnaean genus of hymenopterous insects, including the common ants. See Ant.

Formula - A prescribed or set form; an established rule; a fixed or conventional method in which anything is to be done, arranged, or said.

Formula - A written confession of faith; a formal statement of foctrines.

Formula - A rule or principle expressed in algebraic language; as, the binominal formula.

Formula - A prescription or recipe for the preparation of a medicinal compound.

Formula - A symbolic expression (by means of letters, figures, etc.) of the constituents or constitution of a compound.

Forsythia - A shrub of the Olive family, with yellow blossoms.

Fora - of Forum

Fossa - A pit, groove, cavity, or depression, of greater or less depth; as, the temporal fossa on the side of the skull; the nasal fossae containing the nostrils in most birds.

Fossoria - See Fossores.

Foussa - A viverrine animal of Madagascar (Cryptoprocta ferox). It resembles a cat in size and form, and has retractile claws.

Foutra - A fig; -- a word of contempt.

Fovea - A slight depression or pit; a fossa.

Foveola - A small depression or pit; a fovea.

Fovilla - One of the fine granules contained in the protoplasm of a pollen grain.

Fra - Fro.

Fra - Brother; -- a title of a monk of friar; as, Fra Angelo.

Fraenula - of Fraenulum

Fraena - of Frenum

Frambaesia - The yaws. See Yaws.

Frena - of Frenum

Freta - of Fretum

Freya - The daughter of Njord, and goddess of love and beauty; the Scandinavian Venus; -- in Teutonic myths confounded with Frigga, but in Scandinavian, distinct.

Frigga - The wife of Odin and mother of the gods; the supreme goddess; the Juno of the Valhalla. Cf. Freya.

Frigidaria - of Frigidarium

Fringilla - A genus of birds, with a short, conical, pointed bill. It formerly included all the sparrows and finches, but is now restricted to certain European finches, like the chaffinch and brambling.

Fritillaria - A genus of liliaceous plants, of which the crown-imperial (Fritillaria imperialis) is one species, and the Guinea-hen flower (F. Meleagris) another. See Crown-imperial.

Frugivora - The fruit bate; a group of the Cheiroptera, comprising the bats which live on fruits. See Eruit bat, under Fruit.

Frusta - of Frustum

Fuchsia - A genus of flowering plants having elegant drooping flowers, with four sepals, four petals, eight stamens, and a single pistil. They are natives of Mexico and South America. Double-flowered varieties are now common in cultivation.

Fuga - A fugue.

Fughetta - a short, condensed fugue.

Fulcra - See Fulcrum.

Fulcra - of Fulcrum

Fulgurata - A spectro-electric tube in which the decomposition of a liquid by the passage of an electric spark is observed.

Fungia - A genus of simple, stony corals; -- so called because they are usually flat and circular, with radiating plates, like the gills of a mushroom. Some of them are eighteen inches in diameter.

Furcula - A forked process; the wishbone or furculum.

Gadolinia - A rare earth, regarded by some as an oxide of the supposed element gadolinium, by others as only a mixture of the oxides of yttrium, erbium, ytterbium, etc.

Gala - Pomp, show, or festivity.

Galanga - Alt. of Galangal

Galea - The upper lip or helmet-shaped part of a labiate flower.

Galea - A kind of bandage for the head.

Galea - Headache extending all over the head.

Galea - A genus of fossil echini, having a vaulted, helmet-shaped shell.

Galea - The anterior, outer process of the second joint of the maxillae in certain insects.

Galena - A remedy or antidose for poison; theriaca.

Galena - Lead sulphide; the principal ore of lead. It is of a bluish gray color and metallic luster, and is cubic in crystallization and cleavage.

Gallimatia - Senseless talk. [Obs. or R.] See Galimatias.

Gallomania - An excessive admiration of what is French.

Gamba - A viola da gamba.

Ganja - The dried hemp plant, used in India for smoking. It is extremely narcotic and intoxicating.

Ganocephala - A group of fossil amphibians allied to the labyrinthodonts, having the head defended by bony, sculptured plates, as in some ganoid fishes.

Gansa - Same as Ganza.

Ganza - A kind of wild goose, by a flock of which a virtuoso was fabled to be carried to the lunar world.

Garcinia - A genus of plants, including the mangosteen tree (Garcinia Mangostana), found in the islands of the Indian Archipelago; -- so called in honor of Dr. Garcin.

Gardenia - A genus of plants, some species of which produce beautiful and fragrant flowers; Cape jasmine; -- so called in honor of Dr. Alexander Garden.

Garrupa - One of several species of California market fishes, of the genus Sebastichthys; -- called also rockfish. See Rockfish.

Gasteropoda - Same as Gastropoda.

Gastraea - A primeval larval form; a double-walled sac from which, according to the hypothesis of Haeckel, man and all other animals, that in the first stages of their individual evolution pass through a two-layered structural stage, or gastrula form, must have descended. This idea constitutes the Gastraea theory of Haeckel. See Gastrula.

Gastralgia - Pain in the stomach or epigastrium, as in gastric disorders.

Gastromalacia - A softening of the coats of the stomach; -- usually a post-morten change.

Gastropoda - One of the classes of Mollusca, of great extent. It includes most of the marine spiral shells, and the land and fresh-water snails. They generally creep by means of a flat, muscular disk, or foot, on the ventral side of the body. The head usually bears one or two pairs of tentacles. See Mollusca.

Gastrotricha - A group of small wormlike animals, having cilia on the ventral side. The group is regarded as an ancestral or synthetic one, related to rotifers and annelids.

Gastrotrocha - A form of annelid larva having cilia on the ventral side.

Gastrula - An embryonic form having its origin in the invagination or pushing in of the wall of the planula or blastula (the blastosphere) on one side, thus giving rise to a double-walled sac, with one opening or mouth (the blastopore) which leads into the cavity (the archenteron) lined by the inner wall (the hypoblast). See Illust. under Invagination. In a more general sense, an ideal stage in embryonic development. See Gastraea.

Gastrula - Of or pertaining to a gastrula.

Gastrura - See Stomatopoda.

Gaultheria - A genus of ericaceous shrubs with evergreen foliage, and, often, edible berries. It includes the American winter-green (Gaultheria procumbens), and the larger-fruited salal of Northwestern America (Gaultheria Shallon).

Gehenna - The valley of Hinnom, near Jerusalem, where some of the Israelites sacrificed their children to Moloch, which, on this account, was afterward regarded as a place of abomination, and made a receptacle for all the refuse of the city, perpetual fires being kept up in order to prevent pestilential effluvia. In the New Testament the name is transferred, by an easy metaphor, to Hell.

Gelada - A baboon (Gelada Ruppelli) of Abyssinia, remarkable for the length of the hair on the neck and shoulders of the adult male.

Gemara - The second part of the Talmud, or the commentary on the Mishna (which forms the first part or text).

Gemma - A leaf bud, as distinguished from a flower bud.

Gemma - A bud spore; one of the small spores or buds in the reproduction of certain Protozoa, which separate one at a time from the parent cell.

Gemmipara - Alt. of Gemmipares

Geneva - The chief city of Switzerland.

Geneva - A strongly alcoholic liquor, flavored with juniper berries; -- made in Holland; Holland gin; Hollands.

Genista - A genus of plants including the common broom of Western Europe.

Gentianella - A kind of blue color.

Genua - of Genu

Genera - of Genus

Geophila - The division of Mollusca which includes the land snails and slugs.

Georama - A hollow globe on the inner surface of which a map of the world is depicted, to be examined by one standing inside.

Gephyrea - An order of marine Annelida, in which the body is imperfectly, or not at all, annulated externally, and is mostly without setae.

Gerboa - The jerboa.

Germina - of Germen

Gerocomia - See Gerocomy.

Geropigia - A mixture composed of unfermented grape juice, brandy, sugar, etc., for adulteration of wines.

Gigeria - of Gigerium

Glabella - The space between the eyebrows, also including the corresponding part of the frontal bone; the mesophryon.

Glabella - of Glabellum

Glama - A copious gummy secretion of the humor of the eyelids, in consequence of some disorder; blearedness; lippitude.

Glaucoma - Dimness or abolition of sight, with a diminution of transparency, a bluish or greenish tinge of the refracting media of the eye, and a hard inelastic condition of the eyeball, with marked increase of tension within the eyeball.

Glioma - A tumor springing from the neuroglia or connective tissue of the brain, spinal cord, or other portions of the nervous system.

Globigerina - A genus of small Foraminifera, which live abundantly at or near the surface of the sea. Their dead shells, falling to the bottom, make up a large part of the soft mud, generally found in depths below 3,000 feet, and called globigerina ooze. See Illust. of Foraminifera.

Glochidia - of Glochidium

Gloria - A doxology (beginning Gloria Patri, Glory be to the Father), sung or said at the end of the Psalms in the service of the Roman Catholic and other churches.

Gloria - A portion of the Mass (Gloria in Excelsis Deo, Glory be to God on high), and also of the communion service in some churches. In the Episcopal Church the version in English is used.

Gloria - The musical setting of a gloria.

Gloriosa - A genus of climbing plants with very showy lilylike blossoms, natives of India.

Glossa - The tongue, or lingua, of an insect. See Hymenoptera.

Glossata - The Lepidoptera.

Glossolalia - Alt. of Glossolaly

Gloxinia - American genus of herbaceous plants with very handsome bell-shaped blossoms; -- named after B. P. Gloxin, a German botanist.

Glucina - A white or gray tasteless powder, the oxide of the element glucinum; -- formerly called glucine.

Glucosuria - A condition in which glucose is discharged in the urine; diabetes mellitus.

Glumella - Alt. of Glumelle

Glycosuria - Same as Glucosuria.

Glycyrrhiza - A genus of papilionaceous herbaceous plants, one species of which (G. glabra), is the licorice plant, the roots of which have a bittersweet mucilaginous taste.

Glycyrrhiza - The root of Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice root), used as a demulcent, etc.

Glyptotheca - A building or room devoted to works of sculpture.

Gnathidia - of Gnathidium

Gnathostoma - A comprehensive division of vertebrates, including all that have distinct jaws, in contrast with the leptocardians and marsipobranchs (Cyclostoma), which lack them.

Gnathotheca - The horney covering of the lower mandible of a bird.

Goa - A species of antelope (Procapra picticauda), inhabiting Thibet.

Golgotha - Calvary. See the Note under Calvary.

Gonangia - of Gonangium

Gondola - A long, narrow boat with a high prow and stern, used in the canals of Venice. A gondola is usually propelled by one or two oarsmen who stand facing the prow, or by poling. A gondola for passengers has a small open cabin amidships, for their protection against the sun or rain. A sumptuary law of Venice required that gondolas should be painted black, and they are customarily so painted now.

Gondola - A flat-bottomed boat for freight.

Gondola - A long platform car, either having no sides or with very low sides, used on railroads.

Gonidia - of Gonidium

Gonimia - Bluish green granules which occur in certain lichens, as Collema, Peltigera, etc., and which replace the more usual gonidia.

Gonoblastidia - of Gonoblastidium

Gonorrhea - Alt. of Gonorrhoea

Gonorrhoea - A contagious inflammatory disease of the genitourinary tract, affecting especially the urethra and vagina, and characterized by a mucopurulent discharge, pain in urination, and chordee; clap.

Gonotheca - A capsule developed on certain hydroids (Thecaphora), inclosing the blastostyle upon which the medusoid buds or gonophores are developed; -- called also gonangium, and teleophore. See Hydroidea, and Illust. of Campanularian.

Gordiacea - A division of nematoid worms, including the hairworms or hair eels (Gordius and Mermis). See Gordius, and Illustration in Appendix.

Gorgonacea - See Gorgoniacea.

Gorgoneia - of Gorgoneion

Gorgonia - A genus of Gorgoniacea, formerly very extensive, but now restricted to such species as the West Indian sea fan (Gorgonia flabellum), sea plume (G. setosa), and other allied species having a flexible, horny axis.

Gorgonia - Any slender branched gorgonian.

Gorgoniacea - One of the principal divisions of Alcyonaria, including those forms which have a firm and usually branched axis, covered with a porous crust, or c/nenchyma, in which the polyp cells are situated.

Gorilla - A large, arboreal, anthropoid ape of West Africa. It is larger than a man, and is remarkable for its massive skeleton and powerful muscles, which give it enormous strength. In some respects its anatomy, more than that of any other ape, except the chimpanzee, resembles that of man.

Gorma - The European cormorant.

Granadilla - The fruit of certain species of passion flower (esp. Passiflora quadrangularis) found in Brazil and the West Indies. It is as large as a child's head, and is a good dessert fruit. The fruit of Passiflora edulis is used for flavoring ices.

Grandma - Alt. of Grandmamma

Grandmamma - A grandmother.

Grandpa - Alt. of Grandpapa

Grandpapa - A grandfather.

Granilla - Small grains or dust of cochineal or the coccus insect.

Gravamina - of Gravamen

\d8Gregarinida - Gregarinae.

Grindelia - The dried stems and leaves of tarweed (Grindelia), used as a remedy in asthma and bronchitis.

Grossularia - Same as Grossular.

Grubbla - To feel or grope in the dark.

Gryphaea - A genus of cretaceous fossil shells allied to the oyster.

Guana - See Iguana.

Guara - The scarlet ibis. See Ibis.

Guara - A large-maned wild dog of South America (Canis jubatus) -- named from its cry.

Guarana - A preparation from the seeds of Paullinia sorbilis, a woody climber of Brazil, used in making an astringent drink, and also in the cure of headache.

Guava - A tropical tree, or its fruit, of the genus Psidium. Two varieties are well known, the P. pyriferum, or white guava, and P. pomiferum, or red guava. The fruit or berry is shaped like a pomegranate, but is much smaller. It is somewhat astringent, but makes a delicious jelly.

Guereza - A beautiful Abyssinian monkey (Colobus guereza), having the body black, with a fringe of long, silky, white hair along the sides, and a tuft of the same at the end of the tail. The frontal band, cheeks, and chin are white.

Guerilla - See Guerrilla.

Guerrilla - An irregular mode of carrying on war, by the constant attacks of independent bands, adopted in the north of Spain during the Peninsular war.

Guerrilla - One who carries on, or assists in carrying on, irregular warfare; especially, a member of an independent band engaged in predatory excursions in war time.

Guerrilla - Pertaining to, or engaged in, warfare carried on irregularly and by independent bands; as, a guerrilla party; guerrilla warfare.

Guinea - A district on the west coast of Africa (formerly noted for its export of gold and slaves) after which the Guinea fowl, Guinea grass, Guinea peach, etc., are named.

Guinea - A gold coin of England current for twenty-one shillings sterling, or about five dollars, but not coined since the issue of sovereigns in 1817.

Gula - The upper front of the neck, next to the chin; the upper throat.

Gula - A plate which in most insects supports the submentum.

Gula - A capping molding. Same as Cymatium.

Gummata - of Gumma

Gumma - A kind of soft tumor, usually of syphilitic origin.

Guna - In Sanskrit grammar, a lengthening of the simple vowels a, i, e, by prefixing an a element. The term is sometimes used to denote the same vowel change in other languages.

Gutta - A drop.

Gutta - One of a series of ornaments, in the form of a frustum of a cone, attached to the lower part of the triglyphs, and also to the lower faces of the mutules, in the Doric order; -- called also campana, and drop.

Gutta-percha - A concrete juice produced by various trees found in the Malayan archipelago, especially by the Isonandra, / Dichopsis, Gutta. It becomes soft, and unpressible at the tamperature of boiling water, and, on cooling, retains its new shape. It dissolves in oils and ethers, but not in water. In many of its properties it resembles caoutchouc, and it is extensively used for many economical purposes. The Mimusops globosa of Guiana also yields this material.

Gymnasia - of Gymnasium

Gymnoblastea - The Athecata; -- so called because the medusoid buds are not inclosed in a capsule.

Gymnochroa - A division of Hydroidea including the hydra. See Hydra.

Gymnocopa - A group of transparent, free-swimming Annelida, having setae only in the cephalic appendages.

Gymnoglossa - A division of gastropods in which the odontophore is without teeth.

Gymnolaema - Alt. of Gymnolaemata

Gymnolaemata - An order of Bryozoa, having no epistome.

Gymnophiona - An order of Amphibia, having a long, annulated, snakelike body. See Ophiomorpha.

Gymnophthalmata - A group of acalephs, including the naked-eyed medusae; the hydromedusae. Most of them are known to be the free-swimming progeny (gonophores) of hydroids.

Gymnosomata - One of the orders of Pteropoda. They have no shell.

Gymnotoka - The Athecata.

Gynandria - A class of plants in the Linnaean system, whose stamens grow out of, or are united with, the pistil.

Gynephobia - Hatred of women; repugnance to the society of women.

Gyrencephala - The higher orders of Mammalia, in which the cerebrum is convoluted.

Gyroma - A turning round.

Ha - An exclamation denoting surprise, joy, or grief. Both as uttered and as written, it expresses a great variety of emotions, determined by the tone or the context. When repeated, ha, ha, it is an expression of laughter, satisfaction, or triumph, sometimes of derisive laughter; or sometimes it is equivalent to "Well, it is so."

Haematocrya - The cold-blooded vertebrates. Same as Hematocrya.

Haematophlina - A division of Cheiroptera, including the bloodsucking bats. See Vampire.

Haematotherma - Same as Hematotherma.

Haematozoa - of Haematozoon

Haggada - A story, anecdote, or legend in the Talmud, to explain or illustrate the text of the Old Testament.

Hagiographa - The last of the three Jewish divisions of the Old Testament, or that portion not contained in the Law and the Prophets. It comprises Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Canticles, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles.

Hagiographa - The lives of the saints.

Ha-ha - A sunk fence; a fence, wall, or ditch, not visible till one is close upon it.

Halacha - The general term for the Hebrew oral or traditional law; one of two branches of exposition in the Midrash. See Midrash.

Halesia - A genus of American shrubs containing several species, called snowdrop trees, or silver-bell trees. They have showy, white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels.

Halisauria - The Enaliosauria.

Halloa - See Halloo.

Halma - The long jump, with weights in the hands, -- the most important of the exercises of the Pentathlon.

Haminura - A large edible river fish (Erythrinus macrodon) of Guiana.

Han sa - See 2d Hanse.

Haustellata - An artificial division of insects, including all those with a sucking proboscis.

Haustella - of Haustellum

Haustoria - of Haustorium

Havana - Of or pertaining to Havana, the capital of the island of Cuba; as, an Havana cigar

Havana - An Havana cigar.

Homologoumena - Those books of the New Testament which were acknowledged as canonical by the early church; -- distinguished from antilegomena.

Imperforata - A division of Foraminifera, including those in which the shell is not porous.

Inamorata - A woman in love; a mistress.

Influenza - An epidemic affection characterized by acute nasal catarrh, or by inflammation of the throat or the bronchi, and usually accompanied by fever.

Koaita - Same as Coaita.

Koala - A tailless marsupial (Phascolarctos cinereus), found in Australia. The female carries her young on the back of her neck. Called also Australian bear, native bear, and native sloth.

Koba - Any one of several species of African antelopes of the genus Kobus, esp. the species Kobus sing-sing.

Harmonica - A musical instrument, consisting of a series of hemispherical glasses which, by touching the edges with the dampened finger, give forth the tones.

Harmonica - A toy instrument of strips of glass or metal hung on two tapes, and struck with hammers.

Harpa - A genus of marine univalve shells; the harp shells; -- so called from the form of the shells, and their ornamental ribs.

Hatteria - A New Zealand lizard, which, in anatomical character, differs widely from all other existing lizards. It is the only living representative of the order Rhynchocephala, of which many Mesozoic fossil species are known; -- called also Sphenodon, and Tuatera.

Heartpea - Same as Heartseed.

Hegira - The flight of Mohammed from Mecca, September 13, A. D. 622 (subsequently established as the first year of the Moslem era); hence, any flight or exodus regarded as like that of Mohammed.

Hejira - See Hegira.

Helena - See St. Elmo's fire, under Saint.

Helianthoidea - An order of Anthozoa; the Actinaria.

Heliconia - One of numerous species of Heliconius, a genus of tropical American butterflies. The wings are usually black, marked with green, crimson, and white.

Helicotrema - The opening by which the two scalae communicate at the top of the cochlea of the ear.

Heliopora - An East Indian stony coral now known to belong to the Alcyonaria; -- called also blue coral.

Heliozoa - An order of fresh-water rhizopods having a more or less globular form, with slender radiating pseudopodia; the sun animalcule.

Hematocrya - The cold-blooded vertebrates, that is, all but the mammals and birds; -- the antithesis to Hematotherma.

Hematoma - A circumscribed swelling produced by an effusion of blood beneath the skin.

Hematophilia - A condition characterized by a tendency to profuse and uncontrollable hemorrhage from the slightest wounds.

Hematotherma - The warm-blooded vertebrates, comprising the mammals and birds; -- the antithesis to hematocrya.

Hematuria - Passage of urine mingled with blood.

Hemelytra - of Hemelytrum

Hemeralopia - A disease of the eyes, in consequence of which a person can see clearly or without pain only by daylight or a strong artificial light; day sight.

Hemianaesthesia - Anaesthesia upon one side of the body.

Hemicardia - A lateral half of the heart, either the right or left.

Hemicrania - A pain that affects only one side of the head.

Hemimetabola - Those insects which have an incomplete metamorphosis.

Hemina - A measure of half a sextary.

Hemina - A measure equal to about ten fluid ounces.

Hemiopia - Alt. of Hemiopsia

Hemiopsia - A defect of vision in consequence of which a person sees but half of an object looked at.

Hemiplegia - A palsy that affects one side only of the body.

Hemiptera - An order of hexapod insects having a jointed proboscis, including four sharp stylets (mandibles and maxillae), for piercing. In many of the species (Heteroptera) the front wings are partially coriaceous, and different from the others.

Hemophilia - See Hematophilia.

Henna - A thorny tree or shrub of the genus Lawsonia (L. alba). The fragrant white blossoms are used by the Buddhists in religious ceremonies. The powdered leaves furnish a red coloring matter used in the East to stain the hails and fingers, the manes of horses, etc.

Henna - The leaves of the henna plant, or a preparation or dyestuff made from them.

Hepatica - A genus of pretty spring flowers closely related to Anemone; squirrel cup.

Hepatica - Any plant, usually procumbent and mosslike, of the cryptogamous class Hepaticae; -- called also scale moss and liverwort. See Hepaticae, in the Supplement.

Hepta - A combining form from Gr. "epta`, seven.

Heptagynia - A Linnaean order of plants having seven pistils.

Heptandria - A Linnaean class of plants having seven stamens.

Herbaria - of Herbarium

Herbivora - An extensive division of Mammalia. It formerly included the Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla, but by later writers it is generally restricted to the two latter groups (Ungulata). They feed almost exclusively upon vegetation.

Herma - See Hermes, 2.

Hernia - A protrusion, consisting of an organ or part which has escaped from its natural cavity, and projects through some natural or accidental opening in the walls of the latter; as, hernia of the brain, of the lung, or of the bowels. Hernia of the abdominal viscera in most common. Called also rupture.

Heterocera - A division of Lepidoptera, including the moths, and hawk moths, which have the antennae variable in form.

Heteromera - A division of Coleoptera, having heteromerous tarsi.

Heteromyaria - A division of bivalve shells, including the marine mussels, in which the two adductor muscles are very unequal. See Dreissena, and Illust. under Byssus.

Heteropoda - An order of pelagic Gastropoda, having the foot developed into a median fin. Some of the species are naked; others, as Carinaria and Atlanta, have thin glassy shells.

Heteroptera - A suborder of Hemiptera, in which the base of the anterior wings is thickened. See Hemiptera.

Heterotricha - A division of ciliated Infusoria, having fine cilia all over the body, and a circle of larger ones around the anterior end.

Hexa - A prefix or combining form, used to denote six, sixth, etc.; as, hexatomic, hexabasic.

Hexactinia - The Anthozoa.

Hexagynia - A Linnaean order of plants having six pistils.

Hexahedra - of Hexahedron

Hexandria - A Linnaean class of plants having six stamens.

Hexapla - A collection of the Holy Scriptures in six languages or six versions in parallel columns; particularly, the edition of the Old Testament published by Origen, in the 3d century.

Hexapoda - The true, or six-legged, insects; insects other than myriapods and arachnids.

Hierapicra - A warming cathartic medicine, made of aloes and canella bark.

Hierotheca - A receptacle for sacred objects.

Hijera - Alt. of Hijra

Hijra - See Hegira.

Hippa - Alt. of Hippe

Hippobosca - A genus of dipterous insects including the horsefly or horse tick.

Hirudinea - An order of Annelida, including the leeches; -- called also Hirudinei.

Hoa - A stop; a halt; a moderation of pace.

Hoa - Halloo! attend! -- a call to excite attention, or to give notice of approach.

Hoa - Stop! stand still! hold! -- a word now used by teamsters, but formerly to order the cessation of anything.

Holla - Hollo.

Holla - See Hollo, v. i.

Holloa - Same as Hollo.

Holmia - An oxide of holmium.

Holometabola - Those insects which have a complete metamorphosis; metabola.

Holostomata - An artificial division of gastropods, including those that have an entire aperture.

Holostraca - A division of phyllopod Crustacea, including those that are entirely covered by a bivalve shell.

Holothurioidea - One of the classes of echinoderms.

Holotricha - A group of ciliated Infusoria, having cilia all over the body.

Homoeomeria - The state or quality of being homogeneous in elements or first principles; likeness or identity of parts.

Homoptera - A suborder of Hemiptera, in which both pairs of wings are similar in texture, and do not overlap when folded, as in the cicada. See Hemiptera.

Homotaxia - Same as Homotaxis.

Hosanna - A Hebrew exclamation of praise to the Lord, or an invocation of blessings.

Hurra - A word used as a shout of joy, triumph, applause, encouragement, or welcome.

Huzza - A word used as a shout of joy, exultation, approbation, or encouragement.

Huzza - A shout of huzza; a cheer; a hurrah.

Huzza - To shout huzza; to cheer.

Huzza - To receive or attend with huzzas.

Hyaena - Same as Hyena.

Hyalea - A pteroid of the genus Cavolina. See Pteropoda, and Illustration in Appendix.

Hyalonema - A genus of hexactinelline sponges, having a long stem composed of very long, slender, transparent, siliceous fibres twisted together like the strands of a color. The stem of the Japanese species (H. Sieboldii), called glass-rope, has long been in use as an ornament. See Glass-rope.

Hyalospongia - An order of vitreous sponges, having glassy six-rayed, siliceous spicules; -- called also Hexactinellinae.

Hydra - A serpent or monster in the lake or marsh of Lerna, in the Peloponnesus, represented as having many heads, one of which, when cut off, was immediately succeeded by two others, unless the wound was cauterized. It was slain by Hercules. Hence, a terrible monster.

Hydra - Hence: A multifarious evil, or an evil having many sources; not to be overcome by a single effort.

Hydra - Any small fresh-water hydroid of the genus Hydra, usually found attached to sticks, stones, etc., by a basal sucker.

Hydra - A southern constellation of great length lying southerly from Cancer, Leo, and Virgo.

Hydraemia - An abnormally watery state of the blood; anaemia.

Hydrangea - A genus of shrubby plants bearing opposite leaves and large heads of showy flowers, white, or of various colors. H. hortensis, the common garden species, is a native of China or Japan.

Hydria - A water jar; esp., one with a large rounded body, a small neck, and three handles. Some of the most beautiful Greek vases are of this form.

Hydrina - The group of hydroids to which the fresh-water hydras belong.

Hydrobranchiata - An extensive artificial division of gastropod mollusks, including those that breathe by gills, as contrasted with the Pulmonifera.

Hydrocorallia - A division of Hydroidea, including those genera that secrete a stony coral, as Millepora and Stylaster. Two forms of zooids in life project from small pores in the coral and resemble those of other hydroids. See Millepora.

Hydroidea - An extensive order of Hydrozoa or Acalephae.

Hydromedusa - Any medusa or jellyfish which is produced by budding from a hydroid. They are called also Craspedota, and naked-eyed medusae.

Hydromica - A variety of potash mica containing water. It is less elastic than ordinary muscovite.

Hydrophobia - An abnormal dread of water, said to be a symptom of canine madness; hence:

Hydrophobia - The disease caused by a bite form, or inoculation with the saliva of, a rabid creature, of which the chief symptoms are, a sense of dryness and construction in the throat, causing difficulty in deglutition, and a marked heightening of reflex excitability, producing convulsions whenever the patient attempts to swallow, or is disturbed in any way, as by the sight or sound of water; rabies; canine madness.

Hydrophora - The Hydroidea.

Hydrophyllia - of Hydrophyllium

Hydrorhiza - The rootstock or decumbent stem by which a hydroid is attached to other objects. See Illust. under Hydroidea.

Hydrosoma - All the zooids of a hydroid colony collectively, including the nutritive and reproductive zooids, and often other kinds.

Hydrotheca - One of the calicles which, in some Hydroidea (Thecaphora), protect the hydrants. See Illust. of Hydroidea, and Campanularian.

Hydrozoa - The Acalephae; one of the classes of coelenterates, including the Hydroidea, Discophora, and Siphonophora.

Hydrozoa - of Hydrozoon

Hyena - Any carnivorous mammal of the family Hyaenidae, of which three living species are known. They are large and strong, but cowardly. They feed chiefly on carrion, and are nocturnal in their habits.

Hygeia - The goddess of health, daughter of Esculapius.

Hymenia - of Hymenium

Hymenoptera - An extensive order of insects, including the bees, ants, ichneumons, sawflies, etc.

Hypanthia - of Hypanthium

Hyperaemia - A superabundance or congestion of blood in an organ or part of the body.

Hyperaesthesia - A state of exalted or morbidly increased sensibility of the body, or of a part of it.

Hyperbola - A curve formed by a section of a cone, when the cutting plane makes a greater angle with the base than the side of the cone makes. It is a plane curve such that the difference of the distances from any point of it to two fixed points, called foci, is equal to a given distance. See Focus. If the cutting plane be produced so as to cut the opposite cone, another curve will be formed, which is also an hyperbola. Both curves are regarded as branches of the same hyperbola. See Illust. of Conic section, and Focus.

Hyperdulia - Veneration or worship given to the Virgin Mary as the most exalted of mere creatures; higher veneration than dulia.

Hyperesthesia - Same as Hyperaesthesia.

Hypermetropia - Alt. of Hypermetropy

Hypermyriorama - A show or exhibition having a great number of scenes or views.

Hyperoartia - An order of marsipobranchs including the lampreys. The suckerlike moth contains numerous teeth; the nasal opening is in the middle of the head above, but it does not connect with the mouth. See Cyclostoma, and Lamprey.

Hyperopia - Hypermetropia.

Hyperotreta - An order of marsipobranchs, including the Myxine or hagfish and the genus Bdellostoma. They have barbels around the mouth, one tooth on the plate, and a communication between the nasal aperture and the throat. See Hagfish.

Hyperplasia - An increase in, or excessive growth of, the normal elements of any part.

Hypernoea - Abnormal breathing, due to slightly deficient arterialization of the blood; -- in distinction from eupnoea. See Eupnoea, and Dispnoea.

Hyperpyrexia - A condition of excessive fever; an elevation of temperature in a disease, in excess of the limit usually observed in that disease.

Hypoaria - of Hypoarion

Hypochondria - Hypochondriasis; melancholy; the blues.

Hypochondria - of Hypochondrium

Hypocleida - of Hypocleidium

Hypoderma - A layer of tissue beneath the epidermis in plants, and performing the physiological function of strengthening the epidermal tissue. In phanerogamous plants it is developed as collenchyma.

Hypoderma - An inner cellular layer which lies beneath the chitinous cuticle of arthropods, annelids, and some other invertebrates.

Hypogea - of Hypogeum

Hypoplastra - of Hypoplastron

Hypoptila - of Hypoptilum

Hyposterna - of Hyposternum

Hypostoma - The lower lip of trilobites, crustaceans, etc.

Hypotheca - An obligation by which property of a debtor was made over to his creditor in security of his debt.

Hypotricha - A division of ciliated Infusoria in which the cilia cover only the under side of the body.

Hyracoidea - An order of small hoofed mammals, comprising the single living genus Hyrax.

Hysteria - A nervous affection, occurring almost exclusively in women, in which the emotional and reflex excitability is exaggerated, and the will power correspondingly diminished, so that the patient loses control over the emotions, becomes the victim of imaginary sensations, and often falls into paroxism or fits.

Ianthina - Any gastropod of the genus Ianthina, of which various species are found living in mid ocean; -- called also purple shell, and violet snail.

Ichorhaemia - Infection of the blood with ichorous or putrid substances.

Ichthyocolla - Fish glue; isinglass; a glue prepared from the sounds of certain fishes.

Ichthyomorpha - The Urodela.

Ichthyophthira - A division of copepod crustaceans, including numerous species parasitic on fishes.

Ichthyopsida - A grand division of the Vertebrata, including the Amphibia and Fishes.

Ichthyopterygia - See Ichthyosauria.

Ichthyosauria - An extinct order of marine reptiles, including Ichthyosaurus and allied forms; -- called also Ichthyopterygia. They have not been found later than the Cretaceous period.

Icosandria - A Linnaean class of plants, having twenty or more stamens inserted in the calyx.

Idea - The transcript, image, or picture of a visible object, that is formed by the mind; also, a similar image of any object whatever, whether sensible or spiritual.

Idea - A general notion, or a conception formed by generalization.

Idea - Hence: Any object apprehended, conceived, or thought of, by the mind; a notion, conception, or thought; the real object that is conceived or thought of.

Idea - A belief, option, or doctrine; a characteristic or controlling principle; as, an essential idea; the idea of development.

Idea - A plan or purpose of action; intention; design.

Idea - A rational conception; the complete conception of an object when thought of in all its essential elements or constituents; the necessary metaphysical or constituent attributes and relations, when conceived in the abstract.

Idea - A fiction object or picture created by the imagination; the same when proposed as a pattern to be copied, or a standard to be reached; one of the archetypes or patterns of created things, conceived by the Platonists to have excited objectively from eternity in the mind of the Deity.

Idioplasma - That portion of the cell protoplasm which is the seat of all active changes, and which carries on the function of hereditary transmission; -- distinguished from the other portion, which is termed nutritive plasma. See Hygroplasm.

Iguana - Any species of the genus Iguana, a genus of large American lizards of the family Iguanidae. They are arboreal in their habits, usually green in color, and feed chiefly upon fruits.

Imbrocata - Alt. of Imbroccata

Imbroccata - A hit or thrust.

Impalla - The pallah deer of South Africa.

Implacentalia - A primary division of the Mammalia, including the monotremes and marsupials, in which no placenta is formed.

Impresa - A device on a shield or seal, or used as a bookplate or the like.

Improperia - A series of antiphons and responses, expressing the sorrowful remonstrance of our Lord with his people; -- sung on the morning of the Good Friday in place of the usual daily Mass of the Roman ritual.

Inca - An emperor or monarch of Peru before, or at the time of, the Spanish conquest; any member of this royal dynasty, reputed to have been descendants of the sun.

Inca - The people governed by the Incas, now represented by the Quichua tribe.

Inclusa - A tribe of bivalve mollusks, characterized by the closed state of the mantle which envelops the body. The ship borer (Teredo navalis) is an example.

Incognita - A woman who is unknown or in disguise.

Incognita - The state of being in disguise; -- said of a woman.

Incunabula - of Incunabulum

India - A country in Southern Asia; the two peninsulas of Hither and Farther India; in a restricted sense, Hither India, or Hindostan.

Indicia - Discriminating marks; signs; tokens; indications; appearances.

Indigofera - A genus of leguminous plants having many species, mostly in tropical countries, several of them yielding indigo, esp. Indigofera tinctoria, and I. Anil.

Individua - of Individuate

Inductoria - of Inductorium

Indusia - of Indusium

Inertia - That property of matter by which it tends when at rest to remain so, and when in motion to continue in motion, and in the same straight line or direction, unless acted on by some external force; -- sometimes called vis inertiae.

Inertia - Inertness; indisposition to motion, exertion, or action; want of energy; sluggishness.

Inertia - Want of activity; sluggishness; -- said especially of the uterus, when, in labor, its contractions have nearly or wholly ceased.

Infanta - A title borne by every one of the daughters of the kings of Spain and Portugal, except the eldest.

Inferobranchiata - A suborder of marine gastropod mollusks, in which the gills are between the foot and the mantle.

Infra - Below; beneath; under; after; -- often used as a prefix.

Infula - A sort of fillet worn by dignitaries, priests, and others among the ancient Romans. It was generally white.

Infundibula - of Infundibulum

Infusoria - One of the classes of Protozoa, including a large number of species, all of minute size.

Ingena - The gorilla.

Ingesta - That which is introduced into the body by the stomach or alimentary canal; -- opposed to egesta.

Inghalla - The reedbuck of South Africa.

Inia - A South American freshwater dolphin (Inia Boliviensis). It is ten or twelve feet long, and has a hairy snout.

Injuria - Injury; invasion of another's rights.

Insecta - One of the classes of Arthropoda, including those that have one pair of antennae, three pairs of mouth organs, and breathe air by means of tracheae, opening by spiracles along the sides of the body. In this sense it includes the Hexapoda, or six-legged insects and the Myriapoda, with numerous legs. See Insect, n.

Insecta - In a more restricted sense, the Hexapoda alone. See Hexapoda.

Insecta - In the most general sense, the Hexapoda, Myriapoda, and Arachnoidea, combined.

Insectivora - An order of mammals which feed principally upon insects.

Insectivora - A division of the Cheiroptera, including the common or insect-eating bats.

Insignia - Distinguishing marks of authority, office, or honor; badges; tokens; decorations; as, the insignia of royalty or of an order.

Insignia - Typical and characteristic marks or signs, by which anything is known or distinguished; as, the insignia of a trade.

Insomnia - Want of sleep; inability to sleep; wakefulness; sleeplessness.

Interambulacra - of Interambulacrum

Intercentra - of Intercentrum

Intermaxilla - See Premaxilla.

Intermedia - of Intermedium

Intervalla - of Intervallum

Invertebrata - A comprehensive division of the animal kingdom, including all except the Vertebrata.

Involucella - of Involucellum

Involucra - of Involucrum

Iota - The ninth letter of the Greek alphabet (/) corresponding with the English i.

Iota - A very small quantity or degree; a jot; a particle.

Ipecacuanha - The root of a Brazilian rubiaceous herb (Cephaelis Ipecacuanha), largely employed as an emetic; also, the plant itself; also, a medicinal extract of the root. Many other plants are used as a substitutes; among them are the black or Peruvian ipecac (Psychotria emetica), the white ipecac (Ionidium Ipecacuanha), the bastard or wild ipecac (Asclepias Curassavica), and the undulated ipecac (Richardsonia scabra).

Ipomoea - A genus of twining plants with showy monopetalous flowers, including the morning-glory, the sweet potato, and the cypress vine.

Isabella - Alt. of Isabella color

Isonandra - A genus of sapotaceous trees of India. Isonandra Gutta is the principal source of gutta-percha.

Isopleura - A subclass of Gastropoda, in which the body is symmetrical, the right and left sides being equal.

Isopoda - An order of sessile-eyed Crustacea, usually having seven pairs of legs, which are all similar in structure.

Itala - An early Latin version of the Scriptures (the Old Testament was translated from the Septuagint, and was also called the Italic version).

Ittria - See Yttria.

Ixia - A South African bulbous plant of the Iris family, remarkable for the brilliancy of its flowers.

Jacana - Any of several wading birds belonging to the genus Jacana and several allied genera, all of which have spurs on the wings. They are able to run about over floating water weeds by means of their very long, spreading toes. Called also surgeon bird.

Jacaranda - The native Brazilian name for certain leguminous trees, which produce the beautiful woods called king wood, tiger wood, and violet wood.

Jacaranda - A genus of bignoniaceous Brazilian trees with showy trumpet-shaped flowers.

Jaganatha - Alt. of Jaganatha

Jaganatha - See Juggernaut.

Jaina - One of a numerous sect in British India, holding the tenets of Jainism.

Jamacina - Jamaicine.

Jamaica - One of the West India is islands.

Jambolana - A myrtaceous tree of the West Indies and tropical America (Calyptranthes Jambolana), with astringent bark, used for dyeing. It bears an edible fruit.

Janthina - See Ianthina.

Japonica - A species of Camellia (Camellia Japonica), a native of Japan, bearing beautiful red or white flowers. Many other genera have species of the same name.

Jararaca - A poisonous serpent of Brazil (Bothrops jararaca), about eighteen inches long, and of a dusky, brownish color, variegated with red and black spots.

Java - One of the islands of the Malay Archipelago belonging to the Netherlands.

Java - Java coffee, a kind of coffee brought from Java.

Jeffersonia - An American herb with a pretty, white, solitary blossom, and deeply two-cleft leaves (Jeffersonia diphylla); twinleaf.

Jerboa - Any small jumping rodent of the genus Dipus, esp. D. Aegyptius, which is common in Egypt and the adjacent countries. The jerboas have very long hind legs and a long tail.

Jeropigia - See Geropigia.

Jinrikisha - A small, two-wheeled, hooded vehicle drawn by one more men.

Jossa - A command to a horse, probably meaning "stand still."

Juba - The mane of an animal.

Juba - A loose panicle, the axis of which falls to pieces, as in certain grasses.

Jugata - The figures of two heads on a medal or coin, either side by side or joined.

Jugula - of Jugulum

Juga - of Jugum

Jungermannia - A genus of hepatic mosses, now much circumscribed, but formerly comprising most plants of the order, which is sometimes therefore called Jungermanniaceae.

Junta - A council; a convention; a tribunal; an assembly; esp., the grand council of state in Spain.

Jura - 1. A range of mountains between France and Switzerland.

Jura - The Jurassic period. See Jurassic.

Juramenta - of Juramentum

Juvia - A Brazilian name for the lofty myrtaceous tree (Bertholetia excelsa) which produces the large seeds known as Brazil nuts.

Juwansa - The camel's thorn. See under Camel.

Kaama - The hartbeest.

Kabala - See Cabala.

Kaka - A New Zealand parrot of the genus Nestor, especially the brown parrot (Nestor meridionalis).

Kalmia - A genus of North American shrubs with poisonous evergreen foliage and corymbs of showy flowers. Called also mountain laurel, ivy bush, lamb kill, calico bush, etc.

Kalpa - One of the Brahmanic eons, a period of 4,320,000,000 years. At the end of each Kalpa the world is annihilated.

Kama - The Hindoo Cupid. He is represented as a beautiful youth, with a bow of sugar cane or flowers.

Kamala - The red dusty hairs of the capsules of an East Indian tree (Mallotus Philippinensis) used for dyeing silk. It is violently emetic, and is used in the treatment of tapeworm.

Kanacka - Alt. of Kanaka

Kanaka - A native of the Sandwich Islands.

Kapia - The fossil resin of the kauri tree of New Zealand.

Karma - One's acts considered as fixing one's lot in the future existence. (Theos.) The doctrine of fate as the inflexible result of cause and effect; the theory of inevitable consequence.

Karyoplasma - The protoplasmic substance of the nucleus of a cell: nucleoplasm; -- in opposition to kytoplasma, the protoplasm of the cell.

Kava - A species of Macropiper (M. methysticum), the long pepper, from the root of which an intoxicating beverage is made by the Polynesians, by a process of mastication; also, the beverage itself.

Kawaka - a New Zealand tree, the Cypress cedar (Libocedrus Doniana), having a valuable, fine-grained, reddish wood.

Keitloa - A black, two-horned, African rhinoceros (Atelodus keitloa). It has the posterior horn about as long as the anterior one, or even longer.

Kerana - A kind of long trumpet, used among the Persians.

Keratoidea - Same as Keratosa.

Keratosa - An order of sponges having a skeleton composed of hornlike fibers. It includes the commercial sponges.

Khaya - A lofty West African tree (Khaya Senegalensis), related to the mahogany, which it resembles in the quality of the wood. The bark is used as a febrifuge.

Khenna - See Henna.

Kibitka - A tent used by the Kirghiz Tartars.

Kibitka - A rude kind of Russian vehicle, on wheels or on runners, sometimes covered with cloth or leather, and often used as a movable habitation.

Kithara - See Cithara.

Kleptomania - A propensity to steal, claimed to be irresistible. This does not constitute legal irresponsibility.

Klopemania - See Kleptomania.

Kokama - The gemsbok.

Koolokamba - A west African anthropoid ape (Troglodytes koolokamba, or T. Aubryi), allied to the chimpanzee and gorilla, and, in some respects, intermediate between them.

Koolslaa - See Coleslaw.

Kra - A long-tailed ape (Macacus cynomolgus) of India and Sumatra. It is reddish olive, spotted with black, and has a black tail.

Krameria - A genus of spreading shrubs with many stems, from one species of which (K. triandra), found in Peru, rhatany root, used as a medicine, is obtained.

Krishna - The most popular of the Hindoo divinities, usually held to be the eighth incarnation of the god Vishnu.

Kshatriya - Alt. of Kshatruya

Kshatruya - The military caste, the second of the four great Hindoo castes; also, a member of that caste. See Caste.

Kuda - The East Indian tapir. See Tapir.

Kytoplasma - See Karyoplasma. L () L is the twelfth letter of the English alphabet, and a vocal consonant. It is usually called a semivowel or liquid. Its form and value are from the Greek, through the Latin, the form of the Greek letter being from the Phoenician, and the ultimate origin prob. Egyptian. Etymologically, it is most closely related to r and u; as in pilgrim, peregrine, couch (fr. collocare), aubura (fr. LL. alburnus).

La - A syllable applied to the sixth tone of the scale in music in solmization.

La - The tone A; -- so called among the French and Italians.

La - Look; see; behold; -- sometimes followed by you.

La - An exclamation of surprise; -- commonly followed by me; as, La me!

Labara - of Labarum

Labella - of Labellum

Labia - See Labium.

Labia - of Labium

Labra - of Labrum

Labyrinthodonta - An extinct order of Amphibia, including the typical genus Labyrinthodon, and many other allied forms, from the Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic formations. By recent writers they are divided into two or more orders. See Stegocephala.

Lacerta - A fathom.

Lacerta - A genus of lizards. See Lizard.

Lacerta - The Lizard, a northern constellation.

Lacertilia - An order of Reptilia, which includes the lizards.

Lacinia - One of the narrow, jagged, irregular pieces or divisions which form a sort of fringe on the borders of the petals of some flowers.

Lacinia - A narrow, slender portion of the edge of a monophyllous calyx, or of any irregularly incised leaf.

Lacinia - The posterior, inner process of the stipes on the maxillae of insects.

Lacinula - A diminutive lacinia.

Lactuca - A genus of composite herbs, several of which are cultivated foe salad; lettuce.

Lacuna - A small opening; a small pit or depression; a small blank space; a gap or vacancy; a hiatus.

Lacuna - A small opening; a small depression or cavity; a space, as a vacant space between the cells of plants, or one of the spaces left among the tissues of the lower animals, which serve in place of vessels for the circulation of the body fluids, or the cavity or sac, usually of very small size, in a mucous membrane.

Lacunaria - of Lacunar

Laemodipoda - A division of amphipod Crustacea, in which the abdomen is small or rudimentary and the legs are often reduced to five pairs. The whale louse, or Cyamus, and Caprella are examples.

Lagena - The terminal part of the cochlea in birds and most reptiles; an appendage of the sacculus, corresponding to the cochlea, in fishes and amphibians.

Lagemorpha - A group of rodents, including the hares. They have four incisors in the upper jaw. Called also Duplicidentata.

Lagophthalmia - Alt. of Lagophthalmos

Lama - See Llama.

Lama - In Thibet, Mongolia, etc., a priest or monk of the belief called Lamaism.

Lambda - The name of the Greek letter /, /, corresponding with the English letter L, l.

Lambda - The point of junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures of the skull.

Lamella - a thin plate or scale of anything, as a thin scale growing from the petals of certain flowers; or one of the thin plates or scales of which certain shells are composed.

Lamellibranchia - Alt. of Lamellibranchiata

Lamellibranchiata - A class of Mollusca including all those that have bivalve shells, as the clams, oysters, mussels, etc.

Lamellicornia - A group of lamellicorn, plant-eating beetles; -- called also Lamellicornes.

Lametta - Foil or wire made of gold, silver, or brass.

Lamia - A monster capable of assuming a woman's form, who was said to devour human beings or suck their blood; a vampire; a sorceress; a witch.

Lamina - A thin plate or scale; a layer or coat lying over another; -- said of thin plates or platelike substances, as of bone or minerals.

Lamina - The blade of a leaf; the broad, expanded portion of a petal or sepal of a flower.

Lamina - A thin plate or scale; specif., one of the thin, flat processes composing the vane of a feather.

Laminaria - A genus of great seaweeds with long and broad fronds; kelp, or devil's apron. The fronds commonly grow in clusters, and are sometimes from thirty to fifty feet in length. See Illust. of Kelp.

Lamnunguia - Same as Hyracoidea.

Langaha - A curious colubriform snake of the genus Xyphorhynchus, from Madagascar. It is brownish red, and its nose is prolonged in the form of a sharp blade.

Langya - One of several species of East Indian and Asiatic fresh-water fishes of the genus Ophiocephalus, remarkable for their power of living out of water, and for their tenacity of life; -- called also walking fishes.

Laquearia - of Laquear

Larva - Any young insect from the time that it hatches from the egg until it becomes a pupa, or chrysalis. During this time it usually molts several times, and may change its form or color each time. The larvae of many insects are much like the adults in form and habits, but have no trace of wings, the rudimentary wings appearing only in the pupa stage. In other groups of insects the larvae are totally unlike the parents in structure and habits, and are called caterpillars, grubs, maggots, etc.

Larva - The early, immature form of any animal when more or less of a metamorphosis takes place, before the assumption of the mature shape.

Larvalia - An order of Tunicata, including Appendicularia, and allied genera; -- so called because certain larval features are retained by them through life. Called also Copelata. See Appendicularia.

Latakia - A superior quality of Turkish smoking tobacco, so called from the place where produced, the ancient Laodicea.

Latibula - of Latibulum

Latria - The highest kind of worship, or that paid to God; -- distinguished by the Roman Catholics from dulia, or the inferior worship paid to saints.

Laura - A number of hermitages or cells in the same neighborhood occupied by anchorites who were under the same superior.

Lava - The melted rock ejected by a volcano from its top or fissured sides. It flows out in streams sometimes miles in length. It also issues from fissures in the earth's surface, and forms beds covering many square miles, as in the Northwestern United States.

Lavolta - An old dance, for two persons, being a kind of waltz, in which the woman made a high spring or bound.

Lawsonia - An Asiatic and North African shrub (Lawsonia inermis), with smooth oval leaves, and fragrant white flowers. Henna is prepared from the leaves and twigs. In England the shrub is called Egyptian privet, and in the West Indies, Jamaica mignonette.

Lea - A measure of yarn; for linen, 300 yards; for cotton, 120 yards; a lay.

Lea - A set of warp threads carried by a loop of the heddle.

Lea - A meadow or sward land; a grassy field.

Lecama - The hartbeest.

Lectica - A kind of litter or portable couch.

Legatura - A tie or brace; a syncopation.

Legumina - of Legumen

Leipoa - A genus of Australian gallinaceous birds including but a single species (Leipoa ocellata), about the size of a turkey. Its color is variegated, brown, black, white, and gray. Called also native pheasant.

Lemmata - of Lemma

Lemma - A preliminary or auxiliary proposition demonstrated or accepted for immediate use in the demonstration of some other proposition, as in mathematics or logic.

Lemniscata - Alt. of Lemniscate

Lemuria - A hypothetical land, or continent, supposed by some to have existed formerly in the Indian Ocean, of which Madagascar is a remnant.

Lemuroidea - A suborder of primates, including the lemurs, the aye-aye, and allied species.

Lena - A procuress.

Lenticula - A kind of eruption upon the skin; lentigo; freckle.

Lenticula - A lens of small size.

Lenticula - A lenticel.

Lepidoptera - An order of insects, which includes the butterflies and moths. They have broad wings, covered with minute overlapping scales, usually brightly colored.

Lepidosauria - A division of reptiles, including the serpents and lizards; the Plagiotremata.

Lepisma - A genus of wingless thysanurous insects having an elongated flattened body, covered with shining scales and terminated by seven unequal bristles. A common species (Lepisma saccharina) is found in houses, and often injures books and furniture. Called also shiner, silver witch, silver moth, and furniture bug.

Lepra - Leprosy.

Leptocardia - The lowest class of Vertebrata, including only the Amphioxus. The heart is represented only by a simple pulsating vessel. The blood is colorless; the brain, renal organs, and limbs are wanting, and the backbone is represented only by a simple, unsegmented notochord. See Amphioxus.

Leptostraca - An order of Crustacea, including Nebalia and allied forms.

Lernaea - A Linnaean genus of parasitic Entomostraca, -- the same as the family Lernaeidae.

Lernaeacea - A suborder of copepod Crustacea, including a large number of remarkable forms, mostly parasitic on fishes. The young, however, are active and swim freely. See Illustration in Appendix.

Leuchaemia - See Leucocythaemia.

Leucocythaemia - Alt. of Leucocythemia

Leucocythemia - A disease in which the white corpuscles of the blood are largely increased in number, and there is enlargement of the spleen, or the lymphatic glands; leuchaemia.

Leucoma - A white opacity in the cornea of the eye; -- called also albugo.

Leucorrhoea - A discharge of a white, yellowish, or greenish, viscid mucus, resulting from inflammation or irritation of the membrane lining the genital organs of the female; the whites.

Leukaemia - Leucocythaemia.

Levana - A goddess who protected newborn infants.

Liana - A luxuriant woody plant, climbing high trees and having ropelike stems. The grapevine often has the habit of a liane. Lianes are abundant in the forests of the Amazon region.

Li bella - A small balance.

Li bella - A level, or leveling instrument.

Libra - The Balance; the seventh sign in the zodiac, which the sun enters at the autumnal equinox in September, marked thus / in almanacs, etc.

Libra - A southern constellation between Virgo and Scorpio.

Ligula - See Ligule.

Ligula - The central process, or front edge, of the labium of insects. It sometimes serves as a tongue or proboscis, as in bees.

Ligula - A tongue-shaped lobe of the parapodia of annelids. See Parapodium.

Lima - The capital city of Peru, in South America.

Limacina - A genus of small spiral pteropods, common in the Arctic and Antarctic seas. It contributes to the food of the right whales.

Lim naea - A genus of fresh-water air-breathing mollusks, abundant in ponds and streams; -- called also pond snail.

Limuloidea - An order of Merostomata, including among living animals the genus Limulus, with various allied fossil genera, mostly of the Carboniferous period. Called also Xiphosura.

Lindia - A peculiar genus of rotifers, remarkable for the absence of ciliated disks. By some zoologists it is thought to be like the ancestral form of the Arthropoda.

Linga - Alt. of Lingam

Lingua - A tongue.

Lingua - A median process of the labium, at the under side of the mouth in insects, and serving as a tongue.

Lingua Franca - The commercial language of the Levant, -- a mixture of the languages of the people of the region and of foreign traders.

Linguatulida - Same as Linguatulina.

Linguatulina - An order of wormlike, degraded, parasitic arachnids. They have two pairs of retractile hooks, near the mouth. Called also Pentastomida.

Lingula - A tonguelike process or part.

Lingula - Any one of numerous species of brachiopod shells belonging to the genus Lingula, and related genera. See Brachiopoda, and Illustration in Appendix.

Lipaemia - A condition in which fat occurs in the blood.

Lipocephala - Same as Lamellibranchia.

Lipoma - A tumor consisting of fat or adipose tissue.

Lira - An Italian coin equivalent in value to the French franc.

Lirella - A linear apothecium furrowed along the middle; the fruit of certain lichens.

Liriodendra - of Liriodendron

Lissencephala - A general name for all those placental mammals that have a brain with few or no cerebral convolutions, as Rodentia, Insectivora, etc.

Lithaemia - A condition in which uric (lithic) acid is present in the blood.

Lithia - The oxide of lithium; a strong alkaline caustic similar to potash and soda, but weaker. See Lithium.

Littorina - A genus of small pectinibranch mollusks, having thick spiral shells, abundant between tides on nearly all rocky seacoasts. They feed on seaweeds. The common periwinkle is a well-known example. See Periwinkle.

Liza - The American white mullet (Mugil curema).

Llama - A South American ruminant (Auchenia llama), allied to the camels, but much smaller and without a hump. It is supposed to be a domesticated variety of the guanaco. It was formerly much used as a beast of burden in the Andes.

Lobelia - A genus of plants, including a great number of species. Lobelia inflata, or Indian tobacco, is an annual plant of North America, whose leaves contain a poisonous white viscid juice, of an acrid taste. It has often been used in medicine as an emetic, expectorant, etc. L. cardinalis is the cardinal flower, remarkable for the deep and vivid red color of its flowers.

Lobosa - An order of Rhizopoda, in which the pseudopodia are thick and irregular in form, as in the Amoeba.

Lochia - The discharge from the womb and vagina which follows childbirth.

Loca - of Locus

Locusta - The spikelet or flower cluster of grasses.

Locustella - The European cricket warbler.

Loeven's larva - The peculiar larva of Polygordius. See Polygordius.

Loggia - A roofed open gallery. It differs from a veranda in being more architectural, and in forming more decidedly a part of the main edifice to which it is attached; from a porch, in being intended not for entrance but for an out-of-door sitting-room.

Lomata - of Loma

Loma - A lobe; a membranous fringe or flap.

Nematelmia - Same as Nemathelminthes.

Nemathecia - of Nemathecium

Nematocera - A suborder of dipterous insects, having long antennae, as the mosquito, gnat, and crane fly; -- called also Nemocera.

Nematoidea - An order of worms, having a long, round, and generally smooth body; the roundworms. they are mostly parasites. Called also Nematodea, and Nematoda.

Nematophora - Same as Coelenterata.

Nemertida - Nemertina.

Nemertina - An order of helminths usually having a long, slender, smooth, often bright-colored body, covered with minute vibrating cilia; -- called also Nemertea, Nemertida, and Rhynchocoela.

Nenia - A funeral song; an elegy.

Octopoda - Same as Octocerata.

Octopoda - Same as Arachnida.

Octopodia - Same as Octocerata.

Oculina - A genus of tropical corals, usually branched, and having a very volid texture.

Oculinacea - A suborder of corals including many reef-building species, having round, starlike calicles.

Paraguay tea - See Mate, the leaf of the Brazilian holly.

Longicornia - A division of beetles, including a large number of species, in which the antennae are very long. Most of them, while in the larval state, bore into the wood or beneath the bark of trees, and some species are very destructive to fruit and shade trees. See Apple borer, under Apple, and Locust beetle, under Locust.

Lophopoda - Same as Phylactolemata.

Lophostea - of Lophosteon

Lorcha - A kind of light vessel used on the coast of China, having the hull built on a European model, and the rigging like that of a Chinese junk.

Lorica - A cuirass, originally of leather, afterward of plates of metal or horn sewed on linen or the like.

Lorica - Lute for protecting vessels from the fire.

Lorica - The protective case or shell of an infusorian or rotifer.

Loricata - A suborder of edentates, covered with bony plates, including the armadillos.

Loricata - The crocodilia.

Lucernaria - A genus of acalephs, having a bell-shaped body with eight groups of short tentacles around the margin. It attaches itself by a sucker at the base of the pedicel.

Lucernarida - A division of acalephs, including Lucernaria and allied genera; -- called also Calycozoa.

Lucernarida - A more extensive group of acalephs, including both the true lucernarida and the Discophora.

Lucuma - An American genus of sapotaceous trees bearing sweet and edible fruits.

Lumachella - A grayish brown limestone, containing fossil shells, which reflect a beautiful play of colors. It is also called fire marble, from its fiery reflections.

Luna - The moon.

Luna - Silver.

Lunula - Same as Lunule.

Lupercalia - A feast of the Romans in honor of Lupercus, or Pan.

Lustra - of Lustrum

Lycanthropia - See Lycanthropy, 2.

Lycea - of Lyceum

Lyencephala - A group of Mammalia, including the marsupials and monotremes; -- so called because the corpus callosum is rudimentary.

Lymphadenoma - See Lymphoma.

Lymphoma - A tumor having a structure resembling that of a lymphatic gland; -- called also lymphadenoma.

Lyopomata - An order of brachiopods, in which the valves of shell are not articulated by a hinge. It includes the Lingula, Discina, and allied forms.

Lyra - A northern constellation, the Harp, containing a white star of the first magnitude, called Alpha Lyrae, or Vega.

Lyra - The middle portion of the ventral surface of the fornix of the brain; -- so called from the arrangement of the lines with which it is marked in the human brain.

Lyssa - Hydrophobia.

Lytta - A fibrous and muscular band lying within the longitudinal axis of the tongue in many mammals, as the dog. M () M, the thirteenth letter of the English alphabet, is a vocal consonant, and from the manner of its formation, is called the labio-nasal consonant. See Guide to Pronunciation, // 178-180, 242.

Ma - A child's word for mother.

Ma - In Oriental countries, a respectful form of address given to a woman; mother.

Ma - But; -- used in cautionary phrases; as, "Vivace, ma non troppo presto" (i. e., lively, but not too quick).

Maa - The common European gull (Larus canus); -- called also mar. See New, a gull.

Maasha - An East Indian coin, of about one tenth of the weight of a rupee.

Maclurea - A genus of spiral gastropod shells, often of large size, characteristic of the lower Silurian rocks.

Macroglossia - Enlargement or hypertrophy of the tongue.

Macroura - Alt. of Macroural

Macrura - A subdivision of decapod Crustacea, having the abdomen largely developed. It includes the lobster, prawn, shrimp, and many similar forms. Cf. Decapoda.

Mactra - Any marine bivalve shell of the genus Mactra, and allied genera. Many species are known. Some of them are used as food, as Mactra stultorum, of Europe. See Surf clam, under Surf.

Macula - A spot, as on the skin, or on the surface of the sun or of some other luminous orb.

Macula - A rather large spot or blotch of color.

Madeira - A rich wine made on the Island of Madeira.

Madia - A genus of composite plants, of which one species (Madia sativa) is cultivated for the oil yielded from its seeds by pressure. This oil is sometimes used instead of olive oil for the table.

Madonna - My lady; -- a term of address in Italian formerly used as the equivalent of Madame, but for which Signora is now substituted. Sometimes introduced into English.

Madonna - A picture of the Virgin Mary (usually with the babe).

Madoqua - A small Abyssinian antelope (Neotragus Saltiana), about the size of a hare.

Madrepora - A genus of reef corals abundant in tropical seas. It includes than one hundred and fifty species, most of which are elegantly branched.

Madreporaria - An extensive division of Anthozoa, including most of the species that produce stony corals. See Illust. of Anthozoa.

Madrina - An animal (usually an old mare), wearing a bell and acting as the leader of a troop of pack mules.

Madroa - A small evergreen tree or shrub (Arbutus Menziesii), of California, having a smooth bark, thick shining leaves, and edible red berries, which are often called madroa apples.

Magdala - Designating an orange-red dyestuff obtained from naphthylamine, and called magdala red, naphthalene red, etc.

Magenta - An aniline dye obtained as an amorphous substance having a green bronze surface color, which dissolves to a shade of red; also, the color; -- so called from Magenta, in Italy, in allusion to the battle fought there about the time the dye was discovered. Called also fuchsine, roseine, etc.

Magma - Any crude mixture of mineral or organic matters in the state of a thin paste.

Magma - A thick residuum obtained from certain substances after the fluid parts are expressed from them; the grounds which remain after treating a substance with any menstruum, as water or alcohol.

Magma - A salve or confection of thick consistency.

Magma - The molten matter within the earth, the source of the material of lava flows, dikes of eruptive rocks, etc.

Magma - The glassy base of an eruptive rock.

Magma - The amorphous or homogenous matrix or ground mass, as distinguished from well-defined crystals; as, the magma of porphyry.

Magna Charta - The great Charter, so called, obtained by the English barons from King John, A. D. 1215. This name is also given to the charter granted to the people of England in the ninth year of Henry III., and confirmed by Edward I.

Magna Charta - Hence, a fundamental constitution which guaranties rights and privileges.

Magnesia - A light earthy white substance, consisting of magnesium oxide, and obtained by heating magnesium hydrate or carbonate, or by burning magnesium. It has a slightly alkaline reaction, and is used in medicine as a mild antacid laxative. See Magnesium.

Magnolia - A genus of American and Asiatic trees, with aromatic bark and large sweet-scented whitish or reddish flowers.

Maha - A kind of baboon; the wanderoo.

Mahabarata - Alt. of Mahabharatam

Mahonia - The Oregon grape, a species of barberry (Berberis Aquifolium), often cultivated for its hollylike foliage.

Mahratta - One of a numerous people inhabiting the southwestern part of India. Also, the language of the Mahrattas; Mahrati. It is closely allied to Sanskrit.

Mahratta - Of or pertaining to the Mahrattas.

Maia - A genus of spider crabs, including the common European species (Maia squinado).

Maia - A beautiful American bombycid moth (Eucronia maia).

Majolica - A kind of pottery, with opaque glazing and showy, which reached its greatest perfection in Italy in the 16th century.

Mala - Evils; wrongs; offenses against right and law.

Malacca - A town and district upon the seacoast of the Malay Peninsula.

Malacobdella - A genus of nemertean worms, parasitic in the gill cavity of clams and other bivalves. They have a large posterior sucker, like that of a leech. See Illust. of Bdellomorpha.

Malacopoda - A class of air-breathing Arthropoda; -- called also Protracheata, and Onychophora.

Malacostraca - A subclass of Crustacea, including Arthrostraca and Thoracostraca, or all those higher than the Entomostraca.

Malacozoa - An extensive group of Invertebrata, including the Mollusca, Brachiopoda, and Bryozoa. Called also Malacozoaria.

Malaga - A city and a province of Spain, on the Mediterranean. Hence, Malaga grapes, Malaga raisins, Malaga wines.

Malaria - Air infected with some noxious substance capable of engendering disease; esp., an unhealthy exhalation from certain soils, as marshy or wet lands, producing fevers; miasma.

Malaria - A morbid condition produced by exhalations from decaying vegetable matter in contact with moisture, giving rise to fever and ague and many other symptoms characterized by their tendency to recur at definite and usually uniform intervals.

Mallophaga - An extensive group of insects which are parasitic on birds and mammals, and feed on the feathers and hair; -- called also bird lice. See Bird louse, under Bird.

Malma - A spotted trout (Salvelinus malma), inhabiting Northern America, west of the Rocky Mountains; -- called also Dolly Varden trout, bull trout, red-spotted trout, and golet.

Malpighia - A genus of tropical American shrubs with opposite leaves and small white or reddish flowers. The drupes of Malpighia urens are eaten under the name of Barbadoes cherries.

Maltha - A variety of bitumen, viscid and tenacious, like pitch, unctuous to the touch, and exhaling a bituminous odor.

Maltha - Mortar.

Mala - of Malum

Mama - See Mamma.

Mamma - Mother; -- word of tenderness and familiarity.

Mamma - A glandular organ for secreting milk, characteristic of all mammals, but usually rudimentary in the male; a mammary gland; a breast; under; bag.

Mammalia - The highest class of Vertebrata. The young are nourished for a time by milk, or an analogous fluid, secreted by the mammary glands of the mother.

Mammilla - The nipple.

Manca - See Mancus.

Mandioca - See Manioc.

Mandragora - A genus of plants; the mandrake. See Mandrake, 1.

Mania - Violent derangement of mind; madness; insanity. Cf. Delirium.

Mania - Excessive or unreasonable desire; insane passion affecting one or many people; as, the tulip mania.

Manila - Alt. of Manilla

Manilla - Of or pertaining to Manila or Manilla, the capital of the Philippine Islands; made in, or exported from, that city.

Manilla - A ring worn upon the arm or leg as an ornament, especially among the tribes of Africa.

Manilla - A piece of copper of the shape of a horseshoe, used as money by certain tribes of the west coast of Africa.

Manilla - Same as Manila.

Manna - The food supplied to the Israelites in their journey through the wilderness of Arabia; hence, divinely supplied food.

Manna - A name given to lichens of the genus Lecanora, sometimes blown into heaps in the deserts of Arabia and Africa, and gathered and used as food.

Manna - A sweetish exudation in the form of pale yellow friable flakes, coming from several trees and shrubs and used in medicine as a gentle laxative, as the secretion of Fraxinus Ornus, and F. rotundifolia, the manna ashes of Southern Europe.

Manta - See Coleoptera and Sea devil.

Mantilla - A lady's light cloak of cape of silk, velvet, lace, or the like.

Mantilla - A kind of veil, covering the head and falling down upon the shoulders; -- worn in Spain, Mexico, etc.

Mantissa - The decimal part of a logarithm, as distinguished from the integral part, or characteristic.

Mantra - A prayer; an invocation; a religious formula; a charm.

Mantua - A superior kind of rich silk formerly exported from Mantua in Italy.

Mantua - A woman's cloak or mantle; also, a woman's gown.

Manubria - of Manubrium

Manzanita - A name given to several species of Arctostaphylos, but mostly to A. glauca and A. pungens, shrubs of California, Oregon, etc., with reddish smooth bark, ovate or oval coriaceous evergreen leaves, and bearing clusters of red berries, which are said to be a favorite food of the grizzly bear.

Mara - The principal or ruling evil spirit.

Mara - A female demon who torments people in sleep by crouching on their chests or stomachs, or by causing terrifying visions.

Mara - The Patagonian cavy (Dolichotis Patagonicus).

Maranatha - "Our Lord cometh;" -- an expression used by St. Paul at the conclusion of his first Epistle to the Corinthians (xvi. 22). This word has been used in anathematizing persons for great crimes; as much as to say, "May the Lord come quickly to take vengeance of thy crimes." See Anathema maranatha, under Anathema.

Maranta - A genus of endogenous plants found in tropical America, and some species also in India. They have tuberous roots containing a large amount of starch, and from one species (Maranta arundinacea) arrowroot is obtained. Many kinds are cultivated for ornament.

Marena - A European whitefish of the genus Coregonus.

Marginalia - Marginal notes.

Marginella - A genus of small, polished, marine univalve shells, native of all warm seas.

Margosa - A large tree of genus Melia (M. Azadirachta) found in India. Its bark is bitter, and used as a tonic. A valuable oil is expressed from its seeds, and a tenacious gum exudes from its trunk. The M. Azedarach is a much more showy tree, and is cultivated in the Southern United States, where it is known as Pride of India, Pride of China, or bead tree. Various parts of the tree are considered anthelmintic.

Marikina - A small marmoset (Midas rosalia); the silky tamarin.

Marimba - A musical istrument of percussion, consisting of bars yielding musical tones when struck.

Marimonda - A spider monkey (Ateles belzebuth) of Central and South America.

Marinorama - A representation of a sea view.

Marsala - A kind of wine exported from Marsala in Sicily.

Marsdenia - A genus of plants of the Milkweed family, mostly woody climbers with fragrant flowers, several species of which furnish valuable fiber, and one species (Marsdenia tinctoria) affords indigo.

Marshalsea - The court or seat of a marshal; hence, the prison in Southwark, belonging to the marshal of the king's household.

Marsipobranchia - A class of Vertebrata, lower than fishes, characterized by their purselike gill cavities, cartilaginous skeletons, absence of limbs, and a suckerlike mouth destitute of jaws. It includes the lampreys and hagfishes. See Cyclostoma, and Lamprey. Called also Marsipobranchiata, and Marsipobranchii.

Marsupialia - A subclass of Mammalia, including nearly all the mammals of Australia and the adjacent islands, together with the opossums of America. They differ from ordinary mammals in having the corpus callosum very small, in being implacental, and in having their young born while very immature. The female generally carries the young for some time after birth in an external pouch, or marsupium. Called also Marsupiata.

Marsupia - of Marsupium

Martineta - A species of tinamou (Calopezus elegans), having a long slender crest.

Masora - A Jewish critical work on the text of the Hebrew Scriptures, composed by several learned rabbis of the school of Tiberias, in the eighth and ninth centuries.

Massasauga - The black rattlesnake (Crotalus, / Caudisona, tergemina), found in the Mississippi Valley.

Massora - Same as Masora.

Mastigopoda - The Infusoria.

Mastodynia - Alt. of Mastodyny

Matamata - The bearded tortoise (Chelys fimbriata) of South American rivers.

Matanza - A place where animals are slaughtered for their hides and tallow.

Materia medica - Material or substance used in the composition of remedies; -- a general term for all substances used as curative agents in medicine.

Materia medica - That branch of medical science which treats of the nature and properties of all the substances that are employed for the cure of diseases.

Mattowacca - An American clupeoid fish (Clupea mediocris), similar to the shad in habits and appearance, but smaller and less esteemed for food; -- called also hickory shad, tailor shad, fall herring, and shad herring.

Maxilla - The bone of either the upper or the under jaw.

Maxilla - The bone, or principal bone, of the upper jaw, the bone of the lower jaw being the mandible.

Maxilla - One of the lower or outer jaws of arthropods.

Maxima - of Maximum

Maya - The name for the doctrine of the unreality of matter, called, in English, idealism; hence, nothingness; vanity; illusion.

Mazama - Alt. of Mazame

Mazourka - Alt. of Mazurka

Mazurka - A Polish dance, or the music which accompanies it, usually in 3-4 or 3-8 measure, with a strong accent on the second beat.

Meandrina - A genus of corals with meandering grooves and ridges, including the brain corals.

Media - pl. of Medium.

Media - One of the sonant mutes /, /, / (b, d, g), in Greek, or of their equivalents in other languages, so named as intermediate between the tenues, /, /, / (p, t, k), and the aspiratae (aspirates) /, /, / (ph or f, th, ch). Also called middle mute, or medial, and sometimes soft mute.

Medialuna - See Half-moon.

Medicornua - of Medicornu

Media - of Medium

Medulla - Marrow; pith; hence, essence.

Medulla - The marrow of bones; the deep or inner portion of an organ or part; as, the medulla, or medullary substance, of the kidney; specifically, the medula oblongata.

Medulla - A soft tissue, occupying the center of the stem or branch of a plant; pith.

Medusa - The Gorgon; or one of the Gorgons whose hair was changed into serpents, after which all who looked upon her were turned into stone.

Medusa - Any free swimming acaleph; a jellyfish.

Mega - Alt. of Megalo-

Megalomania - A form of mental alienation in which the patient has grandiose delusions.

Melada - Alt. of Melado

Melaena - A discharge from the bowels of black matter, consisting of altered blood.

Melanaemia - A morbid condition in which the blood contains black pigment either floating freely or imbedded in the white blood corpuscles.

Melancholia - A kind of mental unsoundness characterized by extreme depression of spirits, ill-grounded fears, delusions, and brooding over one particular subject or train of ideas.

Melanorrhoea - An East Indian genus of large trees. Melanorrh/a usitatissima is the lignum-vitae of Pegu, and yelds a valuable black varnish.

Melasma - A dark discoloration of the skin, usually local; as, Addison's melasma, or Addison's disease.

Melastoma - A genus of evergreen tropical shrubs; -- so called from the black berries of some species, which stain the mouth.

Melena - See Melaena.

Melismata - of Melisma

Melisma - A piece of melody; a song or tune, -- as opposed to recitative or musical declamation.

Melisma - A grace or embellishment.

Melissa - A genus of labiate herbs, including the balm, or bee balm (Melissa officinalis).

Melodrama - Formerly, a kind of drama having a musical accompaniment to intensify the effect of certain scenes. Now, a drama abounding in romantic sentiment and agonizing situations, with a musical accompaniment only in parts which are especially thrilling or pathetic. In opera, a passage in which the orchestra plays a somewhat descriptive accompaniment, while the actor speaks; as, the melodrama in the gravedigging scene of Beethoven's "Fidelio".

Melop/ia - The art of forming melody; melody; -- now often used for a melodic passage, rather than a complete melody.

Meminna - A small deerlet, or chevrotain, of India.

Memorabilia - Things remarkable and worthy of remembrance or record; also, the record of them.

Memoranda - of Memorandum

Memoria - Memory.

Menaia - of Menaion

Menologia - of Menology

Menopoma - Alt. of Menopome

Menorrhagia - Profuse menstruation.

Menorrhagia - Any profuse bleeding from the uterus; Metrorrhagia.

Menstrua - of Menstruum

Mentagra - Sycosis.

Mentha - A widely distributed genus of fragrant herbs, including the peppermint, spearmint, etc. The plants have small flowers, usually arranged in dense axillary clusters.

Mercenaria - The quahog.

Merenchyma - Tissue composed of spheroidal cells.

Merostomata - A class of Arthropoda, allied to the Crustacea. It includes the trilobites, Eurypteroidea, and Limuloidea. All are extinct except the horseshoe crabs of the last group. See Limulus.

Mesa - A high tableland; a plateau on a hill.

Mesenchyma - The part of the mesoblast which gives rise to the connective tissues and blood.

Mesobronchia - of Mesobronchium

Mesocoelia - The cavity of the mesencephalon; the iter.

Mesogl/a - A thin gelatinous tissue separating the ectoderm and endoderm in certain coelenterates.

Mesopodialia - of Mesopodiale

Mesosauria - Same as Mosasauria.

Mesoscapula - A process from the middle of the scapula in some animals; the spine of the scapula.

Mesotheca - The middle layer of the gonophore in the Hydrozoa.

Mesozoa - A group of very lowly organized, wormlike parasites, including the Dicyemata. They are found in cephalopods. See Dicyemata.

Metabola - Alt. of Metabole

Metabola - Alt. of Metabolia

Metabolia - A comprehensive group of insects, including those that undegro a metamorphosis.

Metapodialia - of Metapodiale

Metapodia - of Metapodium

Metastoma - Alt. of Metastome

Metazoa - Those animals in which the protoplasmic mass, constituting the egg, is converted into a multitude of cells, which are metamorphosed into the tissues of the body. A central cavity is commonly developed, and the cells around it are at first arranged in two layers, -- the ectoderm and endoderm. The group comprises nearly all animals except the Protozoa.

Metromania - A mania for writing verses.

Metrorrhagia - Profuse bleeding from the womb, esp. such as does not occur at the menstrual period.

Mezquita - A mosque.

Miasmata - of Miasma

Miasma - Infectious particles or germs floating in the air; air made noxious by the presence of such particles or germs; noxious effluvia; malaria.

Mica - The name of a group of minerals characterized by highly perfect cleavage, so that they readily separate into very thin leaves, more or less elastic. They differ widely in composition, and vary in color from pale brown or yellow to green or black. The transparent forms are used in lanterns, the doors of stoves, etc., being popularly called isinglass. Formerly called also cat-silver, and glimmer.

Micella - A theoretical aggregation of molecules constituting a structural particle of protoplasm, capable of increase or diminution without change in chemical nature.

Microbacteria - In the classification of Cohn, one of the four tribes of Bacteria.

Microlepidoptera - A tribe of Lepidoptera, including a vast number of minute species, as the plume moth, clothes moth, etc.

Microphthalmia - Alt. of Microphthalmy

Microzoa - The Infusoria.

Mida - The larva of the bean fly.

Mid sea - Alt. of Mid-sea

Mid-sea - The middle part of the sea or ocean.

Miliaria - A fever accompanied by an eruption of small, isolated, red pimples, resembling a millet seed in form or size; miliary fever.

Miliola - A genus of Foraminifera, having a porcelanous shell with several longitudinal chambers.

Militia - In the widest sense, the whole military force of a nation, including both those engaged in military service as a business, and those competent and available for such service; specifically, the body of citizens enrolled for military instruction and discipline, but not subject to be called into actual service except in emergencies.

Militia - Military service; warfare.

Millepora - A genus of Hydrocorallia, which includes the millipores.

Millrea - Alt. of Millreis

Mimosa - A genus of leguminous plants, containing many species, and including the sensitive plants (Mimosa sensitiva, and M. pudica).

Mina - An ancient weight or denomination of money, of varying value. The Attic mina was valued at a hundred drachmas.

Mina - See Myna.

Minerva - The goddess of wisdom, of war, of the arts and sciences, of poetry, and of spinning and weaving; -- identified with the Grecian Pallas Athene.

Minima - of Minimum

Minutia - A minute particular; a small or minor detail; -- used chiefly in the plural.

Mira - A remarkable variable star in the constellation Cetus (/ Ceti).

Mirza - The common title of honor in Persia, prefixed to the surname of an individual. When appended to the surname, it signifies Prince.

Miscellanea - A collection of miscellaneous matters; matters of various kinds.

Mischna - See Mishna.

Misericordia - An amercement.

Misericordia - A thin-bladed dagger; so called, in the Middle Ages, because used to give the death wound or "mercy" stroke to a fallen adversary.

Misericordia - An indulgence as to food or dress granted to a member of a religious order.

Mishna - A collection or digest of Jewish traditions and explanations of Scripture, forming the text of the Talmud.

Missa - The service or sacrifice of the Mass.

Mistura - A mingled compound in which different ingredients are contained in a liquid state; a mixture. See Mixture, n., 4.

Mistura - Sometimes, a liquid medicine containing very active substances, and which can only be administered by drops.

Moa - Any one of several very large extinct species of wingless birds belonging to Dinornis, and other related genera, of the suborder Dinornithes, found in New Zealand. They are allied to the apteryx and the ostrich. They were probably exterminated by the natives before New Zealand was discovered by Europeans. Some species were much larger than the ostrich.

Mocha - A seaport town of Arabia, on the Red Sea.

Mocha - A variety of coffee brought from Mocha.

Mocha - An Abyssinian weight, equivalent to a Troy grain.

Mochila - A large leather flap which covers the saddletree.

Modena - A certain crimsonlike color.

Moha - A kind of millet (Setaria Italica); German millet.

Moira - The deity who assigns to every man his lot.

Mola - See Sunfish, 1.

Mollusca - One of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom, including the classes Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, PteropodaScaphopoda, and Lamellibranchiata, or Conchifera. These animals have an unsegmented bilateral body, with most of the organs and parts paired, but not repeated longitudinally. Most of them develop a mantle, which incloses either a branchial or a pulmonary cavity. They are generally more or less covered and protected by a calcareous shell, which may be univalve, bivalve, or multivalve.

Molluscoidea - A division of Invertebrata which includes the classes Brachiopoda and Bryozoa; -- called also Anthoid Mollusca.

Molybdena - See Molybdenite.

Momenta - of Momentum

Mona - A small, handsome, long-tailed West American monkey (Cercopithecus mona). The body is dark olive, with a spot of white on the haunches.

Monadaria - The Infusoria.

Monadelphia - A Linnaean class of plants having the stamens united into a tube, or ring, by the filaments, as in the Mallow family.

Monandria - A Linnaean class of plants embracing those having but a single stamen.

Monera - The lowest division of rhizopods, including those which resemble the amoebas, but are destitute of a nucleus.

Monera - of Moneron

Monerula - A germ in that stage of development in which its form is simply that of a non-nucleated mass of protoplasm. It precedes the one-celled germ. So called from its likeness to a moner.

Monesia - The bark, or a vegetable extract brought in solid cakes from South America and believed to be derived from the bark, of the tree Chrysophyllum glycyphloeum. It is used as an alterative and astringent.

Monocondyla - A group of vertebrates, including the birds and reptiles, or those that have only one occipital condyle; the Sauropsida.

Monodelphia - The group that includes all ordinary or placental mammals; the Placentalia. See Mammalia.

Monodrama - Alt. of Monodrame

Monoecia - A Linnaean class of plants, whose stamens and pistils are in distinct flowers in the same plant.

Monogamia - A Linnaean order of plants, having solitary flowers with united anthers, as in the genus Lobelia.

Monogynia - A Linnaean order of plants, including those which have only one style or stigma.

Monomachia - Alt. of Monomachy

Monomania - Derangement of the mind in regard of a single subject only; also, such a concentration of interest upon one particular subject or train of ideas to show mental derangement.

Monomya - Alt. of Monomyaria

Monomyaria - An order of lamellibranchs having but one muscle for closing the shell, as the oyster.

Monoplegia - Paralysis affecting a single limb.

Monopneumona - A suborder of Dipnoi, including the Ceratodus.

Monopodia - of Monopodium

Monoptera - of Monopteron

Monorhina - The Marsipobranchiata.

Monothalama - A division of Foraminifera including those that have only one chamber.

Monotremata - A subclass of Mammalia, having a cloaca in which the ducts of the urinary, genital, and alimentary systems terminate, as in birds. The female lays eggs like a bird. See Duck mole, under Duck, and Echidna.

Monotropa - A genus of parasitic or saprophytic plants including the Indian pipe and pine sap. The name alludes to the dropping end of the stem.

Monozoa - A division of Radiolaria; -- called also Monocyttaria.

Mora - A game of guessing the number of fingers extended in a quick movement of the hand, -- much played by Italians of the lower classes.

Mora - A leguminous tree of Guiana and Trinidad (Dimorphandra excelsa); also, its timber, used in shipbuilding and making furniture.

Mora - Delay; esp., culpable delay; postponement.

Morbidezza - Delicacy or softness in the representation of flesh.

Morbidezza - A term used as a direction in execution, signifying, with extreme delicacy.

Moria - Idiocy; imbecility; fatuity; foolishness.

Morinda - A genus of rubiaceous trees and shrubs, mostly East Indian, many species of which yield valuable red and yellow dyes. The wood is hard and beautiful, and used for gunstocks.

Moringa - A genus of trees of Southern India and Northern Africa. One species (Moringa pterygosperma) is the horse-radish tree, and its seeds, as well as those of M. aptera, are known in commerce as ben or ben nuts, and yield the oil called oil of ben.

Morphia - Morphine.

Morula - The sphere or globular mass of cells (blastomeres), formed by the clevage of the ovum or egg in the first stages of its development; -- called also mulberry mass, segmentation sphere, and blastosphere. See Segmentation.

Mosasauria - An order of large, extinct, marine reptiles, found in the Cretaceous rocks, especially in America. They were serpentlike in form and in having loosely articulated and dilatable jaws, with large recurved tteth, but they had paddlelike feet. Some of them were over fifty feet long. They are, essentially, fossil sea serpents with paddles. Called also Pythonomarpha, and Mosasauria.

Mostahiba - See Mustaiba.

Mostra - See Direct, n.

Moxa - A soft woolly mass prepared from the young leaves of Artemisia Chinensis, and used as a cautery by burning it on the skin; hence, any substance used in a like manner, as cotton impregnated with niter, amadou.

Moxa - A plant from which this substance is obtained, esp. Artemisia Chinensis, and A. moxa.

Moya - Mud poured out from volcanoes during eruptions; -- so called in South America.

Mozetta - Alt. of Mozzetta

Mozzetta - A cape, with a small hood; -- worn by the pope and other dignitaries of the Roman Catholic Church.

Mulada - A moor.

Mulada - A drove of mules.

Mulla - Same as Mollah.

Munga - See Bonnet monkey, under Bonnet.

Muraena - A genus of large eels of the family Miraenidae. They differ from the common eel in lacking pectoral fins and in having the dorsal and anal fins continuous. The murry (Muraena Helenae) of Southern Europe was the muraena of the Romans. It is highly valued as a food fish.

Murza - One of the hereditary nobility among the Tatars, esp. one of the second class.

Musa - A genus of perennial, herbaceous, endogenous plants of great size, including the banana (Musa sapientum), the plantain (M. paradisiaca of Linnaeus, but probably not a distinct species), the Abyssinian (M. Ensete), the Philippine Island (M. textilis, which yields Manila hemp), and about eighteen other species. See Illust. of Banana and Plantain.

Musca - A genus of dipterous insects, including the common house fly, and numerous allied species.

Musca - A small constellation situated between the Southern Cross and the Pole.

Musicomania - A kind of monomania in which the passion for music becomes so strong as to derange the intellectual faculties.

Musomania - See Musicomania.

Mustaiba - A close-grained, neavy wood of a brownish color, brought from Brazil, and used in turning, for making the handles of tools, and the like.

Mutanda - of Mutandum

Mya - A genus of bivalve mollusks, including the common long, or soft-shelled, clam.

Myalgia - Pain in the muscles; muscular rheumatism or neuralgia.

Myaria - A division of bivalve mollusks of which the common clam (Mya) is the type.

Mycoderma - One of the forms in which bacteria group themselves; a more or less thick layer of motionless but living bacteria, formed by the bacteria uniting on the surface of the fluid in which they are developed. This production differs from the zooloea stage of bacteria by not having the intermediary mucous substance.

Mycoderma - A genus of microorganisms of which the acetic ferment (Mycoderma aceti), which converts alcoholic fluids into vinegar, is a representative. Cf. Mother.

Myelencephala - Same as Vertebrata.

Myeloneura - The Vertebrata.

Myna - Any one of numerous species of Asiatic starlings of the genera Acridotheres, Sturnopastor, Sturnia, Gracula, and allied genera. In habits they resemble the European starlings, and like them are often caged and taught to talk. See Hill myna, under Hill, and Mino bird.

Myocommata - of Myocomma

Myocomma - A myotome.

Myolemma - Sarcolemma.

Myoma - A tumor consisting of muscular tissue.

Myomorpha - An extensive group of rodents which includes the rats, mice, jerboas, and many allied forms.

Myopathia - Any affection of the muscles or muscular system.

Myopia - Nearsightedness; shortsightedness; a condition of the eye in which the rays from distant object are brought to a focus before they reach the retina, and hence form an indistinct image; while the rays from very near objects are normally converged so as to produce a distinct image. It is corrected by the use of a concave lens.

Myrcia - A large genus of tropical American trees and shrubs, nearly related to the true myrtles (Myrtus), from which they differ in having very few seeds in each berry.

Myriapoda - A class, or subclass, of arthropods, related to the hexapod insects, from which they differ in having the body made up of numerous similar segments, nearly all of which bear true jointed legs. They have one pair of antennae, three pairs of mouth organs, and numerous trachaae, similar to those of true insects. The larvae, when first hatched, often have but three pairs of legs. See Centiped, Galleyworm, Milliped.

Myrica - A widely dispersed genus of shrubs and trees, usually with aromatic foliage. It includes the bayberry or wax myrtle, the sweet gale, and the North American sweet fern, so called.

Myriopoda - See Myriapoda.

Myriorama - A picture made up of several smaller pictures, drawn upon separate pieces in such a manner as to admit of combination in many different ways, thus producing a great variety of scenes or landscapes.

Myxa - The distal end of the mandibles of a bird.

Myxocystodea - A division of Infusoria including the Noctiluca. See Noctiluca.

Myxomata - of Myxoma

Myxoma - A tumor made up of a gelatinous tissue resembling that found in the umbilical cord.

Myzostomata - An order of curious parasitic worms found on crinoids. The body is short and disklike, with four pairs of suckers and five pairs of hook-bearing parapodia on the under side. N () the fourteenth letter of English alphabet, is a vocal consonent, and, in allusion to its mode of formation, is called the dentinasal or linguanasal consonent. Its commoner sound is that heard in ran, done; but when immediately followed in the same word by the sound of g hard or k (as in single, sink, conquer), it usually represents the same sound as the digraph ng in sing, bring, etc. This is a simple but related sound, and is called the gutturo-nasal consonent. See Guide to Pronunciation, // 243-246.

Na - No, not. See No.

Naenia - See Nenia.

Naphtha - The complex mixture of volatile, liquid, inflammable hydrocarbons, occurring naturally, and usually called crude petroleum, mineral oil, or rock oil. Specifically: That portion of the distillate obtained in the refinement of petroleum which is intermediate between the lighter gasoline and the heavier benzine, and has a specific gravity of about 0.7, -- used as a solvent for varnishes, as a carburetant, illuminant, etc.

Naphtha - One of several volatile inflammable liquids obtained by the distillation of certain carbonaceous materials and resembling the naphtha from petroleum; as, Boghead naphtha, from Boghead coal (obtained at Boghead, Scotland); crude naphtha, or light oil, from coal tar; wood naphtha, from wood, etc.

Narica - The brown coati. See Coati.

Nassa - Any species of marine gastropods, of the genera Nassa, Tritia, and other allied genera of the family Nassidae; a dog whelk. See Illust. under Gastropoda.

Natica - Any one of numerous species of marine gastropods belonging to Natica, Lunatia, Neverita, and other allied genera (family Naticidae.) They burrow beneath the sand, or mud, and drill other shells.

Natka - A species of shrike.

Nausea - Seasickness; hence, any similar sickness of the stomach accompanied with a propensity to vomit; qualm; squeamishness of the stomach; loathing.

Nebalia - A genus of small marine Crustacea, considered the type of a distinct order (Nebaloidea, or Phyllocarida.)

Nebula - A faint, cloudlike, self-luminous mass of matter situated beyond the solar system among the stars. True nebulae are gaseous; but very distant star clusters often appear like them in the telescope.

Nebula - A white spot or a slight opacity of the cornea.

Nebula - A cloudy appearance in the urine.

Necrophobia - An exaggerated fear of death or horror of dead bodies.

Negrita - A blackish fish (Hypoplectrus nigricans), of the Sea-bass family. It is a native of the West Indies and Florida.

Neocarida - The modern, or true, Crustacea, as distinguished from the Merostomata.

Neomenia - The time of the new moon; the beginning of the month in the lunar calendar.

Neomenoidea - A division of vermiform gastropod mollusks, without a shell, belonging to the Isopleura.

Neoplasia - Growth or development of new material; neoplasty.

Neorama - A panorama of the interior of a building, seen from within.

Nepa - A genus of aquatic hemipterus insects. The species feed upon other insects and are noted for their voracity; -- called also scorpion bug and water scorpion.

Nepeta - A genus of labiate plants, including the catnip and ground ivy.

Nephralgia - Alt. of Nephralgy

Nephridia - of Nephridium

Nerita - A genus of marine gastropods, mostly natives of warm climates.

Neritina - A genus including numerous species of shells resembling Nerita in form. They mostly inhabit brackish water, and are often delicately tinted.

Neuralgia - A disease, the chief symptom of which is a very acute pain, exacerbating or intermitting, which follows the course of a nervous branch, extends to its ramifications, and seems therefore to be seated in the nerve. It seems to be independent of any structural lesion.

Neurasthenia - A condition of nervous debility supposed to be dependent upon impairment in the functions of the spinal cord.

Neurilemma - The delicate outer sheath of a nerve fiber; the primitive sheath.

Neurilemma - The perineurium.

Neuroglia - The delicate connective tissue framework which supports the nervous matter and blood vessels of the brain and spinal cord.

Neuroma - A tumor developed on, or connected with, a nerve, esp. one consisting of new-formed nerve fibers.

Neura - of Neuron

Neuroptera - An order of hexapod insects having two pairs of large, membranous, net-veined wings. The mouth organs are adapted for chewing. They feed upon other insects, and undergo a complete metamorphosis. The ant-lion, hellgamite, and lacewing fly are examples. Formerly, the name was given to a much more extensive group, including the true Neuroptera and the Pseudoneuroptera.

Neurula - An embryo or certain invertebrates in the stage when the primitive band is first developed.

Ngina - The gorilla.

Nicagua - The laughing falcon. See under laughing.

Nicotiana - A genus of American and Asiatic solanaceous herbs, with viscid foliage and funnel-shaped blossoms. Several species yield tobacco. See Tobacco.

Nigua - The chigoe.

Nirvana - In the Buddhist system of religion, the final emancipation of the soul from transmigration, and consequently a beatific enfrachisement from the evils of wordly existence, as by annihilation or absorption into the divine. See Buddhism.

Noctiluca - That which shines at night; -- a fanciful name for phosphorus.

Noctiluca - A genus of marine flagellate Infusoria, remarkable for their unusually large size and complex structure, as well as for their phosphorescence. The brilliant diffuse phosphorescence of the sea is often due to myriads of Noctilucae.

Noma - See Canker, n., 1.

Nonda - The edible plumlike fruit of the Australian tree, Parinarium Nonda.

Noria - A large water wheel, turned by the action of a stream against its floats, and carrying at its circumference buckets, by which water is raised and discharged into a trough; used in Arabia, China, and elsewhere for irrigating land; a Persian wheel.

Norma - A norm; a principle or rule; a model; a standard.

Norma - A mason's or a carpenter's square or rule.

Norma - A templet or gauge.

Norna - One of the three Fates, Past, Present, and Future. Their names were Urd, Verdandi, and Skuld.

Norna - A tutelary deity; a genius.

Nostalgia - Homesickness; esp., a severe and sometimes fatal form of melancholia, due to homesickness.

Notabilia - Things worthy of notice.

Notanda - of Notandum

Notobranchiata - A division of nudibranchiate mollusks having gills upon the back.

Notobranchiata - The Dorsibranchiata.

Notopodia - of Notopodium

Nototrema - The pouched, or marsupial, frog of South America.

Nota - of Notum

Nubecula - A nebula.

Nubecula - Specifically, the Magellanic clouds.

Nubecula - A slight spot on the cornea.

Nubecula - A cloudy object or appearance in urine.

Nubia - A light fabric of wool, worn on the head by women; a cloud.

Nucha - The back or upper part of the neck; the nape.

Nucleobranchiata - See Heteropoda.

Nucleoidioplasma - Hyaline plasma contained in the nucleus of vegetable cells.

Nucula - A genus of small marine bivalve shells, having a pearly interior.

Nudibranchiata - A division of opisthobranchiate mollusks, having no shell except while very young. The gills are naked and situated upon the back or sides. See Ceratobranchia.

Nutria - The fur of the coypu. See Coypu.

Nux vomica - The seed of Strychnos Nuxvomica, a tree which abounds on the Malabar and Coromandel coasts of the East Indies. From this seed the deadly poisons known as strychnine and brucine are obtained. The seeds are sometimes called Quaker buttons.

Nyctalopia - A disease of the eye, in consequence of which the patient can see well in a faint light or at twilight, but is unable to see during the day or in a strong light; day blindness.

Nyctalopia - See Moonblink.

Nympha - Same as Nymph, 3.

Nympha - Two folds of mucous membrane, within the labia, at the opening of the vulva.

Nymphaea - A genus of aquatic plants having showy flowers (white, blue, pink, or yellow, often fragrant), including the white water lily and the Egyptia lotus.

Nymphomania - Morbid and uncontrollable sexual desire in women, constituting a true disease.

Nyula - A species of ichneumon (Herpestes nyula). Its fur is beautifully variegated by closely set zigzag markings. O () O, the fifteenth letter of the English alphabet, derives its form, value, and name from the Greek O, through the Latin. The letter came into the Greek from the Ph/nician, which possibly derived it ultimately from the Egyptian. Etymologically, the letter o is most closely related to a, e, and u; as in E. bone, AS. ban; E. stone, AS. stan; E. broke, AS. brecan to break; E. bore, AS. beran to bear; E. dove, AS. d/fe; E. toft, tuft; tone, tune; number, F. nombre.

Oblata - of Oblatum

Oblongata - The medulla oblongata.

Oblonga - of Oblongum

Observanda - of Observandum

Oca - A Peruvian name for certain species of Oxalis (O. crenata, and O. tuberosa) which bear edible tubers.

Occipita - of Occiput

Ochrea - A greave or legging.

Ochrea - A kind of sheath formed by two stipules united round a stem.

Ocra - See Okra.

Ocrea - See Ochrea.

Octandria - A Linnaean class of plants, in which the flowers have eight stamens not united to one another or to the pistil.

Octapla - A portion of the Old Testament prepared by Origen in the 3d century, containing the Hebrew text and seven Greek versions of it, arranged in eight parallel columns.

Octocera - Octocerata.

Octocerata - A suborder of Cephalopoda including Octopus, Argonauta, and allied genera, having eight arms around the head; -- called also Octopoda.

Octogynia - A Linnaean order of plants having eight pistils.

Odonata - The division of insects that includes the dragon flies.

Odontalgia - Toothache.

Odontophora - Same as Cephalophora.

Oedema - A swelling from effusion of watery fluid in the cellular tissue beneath the skin or mucous membrance; dropsy of the subcutaneous cellular tissue.

Oenomania - Delirium tremens.

Oenomania - Dipsomania.

Oinomania - See oenomania.

Okra - An annual plant (Abelmoschus, / Hibiscus, esculentus), whose green pods, abounding in nutritious mucilage, are much used for soups, stews, or pickles; gumbo.

Olea - A genus of trees including the olive.

Oligochaeta - An order of Annelida which includes the earthworms and related species.

Oliva - A genus of polished marine gastropod shells, chiefly tropical, and often beautifully colored.

Olla - A pot or jar having a wide mouth; a cinerary urn, especially one of baked clay.

Olla - A dish of stewed meat; an olio; an olla-podrida.

Olla-podrida - A favorite Spanish dish, consisting of a mixture of several kinds of meat chopped fine, and stewed with vegetables.

Olla-podrida - Any incongruous mixture or miscellaneous collection; an olio.

Omagra - Gout in the shoulder.

Omega - The last letter of the Greek alphabet. See Alpha.

Omega - The last; the end; hence, death.

Omenta - of Omentum

Ommatea - of Ommateum

Ommatidia - of Ommatidium

Omnivora - A group of ungulate mammals including the hog and the hippopotamus. The term is also sometimes applied to the bears, and to certain passerine birds.

Onagga - The dauw.

Onomatopoeia - The formation of words in imitation of sounds; a figure of speech in which the sound of a word is imitative of the sound of the thing which the word represents; as, the buzz of bees; the hiss of a goose; the crackle of fire.

Onycha - An ingredient of the Mosaic incense, probably the operculum of some kind of strombus.

Onycha - The precious stone called onyx.

Onychia - A whitlow.

Onychia - An affection of a finger or toe, attended with ulceration at the base of the nail, and terminating in the destruction of the nail.

Onychophora - Malacopoda.

Ooecia - of Ooecium

Oogonia - of Oogonium

Oophorida - of Oophoridium

Oosporangia - of Oosporangium

Ootheca - An egg case, especially those of many kinds of mollusks, and of some insects, as the cockroach. Cf. Ooecium.

Oozoa - Same as Acrita.

Opera - A drama, either tragic or comic, of which music forms an essential part; a drama wholly or mostly sung, consisting of recitative, arials, choruses, duets, trios, etc., with orchestral accompaniment, preludes, and interludes, together with appropriate costumes, scenery, and action; a lyric drama.

Opera - The score of a musical drama, either written or in print; a play set to music.

Opera - The house where operas are exhibited.

Opercula - See Operculum.

Opercula - of Operculum

Operetta - A short, light, musical drama.

Ophidia - The order of reptiles which includes the serpents.

Ophidia - of Ophidion

Ophiomorpha - An order of tailless amphibians having a slender, wormlike body with regular annulations, and usually with minute scales imbedded in the skin. The limbs are rudimentary or wanting. It includes the caecilians. Called also Gymnophiona and Ophidobatrachia.

Ophiura - A genus of ophiurioid starfishes.

Ophiurida - Same as Ophiurioidea.

Ophiurioidea - Alt. of Ophiuroidea

Ophiuroidea - A class of star-shaped echinoderms having a disklike body, with slender, articulated arms, which are not grooved beneath and are often very fragile; -- called also Ophiuroida and Ophiuridea. See Illust. under Brittle star.

Ophthalmia - An inflammation of the membranes or coats of the eye or of the eyeball.

Opisthobranchia - Alt. of Opisthobranchiata

Opisthobranchiata - A division of gastropod Mollusca, in which the breathing organs are usually situated behind the heart. It includes the tectibranchs and nudibranchs.

Opisthoglypha - A division of serpents which have some of the posterior maxillary teeth grooved for fangs.

Optocoelia - The cavity of one of the optic lobes of the brain in many animals.

Opuntia - A genus of cactaceous plants; the prickly pear, or Indian fig.

Opera - of Opus

Opuscula - of Opusculum

Oquassa - A small, handsome trout (Salvelinus oquassa), found in some of the lakes in Maine; -- called also blueback trout.

Ora - A money of account among the Anglo-Saxons, valued, in the Domesday Book, at twenty pence sterling.

Orbicula - Same as Discina.

Orbulina - A genus of minute living Foraminifera having a globular shell.

Orchestra - The space in a theater between the stage and the audience; -- originally appropriated by the Greeks to the chorus and its evolutions, afterward by the Romans to persons of distinction, and by the moderns to a band of instrumental musicians.

Orchestra - The place in any public hall appropriated to a band of instrumental musicians.

Orchestra - Loosely: A band of instrumental musicians performing in a theater, concert hall, or other place of public amusement.

Orchestra - Strictly: A band suitable for the performance of symphonies, overtures, etc., as well as for the accompaniment of operas, oratorios, cantatas, masses, and the like, or of vocal and instrumental solos.

Orchestra - A band composed, for the largest part, of players of the various viol instruments, many of each kind, together with a proper complement of wind instruments of wood and brass; -- as distinguished from a military or street band of players on wind instruments, and from an assemblage of solo players for the rendering of concerted pieces, such as septets, octets, and the like.

Orchestra - The instruments employed by a full band, collectively; as, an orchestra of forty stringed instruments, with proper complement of wind instruments.

Oreosoma - A genus of small oceanic fishes, remarkable for the large conical tubercles which cover the under surface.

Organista - Any one of several South American wrens, noted for the sweetness of their song.

Orgyia - A genus of bombycid moths whose caterpillars (esp. those of Orgyia leucostigma) are often very injurious to fruit trees and shade trees. The female is wingless. Called also vaporer moth.

Ornithodelphia - Same as Monotremata.

Ornithopoda - An order of herbivorous dinosaurs with birdlike characteristics in the skeleton, esp. in the pelvis and hind legs, which in some genera had only three functional toes, and supported the body in walking as in Iguanodon. See Illust. in Appendix.

Ornithosauria - An order of extinct flying reptiles; -- called also Pterosauria.

Ornithoscelida - A group of extinct Reptilia, intermediate in structure (especially with regard to the pelvis) between reptiles and birds.

Orthopn/a - Alt. of Orthopny

Orthopoda - An extinct order of reptiles which stood erect on the hind legs, and resembled birds in the structure of the feet, pelvis, and other parts.

Orthoptera - An order of mandibulate insects including grasshoppers, locusts, cockroaches, etc. See Illust. under Insect.

Oryza - A genus of grasses including the rice plant; rice.

Ossa - of Os

Ora - of Os

Oscillaria - A genus of dark green, or purplish black, filamentous, fresh-water algae, the threads of which have an automatic swaying or crawling motion. Called also Oscillatoria.

Oscillatoria - Same as Oscillaria.

Oscula - of Osculum

Osmateria - of Osmaterium

Osphradia - of Osphradium

Ossicula - of Ossiculum

Osteocolla - A kind of glue obtained from bones.

Osteocolla - A cellular calc tufa, which in some places forms incrustations on the stems of plants, -- formerly supposed to have the quality of uniting fractured bones.

Osteocommata - of Osteocomma

Osteocomma - A metamere of the vertebrate skeleton; an osteomere; a vertebra.

Osteomata - of Osteoma

Osteoma - A tumor composed mainly of bone; a tumor of a bone.

Osteomalacia - A disease of the bones, in which they lose their earthy material, and become soft, flexible, and distorted. Also called malacia.

Osteosarcomata - of Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma - A tumor having the structure of a sacroma in which there is a deposit of bone; sarcoma connected with bone.

Osteozoa - Same as Vertebrata.

Ostia - of Ostium

Ostracea - A division of bivalve mollusks including the oysters and allied shells.

Ostracoda - Ostracoidea.

Ostracoidea - An order of Entomostraca possessing hard bivalve shells. They are of small size, and swim freely about.

Ostrea - A genus of bivalve Mollusca which includes the true oysters.

Oswego tea - An American aromatic herb (Monarda didyma), with showy, bright red, labiate flowers.

Otalgia - Pain in the ear; earache.

Otorrh/a - A flow or running from the ear, esp. a purulent discharge.

Ova - See Ovum.

Ovaria - of Ovarium

Oversea - Beyond the sea; foreign.

Oversea - Alt. of Overseas

Ovipara - An artifical division of vertebrates, including those that lay eggs; -- opposed to Vivipara.

Ovoplasma - Yolk; egg yolk.

Ovula - of Ovulum

Ova - of Ovum

Oxyammonia - Same as Hydroxylamine.

Oxyopia - Alt. of Oxyopy

Oxyrhyncha - The maioid crabs.

Ozena - A discharge of fetid matter from the nostril, particularly if associated with ulceration of the soft parts and disease of the bones of the nose.

Pa - A shortened form of Papa.

Paca - A small South American rodent (Coelogenys paca), having blackish brown fur, with four parallel rows of white spots along its sides; the spotted cavy. It is nearly allied to the agouti and the Guinea pig.

Pacha - See Pasha.

Pachonta - A substance resembling gutta-percha, and used to adulterate it, obtained from the East Indian tree Isonandra acuminata.

Pachydermata - A group of hoofed mammals distinguished for the thickness of their skins, including the elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, tapir, horse, and hog. It is now considered an artificial group.

Padella - A large cup or deep saucer, containing fatty matter in which a wick is placed, -- used for public illuminations, as at St. Peter's, in Rome. Called also padelle.

Pagina - The surface of a leaf or of a flattened thallus.

Pagoda - A term by which Europeans designate religious temples and tower-like buildings of the Hindoos and Buddhists of India, Farther India, China, and Japan, -- usually but not always, devoted to idol worship.

Pagoda - An idol.

Pagoda - A gold or silver coin, of various kinds and values, formerly current in India. The Madras gold pagoda was worth about three and a half rupees.

Paguma - Any one of several species of East Indian viverrine mammals of the genus Paguma. They resemble a weasel in form.

Paijama - Pyjama.

Palaestra - See Palestra.

Palama - A membrane extending between the toes of a bird, and uniting them more or less closely together.

Palanka - A camp permanently intrenched, attached to Turkish frontier fortresses.

Palea - The interior chaff or husk of grasses.

Palea - One of the chaffy scales or bractlets growing on the receptacle of many compound flowers, as the Coreopsis, the sunflower, etc.

Palea - A pendulous process of the skin on the throat of a bird, as in the turkey; a dewlap.

Paleechinoidea - An extinct order of sea urchins found in the Paleozoic rocks. They had more than twenty vertical rows of plates. Called also Palaeechini.

Paleocarida - Same as Merostomata.

Paleocrinoidea - A suborder of Crinoidea found chiefly in the Paleozoic rocks.

Paleola - A diminutive or secondary palea; a lodicule.

Palestra - A wrestling school; hence, a gymnasium, or place for athletic exercise in general.

Palestra - A wrestling; the exercise of wrestling.

Palingenesia - See Palingenesis.

Palla - An oblong rectangular piece of cloth, worn by Roman ladies, and fastened with brooches.

Palliobranchiata - Same as Brachiopoda.

Pallia - of Pallium

Palmaria - of Palmarium

Palmyra - A species of palm (Borassus flabelliformis) having a straight, black, upright trunk, with palmate leaves. It is found native along the entire northern shores of the Indian Ocean, from the mouth of the Tigris to New Guinea. More than eight hundred uses to which it is put are enumerated by native writers. Its wood is largely used for building purposes; its fruit and roots serve for food, its sap for making toddy, and its leaves for thatching huts.

Palola - An annelid (Palola viridis) which, at certain seasons of the year, swarms at the surface of the sea about some of the Pacific Islands, where it is collected for food.

Pallometa - A pompano.

Palpebra - The eyelid.

Paladumenta - of Paludamentum

Paludina - Any one of numerous species of freshwater pectinibranchiate mollusks, belonging to Paludina, Melantho, and allied genera. They have an operculated shell which is usually green, often with brown bands. See Illust. of Pond snail, under Pond.

Panacea - A remedy for all diseases; a universal medicine; a cure-all; catholicon; hence, a relief or solace for affliction.

Panacea - The herb allheal.

Panada - Alt. of Panade

Panda - A small Asiatic mammal (Ailurus fulgens) having fine soft fur. It is related to the bears, and inhabits the mountains of Northern India.

Pandora - A beautiful woman (all-gifted), whom Jupiter caused Vulcan to make out of clay in order to punish the human race, because Prometheus had stolen the fire from heaven. Jupiter gave Pandora a box containing all human ills, which, when the box was opened, escaped and spread over the earth. Hope alone remained in the box. Another version makes the box contain all the blessings of the gods, which were lost to men when Pandora opened it.

Pandora - A genus of marine bivalves, in which one valve is flat, the other convex.

Panorama - A complete view in every direction.

Panorama - A picture presenting a view of objects in every direction, as from a central point.

Panorama - A picture representing scenes too extended to be beheld at once, and so exhibited a part at a time, by being unrolled, and made to pass continuously before the spectator.

Panstereorama - A model of a town or country, in relief, executed in wood, cork, pasteboard, or the like.

Pantastomata - One of the divisions of Flagellata, including the monads and allied forms.

Pantopoda - Same as Pycnogonida.

Papa - A child's word for father.

Papa - A parish priest in the Greek Church.

Papaphobia - Intense fear or dread of the pope, or of the Roman Catholic Church.

Papilla - Any minute nipplelike projection; as, the papillae of the tongue.

Papillomata - of Papilloma

Papilloma - A tumor formed by hypertrophy of the papillae of the skin or mucous membrane, as a corn or a wart.

Papula - A pimple; a small, usually conical, elevation of the cuticle, produced by congestion, accumulated secretion, or hypertrophy of tissue; a papule.

Papula - One of the numerous small hollow processes of the integument between the plates of starfishes.

Para - A piece of Turkish money, usually copper, the fortieth part of a piaster, or about one ninth of a cent.

Parabola - A kind of curve; one of the conic sections formed by the intersection of the surface of a cone with a plane parallel to one of its sides. It is a curve, any point of which is equally distant from a fixed point, called the focus, and a fixed straight line, called the directrix. See Focus.

Parabola - One of a group of curves defined by the equation y = axn where n is a positive whole number or a positive fraction. For the cubical parabola n = 3; for the semicubical parabola n = /. See under Cubical, and Semicubical. The parabolas have infinite branches, but no rectilineal asymptotes.

Parabronchia - of Parabronchium

Paracorolla - A secondary or inner corolla; a corona, as of the Narcissus.

Paradactyla - of Paradactylum

Paraglossa - One of a pair of small appendages of the lingua or labium of certain insects. See Illust. under Hymenoptera.

Paramatta - A light fabric of cotton and worsted, resembling bombazine or merino.

Paranoia - Mental derangement; insanity.

Parapherna - The property of a woman which, on her marriage, was not made a part of her dower, but remained her own.

Paraphernalia - Something reserved to a wife, over and above her dower, being chiefly apparel and ornaments suited to her degree.

Paraphernalia - Appendages; ornaments; finery; equipments.

Paraphragmata - of Paraphagma

Paraphagma - One of the outer divisions of an endosternite of Crustacea.

Paraplegia - Alt. of Paraplegy

Parapleura - A chitinous piece between the metasternum and the pleuron of certain insects.

Parapodia - of Parapodium

Paraptera - of Parapterum

Parascenia - of Parascenium

Parasita - An artificial group formerly made for parasitic insects, as lice, ticks, mites, etc.

Parasita - A division of copepod Crustacea, having a sucking mouth, as the lerneans. They are mostly parasites on fishes. Called also Siphonostomata.

Parella - Alt. of Parelle

Parenchyma - The soft celluar substance of the tissues of plants and animals, like the pulp of leaves, to soft tissue of glands, and the like.

Parhelia - of Parhelion

Paridigitata - Same as Artiodactyla.

Parkeria - A genus of large arenaceous fossil Foraminifera found in the Cretaceous rocks. The species are globular, or nearly so, and are of all sizes up to that of a tennis ball.

Parnassia - A genus of herbs growing in wet places, and having white flowers; grass of Parnassus.

Paronomasia - A play upon words; a figure by which the same word is used in different senses, or words similar in sound are set in opposition to each other, so as to give antithetical force to the sentence; punning.

Paronychia - A whitlow, or felon.

Parousia - The nativity of our Lord.

Parousia - The last day.

Parraqua - A curassow of the genus Ortalida, allied to the guan.

Parrhesia - Boldness or freedom of speech.

Partita - A suite; a set of variations.

Parusia - A figure of speech by which the present tense is used instead of the past or the future, as in the animated narration of past, or in the prediction of future, events.

Pascha - The passover; the feast of Easter.

Pasha - An honorary title given to officers of high rank in Turkey, as to governers of provinces, military commanders, etc. The earlier form was bashaw.

Passacaglia - Alt. of Passacaglio

Passiflora - A genus of plants, including the passion flower. It is the type of the order Passifloreae, which includes about nineteen genera and two hundred and fifty species.

Pataca - The Spanish dollar; -- called also patacoon.

Patagia - of Patagium

Patela - A large flat-bottomed trading boat peculiar to the river Ganges; -- called also puteli.

Patella - A small dish, pan, or vase.

Patella - The kneepan; the cap of the knee.

Patella - A genus of marine gastropods, including many species of limpets. The shell has the form of a flattened cone. The common European limpet (Patella vulgata) is largely used for food.

Patella - A kind of apothecium in lichens, which is orbicular, flat, and sessile, and has a special rim not a part of the thallus.

Patellula - A cuplike sucker on the feet of certain insects.

Patena - A paten.

Patena - A grassy expanse in the hill region of Ceylon.

Patera - A saucerlike vessel of earthenware or metal, used by the Greeks and Romans in libations and sacrificies.

Patera - A circular ornament, resembling a dish, often worked in relief on friezes, and the like.

Pathopoela - A speech, or figure of speech, designed to move the passion.

Patina - A dish or plate of metal or earthenware; a patella.

Patina - The color or incrustation which age gives to works of art; especially, the green rust which covers ancient bronzes, coins, and medals.

Paulownia - A genus of trees of the order Scrophulariaceae, consisting of one species, Paulownia imperialis.

Pauropoda - An order of small myriapods having only nine pairs of legs and destitute of tracheae.

Pea - The sliding weight on a steelyard.

Pea - See Peak, n., 3.

Pea - A plant, and its fruit, of the genus Pisum, of many varieties, much cultivated for food. It has a papilionaceous flower, and the pericarp is a legume, popularly called a pod.

Pea - A name given, especially in the Southern States, to the seed of several leguminous plants (species of Dolichos, Cicer, Abrus, etc.) esp. those having a scar (hilum) of a different color from the rest of the seed.

Peba - An armadillo (Tatusia novemcincta) which is found from Texas to Paraguay; -- called also tatouhou.

Pecora - An extensive division of ruminants, including the antelopes, deer, and cattle.

Pectinibranchiata - A division of Gastropoda, including those that have a comblike gill upon the neck.

Pectostraca - A degenerate order of Crustacea, including the Rhizocephala and Cirripedia.

Pectora - of Pectus

Pedata - An order of holothurians, including those that have ambulacral suckers, or feet, and an internal gill.

Pedicellaria - A peculiar forcepslike organ which occurs in large numbers upon starfishes and echini. Those of starfishes have two movable jaws, or blades, and are usually nearly, or quite, sessile; those of echini usually have three jaws and a pedicel. See Illustration in Appendix.

Pedicellina - A genus of Bryozoa, of the order Entoprocta, having a bell-shaped body supported on a slender pedicel. See Illust. under Entoprocta.

Pediculina - A division of parasitic hemipterous insects, including the true lice. See Illust. in Appendix.

Pedimana - A division of marsupials, including the opossums.

Pedunculata - A division of Cirripedia, including the stalked or goose barnacles.

Pela - See Wax insect, under Wax.

Pelecypoda - Same as Lamellibranchia.

Pelicosauria - A suborder of Theromorpha, including terrestrial reptiles from the Permian formation.

Pelioma - A livid ecchymosis.

Pelioma - See Peliom.

Pellagra - An erythematous affection of the skin, with severe constitutional and nervous symptoms, endemic in Northern Italy.

Pellibranchiata - A division of Nudibranchiata, in which the mantle itself serves as a gill.

Pelmata - of Pelma

Pelma - The under surface of the foot.

Peloria - Abnormal regularity; the state of certain flowers, which, being naturally irregular, have become regular through a symmetrical repetition of the special irregularity.

Pelta - A small shield, especially one of an approximately elliptic form, or crescent-shaped.

Pelta - A flat apothecium having no rim.

Penetralia - The recesses, or innermost parts, of any thing or place, especially of a temple or palace.

Penetralia - Hidden things or secrets; privacy; sanctuary; as, the sacred penetralia of the home.

Peninsula - A portion of land nearly surrounded by water, and connected with a larger body by a neck, or isthmus.

Penna - A perfect, or normal, feather.

Pennatula - Any one of numerous species of Pennatula, Pteroides, and allied genera of Alcyonaria, having a featherlike form; a sea-pen. The zooids are situated along one edge of the side branches.

Pennatulacea - A division of alcyonoid corals, including the seapens and related kinds. They are able to move about by means of the hollow muscular peduncle, which also serves to support them upright in the mud. See Pennatula, and Illust. under Alcyonaria.

Pentacra - of Pentacron

Pentagynia - A Linnaean order of plants, having five styles or pistils.

Pentalpha - A five-pointed star, resembling five alphas joined at their bases; -- used as a symbol.

Pentamera - An extensive division of Coleoptera, including those that normally have five-jointed tarsi. It embraces about half of all the known species of the Coleoptera.

Pentandria - A Linnaean class of plants having five separate stamens.

Pentastomida - Same as Linguatulina.

Penultima - Same as Penult.

Penumbra - An incomplete or partial shadow.

Penumbra - The shadow cast, in an eclipse, where the light is partly, but not wholly, cut off by the intervening body; the space of partial illumination between the umbra, or perfect shadow, on all sides, and the full light.

Penumbra - The part of a picture where the shade imperceptibly blends with the light.

Penumbrala - Of or pertaining to a penumbra; resembling a penumbra; partially illuminated.

Peptonuria - The presence of peptone, or a peptonelike body, in the urine.

Perca - A genus of fishes, including the fresh-water perch.

Percoidea - Same as Perciformes.

Perennibranchiata - Those Batrachia which retain their gills through life, as the menobranchus.

Perforata - A division of corals including those that have a porous texture, as Porites and Madrepora; -- opposed to Aporosa.

Perforata - A division of Foraminifera, including those having perforated shells.

Periagua - See Pirogue.

Postulata - of Postulatum

Potassa - Potassium oxide.

Potassa - Potassium hydroxide, commonly called caustic potash.

Prosenchyma - A general term applied to the tissues formed of elongated cells, especially those with pointed or oblique extremities, as the principal cells of ordinary wood.

Prosobranchiata - The highest division, or subclass, of gastropod mollusks, including those that have the gills situated anteriorly, or forward of the heart, and the sexes separate.

Prosocoelia - Same as Prosocoele.

Prosomata - of Prosoma

Prosoma - The anterior of the body of an animal, as of a cephalopod; the thorax of an arthropod.

Prosopalgia - Facial neuralgia.

Pseudofilaria - One of the two elongated vibratile young formed by fission of the embryo during the development of certain Gregarinae.

Pseudo-galena - False galena, or blende. See Blende (a).

Pseudonavicella - Same as Pseudonavicula.

Pseudonavicula - One of the minute spindle-shaped embryos of Gregarinae and some other Protozoa.

Pseudoneuroptera - division of insects (Zool.) reticulated wings, as in the Neuroptera, but having an active pupa state. It includes the dragon flies, May flies, white ants, etc. By some zoologists they are classed with the Orthoptera; by others, with the Neuroptera.

Pseudopodia - of Pseudopodium

Pseudopupa - A stage intermediate between the larva and pupa of bees and certain other hymenopterous insects.

Pseudostella - Any starlike meteor or phenomenon.

Pseudostomata - of Pseudostoma

Pseudostoma - A group of cells resembling a stoma, but without any true aperture among them.

Pseudotetramera - A division of beetles having the fifth tarsal joint minute and obscure, so that there appear to be but four joints.

Pseudotinea - The bee moth, or wax moth (Galleria).

Purana - One of a class of sacred Hindoo poetical works in the Sanskrit language which treat of the creation, destruction, and renovation of worlds, the genealogy and achievements of gods and heroes, the reigns of the Manus, and the transactions of their descendants. The principal Puranas are eighteen in number, and there are the same number of supplementary books called Upa Puranas.

Pythonomorpha - Same as Mosasauria.

Pyuria - A morbid condition in which pus is discharged in the urine.

Pyxidia - of Pyxidium

Qua - In so far as; in the capacity or character of; as.

Quacha - The quagga.

Quadra - The plinth, or lowest member, of any pedestal, podium, water table, or the like.

Quadra - A fillet, or listel.

Quadragesima - The forty days of fast preceding Easter; Lent.

Perichaetia - of Perichaetium

Periclinia - of Periclinium

Pericula - of Periculum

Peridia - of Peridium

Perigonia - of Perigonium

Perigynia - of Perigynium

Perihelia - of Perihelium

Perilla - A genus of labiate herbs, of which one species (Perilla ocimoides, or P. Nankinensis) is often cultivated for its purple or variegated foliage.

Periostraca - of Periostracum

Peripneumonia - Alt. of Peripneumony

Perisomata - of Perisoma

Perisoma - Same as Perisome.

Perispomena - of Perispomenon

Perissodactyla - A division of ungulate mammals, including those that have an odd number of toes, as the horse, tapir, and rhinoceros; -- opposed to Artiodactyla.

Peristeria - A genus of orchidaceous plants. See Dove plant.

Peristomata - of Peristoma

Peristoma - Same as Peristome.

Peritricha - A division of ciliated Infusoria having a circle of cilia around the oral disk and sometimes another around the body. It includes the vorticellas. See Vorticella.

Persicaria - See Lady's thumb.

Persona - Same as Person, n., 8.

Perula - One of the scales of a leaf bud.

Perula - A pouchlike portion of the perianth in certain orchides.

Peseta - A Spanish silver coin, and money of account, equal to about nineteen cents, and divided into 100 centesimos.

Petalosticha - An order of Echini, including the irregular sea urchins, as the spatangoids. See Spatangoid.

Petala - of Petalum

Petunia - A genus of solanaceous herbs with funnelform or salver-shaped corollas. Two species are common in cultivation, Petunia violacera, with reddish purple flowers, and P. nyctaginiflora, with white flowers. There are also many hybrid forms with variegated corollas.

Peziza - A genus of fungi embracing a great number of species, some of which are remarkable for their regular cuplike form and deep colors.

Phaenogamia - The class of flowering plants including all which have true flowers with distinct floral organs; phanerogamia.

Phagedena - A canine appetite; bulimia.

Phagedena - Spreading, obstinate ulceration.

Phainopepla - A small crested passerine bird (Phainopepla nitens), native of Mexico and the Southern United States. The adult male is of a uniform glossy blue-black; the female is brownish. Called also black flycatcher.

Phalaena - A linnaean genus which included the moths in general.

Phalangoidea - A division of Arachnoidea, including the daddy longlegs or harvestman (Phalangium) and many similar kinds. They have long, slender, many-jointed legs; usually a rounded, segmented abdomen; and chelate jaws. They breathe by tracheae. Called also Phalangides, Phalangidea, Phalangiida, and Opilionea.

Phanerodactyla - Same as Saururae.

Phanerogamia - That one of the two primary divisions of the vegetable kingdom which contains the phanerogamic, or flowering, plants.

Phantasma - A phantasm.

Phantasmagoria - An optical effect produced by a magic lantern. The figures are painted in transparent colors, and all the rest of the glass is opaque black. The screen is between the spectators and the instrument, and the figures are often made to appear as in motion, or to merge into one another.

Phantasmagoria - The apparatus by which such an effect is produced.

Phantasmagoria - Fig.: A medley of figures; illusive images.

Pharmacopoeia - A book or treatise describing the drugs, preparations, etc., used in medicine; especially, one that is issued by official authority and considered as an authoritative standard.

Pharmacopoeia - A chemical laboratory.

Pharyngopneusta - A group of invertebrates including the Tunicata and Enteropneusta.

Phasma - An apparition; a phantom; an appearance.

Phenogamia - Same as Phaenogamia.

Phenomena - of Phenomenon

Phillyrea - A genus of evergreen plants growing along the shores of the Mediterranean, and breading a fruit resembling that of the olive.

Philomela - The nightingale; philomel.

Philomela - A genus of birds including the nightingales.

Philopena - A present or gift which is made as a forfeit in a social game that is played in various ways; also, the game itself.

Phlegmasia - An inflammation; more particularly, an inflammation of the internal organs.

Phoca - A genus of seals. It includes the common harbor seal and allied species. See Seal.

Phocodontia - A group of extinct carnivorous whales. Their teeth had compressed and serrated crowns. It includes Squalodon and allied genera.

Phoronomia - See Phoronomics.

Phosphaturia - The excessive discharge of phosphates in the urine.

Photophobia - A dread or intolerance of light.

Photopsia - An affection of the eye, in which the patient perceives luminous rays, flashes, coruscations, etc. See phosphene.

Phthisipneumonia - Alt. of Phthisipneumony

Phylactolaema - Alt. of Phylactolaemata

Phylactolaemata - An order of fresh-water Bryozoa in which the tentacles are arranged on a horseshoe-shaped lophophore, and the mouth is covered by an epistome. Called also Lophopoda, and hippocrepians.

Phylactolema - Alt. of Phylactolemata

Phylactolemata - Same as Phylactolaema.

Phyllobranchia - A crustacean gill composed of lamellae.

Phyllocladia - of Phyllocladium

Phyllodia - of Phyllodium

Phyllomania - An abnormal or excessive production of leaves.

Phyllopoda - An order of Entomostraca including a large number of species, most of which live in fresh water. They have flattened or leaflike legs, often very numerous, which they use in swimming. Called also Branchiopoda.

Phyllosoma - The larva of the spiny lobsters (Palinurus and allied genera). Its body is remarkably thin, flat, and transparent; the legs are very long. Called also glass-crab, and glass-shrimp.

Phylloxera - A small hemipterous insect (Phylloxera vastatrix) allied to the aphids. It attacks the roots and leaves of the grapevine, doing great damage, especially in Europe.

Phylloxera - The diseased condition of a vine caused by the insect just described.

Phyla - of Phylon

Phyla - of Phylum

Phymata - of Phyma

Phyma - A tubercle on any external part of the body.

Physa - A genus of fresh-water Pulmonifera, having reversed spiral shells. See Pond snail, under Pond.

Physalia - A genus of large oceanic Siphonophora which includes the Portuguese man-of-war.

Physemaria - A group of simple marine organisms, usually classed as the lowest of the sponges. They have inflated hollow bodies.

Physopoda - Same as Thysanoptera.

Phytolacca - A genus of herbaceous plants, some of them having berries which abound in intensely red juice; poke, or pokeweed.

Phytophaga - A division of Hymenoptera; the sawflies.

Phytozoaria - Same as Infusoria.

Phytozoa - of Phytozoon

Piacaba - See Piassava.

Piassava - A fibrous product of two Brazilian palm trees (Attalea funifera and Leopoldinia Piassaba), -- used in making brooms, and for other purposes. Called also piacaba and piasaba.

Piazza - An open square in a European town, especially an Italian town; hence (Arch.), an arcaded and roofed gallery; a portico. In the United States the word is popularly applied to a veranda.

Pica - The genus that includes the magpies.

Pica - A vitiated appetite that craves what is unfit for food, as chalk, ashes, coal, etc.; chthonophagia.

Pica - A service-book. See Pie.

Pica - A size of type next larger than small pica, and smaller than English.

Picea - A genus of coniferous trees of the northen hemisphere, including the Norway spruce and the American black and white spruces. These trees have pendent cones, which do not readily fall to pieces, in this and other respects differing from the firs.

Picra - The powder of aloes with canella, formerly officinal, employed as a cathartic.

Pictura - Pattern of coloration.

Pieta - A representation of the dead Christ, attended by the Virgin Mary or by holy women and angels.

Pietra dura - Hard and fine stones in general, such as are used for inlay and the like, as distinguished from the softer stones used in building; thus, a Florentine mosaic is a familiar instance of work in pietra dura, though the ground may be soft marble.

Piffara - A fife; also, a rude kind of oboe or a bagpipe with an inflated skin for reservoir.

Pignora - of Pignus

Pika - Any one of several species of rodents of the genus Lagomys, resembling small tailless rabbits. They inhabit the high mountains of Asia and America. Called also calling hare, and crying hare. See Chief hare.

Pilenta - of Pilentum

Pileorhiza - A cap of cells which covers the growing extremity of a root; a rootcap.

Pildia - of Pilidium

Pilifera - Same as Mammalia.

Pimenta - Same as Pimento.

Pinacotheca - A picture gallery.

Pinenchyma - Tabular parenchyma, a form of cellular tissue in which the cells are broad and flat, as in some kinds of epidermis.

Pinguicula - See Butterwort.

Pinna - A leaflet of a pinnate leaf. See Illust. of Bipinnate leaf, under Bipinnate.

Pinna - One of the primary divisions of a decompound leaf.

Pinna - One of the divisions of a pinnate part or organ.

Pinna - Any species of Pinna, a genus of large bivalve mollusks found in all warm seas. The byssus consists of a large number of long, silky fibers, which have been used in manufacturing woven fabrics, as a curiosity.

Pinna - The auricle of the ear. See Ear.

Pinnigrada - Same as Pinnipedia.

Pinnipedia - A suborder of aquatic carnivorous mammals including the seals and walruses; -- opposed to Fissipedia.

Pinnula - Same as Pinnule.

Pipa - The Surinam toad (Pipa Americana), noted for its peculiar breeding habits.

Pipra - Any one of numerous species of small clamatorial birds belonging to Pipra and allied genera, of the family Pipridae. The male is usually glossy black, varied with scarlet, yellow, or sky blue. They chiefly inhabit South America.

Pipsissewa - A low evergreen plant (Chimaphila umbellata), with narrow, wedge-lanceolate leaves, and an umbel of pretty nodding fragrant blossoms. It has been used in nephritic diseases. Called also prince's pine.

Piragua - See Pirogue.

Piraya - A large voracious fresh-water fish (Serrasalmo piraya) of South America, having lancet-shaped teeth.

Piririgua - A South American bird (Guira guira) allied to the cuckoos.

Piscina - A niche near the altar in a church, containing a small basin for rinsing altar vessels.

Pistacia - The name of a genus of trees, including the tree which bears the pistachio, the Mediterranean mastic tree (Pistacia Lentiscus), and the species (P. Terebinthus) which yields Chian or Cyprus turpentine.

Pistillida - of Pistillidium

Pita - A fiber obtained from the Agave Americana and other related species, -- used for making cordage and paper. Called also pita fiber, and pita thread.

Pita - The plant which yields the fiber.

Pitahaya - A cactaceous shrub (Cereus Pitajaya) of tropical America, which yields a delicious fruit.

Pitta - Any one of a large group of bright-colored clamatorial birds belonging to Pitta, and allied genera of the family Pittidae. Most of the species are varied with three or more colors, such as blue, green, crimson, yellow, purple, and black. They are called also ground thrushes, and Old World ant thrushes; but they are not related to the true thrushes.

Placenta - The vascular appendage which connects the fetus with the parent, and is cast off in parturition with the afterbirth.

Placenta - The part of a pistil or fruit to which the ovules or seeds are attached.

Placentalia - A division of Mammalia including those that have a placenta, or all the orders above the marsupials.

Placita - of Placitum

Placodermata - Same as Placodermi.

Placophora - A division of gastropod Mollusca, including the chitons. The back is covered by eight shelly plates. Called also Polyplacophora. See Illust. under Chiton, and Isopleura.

Plaga - A stripe of color.

Plagiotremata - Same as Lepidosauria.

Planaria - Any species of turbellarian worms belonging to Planaria, and many allied genera. The body is usually flat, thin, and smooth. Some species, in warm countries, are terrestrial.

Planarida - A division of Turbellaria; the Dendrocoela.

Planipennia - A suborder of Neuroptera, including those that have broad, flat wings, as the ant-lion, lacewing, etc. Called also Planipennes.

Plantigrada - A subdivision of Carnivora having plantigrade feet. It includes the bears, raccoons, and allied species.

Planula - In embryonic development, a vesicle filled with fluid, formed from the morula by the divergence of its cells in such a manner as to give rise to a central space, around which the cells arrange themselves as an envelope; an embryonic form intermediate between the morula and gastrula. Sometimes used as synonymous with gastrula.

Planula - The very young, free-swimming larva of the coelenterates. It usually has a flattened oval or oblong form, and is entirely covered with cilia.

Plasma - A variety of quartz, of a color between grass green and leek green, which is found associated with common chalcedony. It was much esteemed by the ancients for making engraved ornaments.

Plasma - The viscous material of an animal or vegetable cell, out of which the various tissues are formed by a process of differentiation; protoplasm.

Plasma - Unorganized material; elementary matter.

Plasma - A mixture of starch and glycerin, used as a substitute for ointments.

Plasmodia - of Plasmodium

Plastidozoa - Same as Protoza.

Platina - Platinum.

Platyhelmia - Same as Platyelminthes.

Platypoda - Same as Prosobranchiata.

Platyptera - A division of Pseudoneuroptera including the species which have four broad, flat wings, as the termites, or white-ants, and the stone flies (Perla).

Playa - A beach; a strand; in the plains and deserts of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, a broad, level spot, on which subsequently becomes dry by evaporation.

Plaza - A public square in a city or town.

Plea - That which is alleged by a party in support of his cause; in a stricter sense, an allegation of fact in a cause, as distinguished from a demurrer; in a still more limited sense, and in modern practice, the defendant's answer to the plaintiff's declaration and demand. That which the plaintiff alleges in his declaration is answered and repelled or justified by the defendant's plea. In chancery practice, a plea is a special answer showing or relying upon one or more things as a cause why the suit should be either dismissed, delayed, or barred. In criminal practice, the plea is the defendant's formal answer to the indictment or information presented against him.

Plea - A cause in court; a lawsuit; as, the Court of Common Pleas. See under Common.

Plea - That which is alleged or pleaded, in defense or in justification; an excuse; an apology.

Plea - An urgent prayer or entreaty.

Plectra - of Plectrum

Plegepoda - Same as Infusoria.

Pleopoda - of Pleopod

Plesiosauria - An extinct order of Mesozoic marine reptiles including the genera Plesiosaurus, and allied forms; -- called also Sauropterygia.

Plethora - Overfullness; especially, excessive fullness of the blood vessels; repletion; that state of the blood vessels or of the system when the blood exceeds a healthy standard in quantity; hyperaemia; -- opposed to anaemia.

Plethora - State of being overfull; excess; superabundance.

Plethra - of Plethrum

Pleura - pl. of Pleuron.

Pleura - The smooth serous membrane which closely covers the lungs and the adjacent surfaces of the thorax; the pleural membrane.

Pleura - The closed sac formed by the pleural membrane about each lung, or the fold of membrane connecting each lung with the body wall.

Pleura - Same as Pleuron.

Pleuralgia - Pain in the side or region of the ribs.

Pleurenchyma - A tissue consisting of long and slender tubular cells, of which wood is mainly composed.

Pleurobrachia - A genus of ctenophores having an ovate body and two long plumose tentacles.

Pleurobranchia - Same as Pleurobranch.

Pleurodynia - A painful affection of the side, simulating pleurisy, usually due to rheumatism.

Pleura - of Pleuron

Pleuropneumonia - Inflammation of the pleura and lungs; a combination of pleurisy and pneumonia, esp. a kind of contagions and fatal lung plague of cattle.

Pleuroptera - A group of Isectivora, including the colugo.

Pleurosigma - A genus of diatoms of elongated elliptical shape, but having the sides slightly curved in the form of a letter S. Pleurosigma angulatum has very fine striations, and is a favorite object for testing the high powers of microscopes.

Pleurostea - of Pleurosteon

Pleurotoma - Any marine gastropod belonging to Pleurotoma, and ether allied genera of the family Pleurotmidae. The species are very numerous, especially in tropical seas. The outer lip has usually a posterior notch or slit.

Plica - A disease of the hair (Plica polonica), in which it becomes twisted and matted together. The disease is of Polish origin, and is hence called also Polish plait.

Plica - A diseased state in plants in which there is an excessive development of small entangled twigs, instead of ordinary branches.

Plica - The bend of the wing of a bird.

Pluma - A feather.

Plumula - A plumule.

Plumula - A down feather.

Plumularia - Any hydroid belonging to Plumularia and other genera of the family Plumularidae. They generally grow in plumelike forms.

Pneumonia - Inflammation of the lungs.

Pneumonophora - The division of Siphonophora which includes the Physalia and allied genera; -- called also Pneumatophorae.

Pneumootoka - Same as Sauropsida.

Pneumophora - A division of holothurians having an internal gill, or respiratory tree.

Poa - A genus of grasses, including a great number of species, as the kinds called meadow grass, Kentucky blue grass, June grass, and spear grass (which see).

Podagra - Gout in the joints of the foot; -- applied also to gout in other parts of body.

Podalgia - pain in the foot, due to gout, rheumatism, etc.

Podarthra - of Podarthrum

Podesta - One of the chief magistrates of the Italian republics in the Middle Ages.

Podesta - A mayor, alderman, or other magistrate, in some towns of Italy.

Podetia - of Podetium

Podia - of Podium

Podobranchia - Same as Podobranch.

Podophthalmia - The stalk-eyed Crustacea, -- an order of Crustacea having the eyes supported on movable stalks. It includes the crabs, lobsters, and prawns. Called also Podophthalmata, and Decapoda.

Podostomata - An order of Bryozoa of which Rhabdopleura is the type. See Rhabdopleura.

Podotheca - The scaly covering of the foot of a bird or reptile.

Podrida - A miscellaneous dish of meats. See Olla-podrida.

Podura - Any small leaping thysanurous insect of the genus Podura and related genera; a springtail.

Poecilopoda - Originally, an artificial group including many parasitic Entomostraca, together with the horseshoe crabs (Limuloidea).

Poecilopoda - By some recent writers applied to the Merostomata.

Poephaga - A group of herbivorous marsupials including the kangaroos and their allies.

Poinciana - A prickly tropical shrub (Caesalpinia, formerly Poinciana, pulcherrima), with bipinnate leaves, and racemes of showy orange-red flowers with long crimson filaments.

Poinsettia - A Mexican shrub (Euphorbia pulcherrima) with very large and conspicuous vermilion bracts below the yellowish flowers.

Polacca - A vessel with two or three masts, used in the Mediterranean. The masts are usually of one piece, and without tops, caps, or crosstrees.

Polacca - See Polonaise.

Polenta - Pudding made of Indian meal; also, porridge made of chestnut meal.

Polka - A dance of Polish origin, but now common everywhere. It is performed by two persons in common time.

Polka - A lively Bohemian or Polish dance tune in 2-4 measure, with the third quaver accented.

Pollinia - of Pollinium

Polyacra - of Polyacron

Polyactinia - An old name for those Anthozoa which, like the actinias, have numerous simple tentacles.

Polyadelphia - A Linnaean class of plants having stamens united in three or more bodies or bundles by the filaments.

Polyandria - A Linnaean class of monoclinous or hermaphrodite plants, having many stamens, or any number above twenty, inserted in the receptacle.

Polybranchia - A division of Nudibranchiata including those which have numerous branchiae on the back.

Polychaeta - One of the two principal groups of Chaetopoda. It includes those that have prominent parapodia and fascicles of setae. See Illust. under Parapodia.

Polycystidea - A division of Gregarinae including those that have two or more internal divisions of the body.

Polycystina - A division of Radiolaria including numerous minute marine species. The skeleton is composed of silica, and is often very elegant in form and sculpture. Many have been found in the fossil state.

Polycyttaria - A division of Radiolaria. It includes those having one more central capsules.

Polydipsia - Excessive and constant thirst occasioned by disease.

Polygala - A genus of bitter herbs or shrubs having eight stamens and a two-celled ovary (as the Seneca snakeroot, the flowering wintergreen, etc.); milkwort.

Polygamia - A Linnaean class of plants, characterized by having both hermaphrodite and unisexual flowers on the same plant.

Polygamia - A name given by Linnaeus to file orders of plants having syngenesious flowers.

Polygastrica - The Infusoria.

Polygynia - A Linnaean order of plants having many styles.

Polyhedra - of Polyhedron

Polyhymnia - The Muse of lyric poetry.

Polymnia - See Polyhymnia.

Polynia - The open sea supposed to surround the north pole.

Polyorama - A view of many objects; also, a sort of panorama with dissolving views.

Polypifera - The Anthozoa.

Polyplacophora - See Placophora.

Polyprotodonta - A division of marsupials in which there are more fore incisor teeth in each jaw.

Polystomata - A division of trematode worms having more two suckers. Called also Polystomea and Polystoma.

Polythalamia - A division of Foraminifera including those having a manychambered shell.

Poluria - A persistently excessive flow of watery urine, with low specific gravity and without the presence of either albumin or sugar. It is generally accompanied with more or less thirst.

Polyzoa - Same as Bryozoa. See Illust. under Bryozoa, and Phylactolaemata.

Polyzoaria - of Polyzoarium

Polyzoa - of Polyzoon

Pomona - The goddess of fruits and fruit trees.

Porifera - A grand division of the Invertebrata, including the sponges; -- called also Spongiae, Spongida, and Spongiozoa. The principal divisions are Calcispongiae, Keratosa or Fibrospongiae, and Silicea.

Poriferata - The Polifera.

Porpita - A genus of bright-colored Siphonophora found floating in the warmer parts of the ocean. The individuals are round and disk-shaped, with a large zooid in the center of the under side, surrounded by smaller nutritive and reproductive zooids, and by slender dactylozooids near the margin. The disk contains a central float, or pneumatocyst.

Porta - The part of the liver or other organ where its vessels and nerves enter; the hilus.

Porta - The foramen of Monro.

Portulaca - A genus of polypetalous plants; also, any plant of the genus.

Postcava - The inferior vena cava.

Postcornua - of Postcornu

Postea - The return of the judge before whom a cause was tried, after a verdict, of what was done in the cause, which is indorsed on the nisi prius record.

Postfurca - One of the internal thoracic processes of the sternum of an insect.

Postoblongata - The posterior part of the medulla oblongata.

Postscapula - The part of the scapula behind or below the spine, or mesoscapula.

Potichomania - Alt. of Potichomanie

Pozzuolana - Alt. of Pozzolana

Pozzolana - Volcanic ashes from Pozzuoli, in Italy, used in the manufacture of a kind of mortar which hardens under water.

Praecava - The superior vena cava.

Praecognita - This previously known, or which should be known in order to understand something else.

Praecordia - The front part of the thoracic region; the epigastrium.

Praecornua - of Praecornu

Praemaxilla - See Premaxilla.

Praenomina - of Praenomen

Praetexta - A white robe with a purple border, worn by a Roman boy before he was entitled to wear the toga virilis, or until about the completion of his fourteenth year, and by girls until their marriage. It was also worn by magistrates and priests.

Predella - The step, or raised secondary part, of an altar; a superaltar; hence, in Italian painting, a band or frieze of several pictures running along the front of a superaltar, or forming a border or frame at the foot of an altarpiece.

Premaxilla - A bone on either side of the middle line between the nose and mouth, forming the anterior part of each half of the upper jawbone; the intermaxilla. In man the premaxillae become united and form the incisor part of the maxillary bone.

Preoblongata - The anterior part of the medulla oblongata.

Presbyopia - A defect of vision consequent upon advancing age. It is due to rigidity of the crystalline lens, which produces difficulty of accommodation and recession of the near point of vision, so that objects very near the eyes can not be seen distinctly without the use of convex glasses. Called also presbytia.

Presbytia - Presbyopia.

Presscapula - The part of the scapula in front of, or above, the spine, or mesoscapula.

Prescuta - of Prescutum

Priapulacea - A suborder of Gephyraea, having a cylindrical body with a terminal anal opening, and usually with one or two caudal gills.

Prima donna - The first or chief female singer in an opera.

Primipara - A woman who bears a child for the first time.

Primitia - The first fruit; the first year's whole profit of an ecclesiastical preferment.

Primula - The genus of plants including the primrose (Primula vera).

Principia - First principles; fundamental beginnings; elements; as. Newton's Principia.

Proa - A sailing canoe of the Ladrone Islands and Malay Archipelago, having its lee side flat and its weather side like that of an ordinary boat. The ends are alike. The canoe is long and narrow, and is kept from overturning by a cigar-shaped log attached to a frame extending several feet to windward. It has been called the flying proa, and is the swiftest sailing craft known.

Proboscidea - An order of large mammals including the elephants and mastodons.

Proboscidifera - An extensive division of pectinibranchiate gastropods, including those that have a long retractile proboscis, with the mouth at the end, as the cones, whelks, tritons, and cowries. See Illust. of Gastropoda, and of Winkle.

Proboscidifera - A subdivision of the taenioglossate gastropods, including the fig-shells (Pyrula), the helmet shells (Cassis), the tritons, and allied genera.

Procidentia - A falling down; a prolapsus.

Procoelia - Same as Procoele.

Procoelia - A division of Crocodilia, including the true crocodiles and alligators, in which the dorsal vertebrae are concave in front.

Proctucha - A division of Turbellaria including those that have an intestine terminating posteriorly.

Proctucha - The Nemertina.

Programmata - of Programma

Programma - Any law, which, after it had passed the Athenian senate, was fixed on a tablet for public inspection previously to its being proposed to the general assembly of the people.

Programma - An edict published for public information; an official bulletin; a public proclamation.

Programma - See Programme.

Programma - A preface.

Prolata - of Prolatum

Prolegomena - of Prolegomenon

Promethea - A large American bombycid moth (Callosamia promethea). Its larva feeds on the sassafras, wild cherry, and other trees, and suspends its cocoon from a branch by a silken band.

Pronota - of Pronotum

Proostraca - of Proostracum

Propaganda - A congregation of cardinals, established in 1622, charged with the management of missions.

Propaganda - The college of the Propaganda, instituted by Urban VIII. (1623-1644) to educate priests for missions in all parts of the world.

Propaganda - Hence, any organization or plan for spreading a particular doctrine or a system of principles.

Propagula - of Propagulum

Properispomena - of Properispomenon

Prophragmata - of Prophragma

Prophragma - An internal dorsal chitinous process between the first two divisions of the thorax of insects.

Propodialia - of Propodiale

Propodia - of Propodium

Propterygia - of Propterygium

Propylaea - of Propylaeum

Propyla - of Propylon

Pro rata - In proportion; proportionately; according to the share, interest, or liability of each.

Proscenia - of Proscenium

Prosopocephala - Same as Scaphopoda.

Prosopop/ia - A figure by which things are represented as persons, or by which things inanimate are spoken of as animated beings; also, a figure by which an absent person is introduced as speaking, or a deceased person is represented as alive and present. It includes personification, but is more extensive in its signification.

Prosopulmonata - A division of pulmonate mollusks having the breathing organ situated on the neck, as in the common snail.

Prostomia - of Prostomium

Proteidea - An order of aquatic amphibians having prominent external gills and four legs. It includes Proteus and Menobranchus (Necturus). Called also Proteoidea, and Proteida.

Proteroglypha - A suborder of serpents including those that have permanently erect grooved poison fangs, with ordinary teeth behind them in the jaws. It includes the cobras, the asps, and the sea snakes. Called also Proteroglyphia.

Prothallia - of Prothallium

Prothyalosomata - of Pro thyalosoma

Pro thyalosoma - The investing portion, or spherical envelope, surrounding the eccentric germinal spot of the germinal vesicle.

Protista - A provisional group in which are placed a number of low microscopic organisms of doubtful nature. Some are probably plants, others animals.

Protista - of Protiston

Protonemata - of Protonema

Protonema - The primary growth from the spore of a moss, usually consisting of branching confervoid filaments, on any part of which stem and leaf buds may be developed.

Protoplasta - A division of fresh-water rhizopods including those that have a soft body and delicate branched pseudopodia. The genus Gromia is one of the best-known.

Prototheria - Same as Monotremata.

Prototracheata - Same as Malacopoda.

Protovertebra - One of the primitive masses, or segments, into which the mesoblast of the vertebrate embryo breaks up on either side of the anterior part of the notochord; a mesoblastic, or protovertebral, somite. See Illust. of Ectoderm.

Protozoa - The lowest of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom.

Protozoa - of Protozoon

Protracheata - Same as Malacopoda.

Prunella - Angina, or angina pectoris.

Prunella - Thrush.

Prunella - Alt. of Prunello

Psalteria - of Psalterium

Pseudaesthesia - False or imaginary feeling or sense perception such as occurs in hypochondriasis, or such as is referred to an organ that has been removed, as an amputated foot.

Pseudobacteria - Microscopic organic particles, molecular granules, powdered inorganic substances, etc., which in form, size, and grouping resemble bacteria.

Pseudobranchia - A rudimentary branchia, or gill.

Pseudo-china - The false china root, a plant of the genus Smilax (S. Pseudo-china), found in America.

Pseudocoelia - The fifth ventricle in the mammalian brain. See Ventricle.

Pseudova - of Pseudovum

Psora - A cutaneous disease; especially, the itch.

Psychiatria - Alt. of Psychiatry

Psylla - Any leaping plant louse of the genus Psylla, or family Psyllidae.

Ptenoglossa - A division of gastropod mollusks having the teeth of the radula arranged in long transverse rows, somewhat like the barbs of a feather.

Pteranodontia - A group of pterodactyls destitute of teeth, as in the genus Pteranodon.

Pteridomania - A madness, craze, or strong fancy, for ferns.

Pteridophyta - A class of flowerless plants, embracing ferns, horsetails, club mosses, quillworts, and other like plants. See the Note under Cryptogamia.

Pterobranchia - An order of marine Bryozoa, having a bilobed lophophore and an axial cord. The genus Rhabdopleura is the type. Called also Podostomata. See Rhabdopleura.

Pteropoda - A class of Mollusca in which the anterior lobes of the foot are developed in the form of broad, thin, winglike organs, with which they swim at near the surface of the sea.

Pterosauria - An extinct order of flying reptiles of the Mesozoic age; the pterodactyls; -- called also Pterodactyli, and Ornithosauria.

Pterostigmata - of Pterostigma

Pterostigma - A thickened opaque spot on the wings of certain insects.

Pterygia - of Pterygium

Pterygopodia - of Pterygopodium

Pteryla - One of the definite areas of the skin of a bird on which feathers grow; -- contrasted with apteria.

Pudenda - The external organs of generation.

Pulkha - A Laplander's traveling sledge. See Sledge.

Pulmobranchiata - Alt. of Pulmobranchiate

Pulmogasteropoda - Same as Pulmonata.

Pulmonata - An extensive division, or sub-class, of hermaphrodite gastropods, in which the mantle cavity is modified into an air-breathing organ, as in Helix, or land snails, Limax, or garden slugs, and many pond snails, as Limnaea and Planorbis.

Pulmonibranchiata - Same as Pulmonata.

Pulmonifera - Same as Pulmonata.

Pulsatilla - A genus of ranunculaceous herbs including the pasque flower. This genus is now merged in Anemone. Some species, as Anemone Pulsatilla, Anemone pratensis, and Anemone patens, are used medicinally.

Puma - A large American carnivore (Felis concolor), found from Canada to Patagonia, especially among the mountains. Its color is tawny, or brownish yellow, without spots or stripes. Called also catamount, cougar, American lion, mountain lion, and panther or painter.

Punka - A machine for fanning a room, usually a movable fanlike frame covered with canvas, and suspended from the ceiling. It is kept in motion by pulling a cord.

Pupa - Any insect in that stage of its metamorphosis which usually immediately precedes the adult, or imago, stage.

Pupa - A genus of air-breathing land snails having an elongated spiral shell.

Pupipara - A division of Diptera in which the young are born in a stage like the pupa. It includes the sheep tick, horse tick, and other parasites. Called also Homaloptera.

Pupivora - A group of parasitic Hymenoptera, including the ichneumon flies, which destroy the larvae and pupae of insects.

Purpura - A disease characterized by livid spots on the skin from extravasated blood, with loss of muscular strength, pain in the limbs, and mental dejection; the purples.

Purpura - A genus of marine gastropods, usually having a rough and thick shell. Some species yield a purple dye.

Puzzolana - See Pozzuolana.

Pyaemia - A form of blood poisoning produced by the absorption into the blood of morbid matters usually originating in a wound or local inflammation. It is characterized by the development of multiple abscesses throughout the body, and is attended with irregularly recurring chills, fever, profuse sweating, and exhaustion.

Pycnidia - of Pycnidium

Pycnogonida - A class of marine arthropods in which the body is small and thin, and the eight legs usually very long; -- called also Pantopoda.

Pyemia - See PyAemia.

Pygidia - of Pygidium

Pygobranchia - A division of opisthobranchiate mollusks having the branchiae in a wreath or group around the anal opening, as in the genus Doris.

Pyjama - In India and Persia, thin loose trowsers or drawers; in Europe and America, drawers worn at night, or a kind of nightdress with legs.

Pyla - The passage between the iter and optocoele in the brain.

Pylangia - of Pylangium

Pyramidia - of Pyramidion

Pyrena - A nutlet resembling a seed, or the kernel of a drupe.

Pyrexia - The febrile condition.

Pyromania - An insane disposition to incendiarism.

Pyrula - A genus of large marine gastropods. having a pear-shaped shell. It includes the fig-shells. See Illust. in Appendix.

Quadriga - A car or chariot drawn by four horses abreast.

Quadrumana - A division of the Primates comprising the apes and monkeys; -- so called because the hind foot is usually prehensile, and the great toe opposable somewhat like a thumb. Formerly the Quadrumana were considered an order distinct from the Bimana, which last included man alone.

Quagga - A South African wild ass (Equus, / Hippotigris, quagga). The upper parts are reddish brown, becoming paler behind and behind and beneath, with dark stripes on the face, neck, and fore part of the body.

Quanta - of Quantum

Quassia - The wood of several tropical American trees of the order Simarubeae, as Quassia amara, Picraena excelsa, and Simaruba amara. It is intensely bitter, and is used in medicine and sometimes as a substitute for hops in making beer.

Quata - The coaita.

Quica - A small South American opossum (Didelphys quica), native of Guiana and Brazil. It feeds upon insects, small birds, and fruit.

Quinia - Quinine.

Quinoa - The seeds of a kind of goosewort (Chenopodium Quinoa), used in Chili and Peru for making porridge or cakes; also, food thus made.

Quinquagesima - Fiftieth.

Quinquennalia - Public games celebrated every five years.

Quinquina - Peruvian bark.

Quota - A proportional part or share; the share or proportion assigned to each in a division.

Quotha - Indeed; forsooth.

Ra - A roe; a deer.

Raca - A term of reproach used by the Jews of our Savior's time, meaning "worthless."

Rachialgia - A painful affection of the spine; especially, Pott's disease; also, formerly, lead colic.

Rachilla - Same as Rhachilla.

Racoonda - The coypu.

Radialia - of Radiale

Radiata - An extensive artificial group of invertebrates, having all the parts arranged radially around the vertical axis of the body, and the various organs repeated symmetrically in each ray or spheromere.

Radio-flagellata - A group of Protozoa having both flagella and pseudopodia.

Radiolaria - Order of rhizopods, usually having a siliceous skeleton, or shell, and sometimes radiating spicules. The pseudopodia project from the body like rays. It includes the polycystines. See Polycystina.

Radula - The chitinous ribbon bearing the teeth of mollusks; -- called also lingual ribbon, and tongue. See Odontophore.

Raffia - A fibrous material used for tying plants, said to come from the leaves of a palm tree of the genus Raphia.

Rafflesia - A genus of stemless, leafless plants, living parasitically upon the roots and stems of grapevines in Malaysia. The flowers have a carrionlike odor, and are very large, in one species (Rafflesia Arnoldi) having a diameter of two or three feet.

Raghuvansa - A celebrated Sanskrit poem having for its subject the Raghu dynasty.

Raia - A genus of rays which includes the skates. See Skate.

Raja - Same as Rajah.

Ramayana - The more ancient of the two great epic poems in Sanskrit. The hero and heroine are Rama and his wife Sita.

Ramenta - Thin brownish chaffy scales upon the leaves or young shoots of some plants, especially upon the petioles and leaves of ferns.

Rana - A genus of anurous batrachians, including the common frogs.

Ranula - A cyst formed under the tongue by obstruction of the duct of the submaxillary gland.

Rata - A New Zealand forest tree (Metrosideros robusta), also, its hard dark red wood, used by the Maoris for paddles and war clubs.

Ratafia - A spirituous liquor flavored with the kernels of cherries, apricots, peaches, or other fruit, spiced, and sweetened with sugar; -- a term applied to the liqueurs called noyau, cura/ao, etc.

Ravenala - A genus of plants related to the banana.

Razzia - A plundering and destructive incursion; a foray; a raid.

Reata - A lariat.

Receptacula - of Receptaculum

Rotula - The patella, or kneepan.

Rotunda - A round building; especially, one that is round both on the outside and inside, like the Pantheon at Rome. Less properly, but very commonly, used for a large round room; as, the rotunda of the Capitol at Washington.

Sanhita - A collection of vedic hymns, songs, or verses, forming the first part of each Veda.

Sankha - A chank shell (Turbinella pyrum); also, a shell bracelet or necklace made in India from the chank shell.

Sankhya - A Hindoo system of philosophy which refers all things to soul and a rootless germ called prakriti, consisting of three elements, goodness, passion, and darkness.

Septuagesima - The third Sunday before Lent; -- so called because it is about seventy days before Easter.

Septula - of Septulum

Septa - of Septum

Sequela - One who, or that which, follows.

Sequela - An adherent, or a band or sect of adherents.

Sequela - That which follows as the logical result of reasoning; inference; conclusion; suggestion.

Sequela - A morbid phenomenon left as the result of a disease; a disease resulting from another.

Sirenia - An order of large aquatic herbivorous mammals, including the manatee, dugong, rytina, and several fossil genera.

Siserara - Alt. of Siserary

Redia - A kind of larva, or nurse, which is prroduced within the sporocyst of certain trematodes by asexual generation. It in turn produces, in the same way, either another generation of rediae, or else cercariae within its own body. Called also proscolex, and nurse. See Illustration in Appendix.

Redowa - A Bohemian dance of two kinds, one in triple time, like a waltz, the other in two-four time, like a polka. The former is most in use.

Regalia - That which belongs to royalty. Specifically: (a) The rights and prerogatives of a king. (b) Royal estates and revenues. (c) Ensings, symbols, or paraphernalia of royalty.

Regalia - Hence, decorations or insignia of an office or order, as of Freemasons, Odd Fellows,etc.

Regalia - Sumptuous food; delicacies.

Regalia - A kind of cigar of large size and superior quality; also, the size in which such cigars are classed.

Regatta - Originally, a gondola race in Venice; now, a rowing or sailing race, or a series of such races.

Regma - A kind of dry fruit, consisting of three or more cells, each which at length breaks open at the inner angle.

Regularia - A division of Echini which includes the circular, or regular, sea urchins.

Rejectamenta - Things thrown out or away; especially, things excreted by a living organism.

Remora - Delay; obstacle; hindrance.

Remora - Any one of several species of fishes belonging to Echeneis, Remora, and allied genera. Called also sucking fish.

Remora - An instrument formerly in use, intended to retain parts in their places.

Replica - A copy of a work of art, as of a picture or statue, made by the maker of the original.

Replica - Repetition.

Reptantia - A division of gastropods; the Pectinibranchiata.

Reptilia - A class of air-breathing oviparous vertebrates, usually covered with scales or bony plates. The heart generally has two auricles and one ventricle. The development of the young is the same as that of birds.

Reseda - A genus of plants, the type of which is mignonette.

Reseda - A grayish green color, like that of the flowers of mignonette.

Respondentia - A loan upon goods laden on board a ship. It differs from bottomry, which is a loan on the ship itself.

Reticularia - An extensive division of rhizopods in which the pseudopodia are more or less slender and coalesce at certain points, forming irregular meshes. It includes the shelled Foraminifera, together with some groups which lack a true shell.

Reticulosa - Same as Reticularia.

Reticula - of Reticulum

Retina - The delicate membrane by which the back part of the globe of the eye is lined, and in which the fibers of the optic nerve terminate. See Eye.

Retinacula - of Retinaculum

Retinea - of Retineum

Retinophora - One of group of two to four united cells which occupy the axial part of the ocelli, or ommatidia, of the eyes of invertebrates, and contain the terminal nerve fibrillae. See Illust. under Ommatidium.

Retinula - One of the group of pigmented cells which surround the retinophorae of invertebrates. See Illust. under Ommatidium.

Rhabdocoela - A suborder of Turbellaria including those that have a simple cylindrical, or saclike, stomach, without an intestine.

Rhabdophora - An extinct division of Hydrozoa which includes the graptolities.

Rhabdopleura - A genus of marine Bryozoa in which the tubular cells have a centralchitinous axis and the tentacles are borne on a bilobed lophophore. It is the type of the order Pterobranchia, or Podostomata

Rhachialgia - See Rachialgia.

Rhachiglossa - A division of marine gastropods having a retractile proboscis and three longitudinal rows of teeth on the radula. It includes many of the large ornamental shells, as the miters, murices, olives, purpuras, volutes, and whelks. See Illust. in Append.

Rhachilla - A branch of inflorescence; the zigzag axis on which the florets are arranged in the spikelets of grasses.

Rhamphotheca - The horny covering of the bill of birds.

Rhea - The ramie or grass-cloth plant. See Grass-cloth plant, under Grass.

Rhea - Any one of three species of large South American ostrichlike birds of the genera Rhea and Pterocnemia. Called also the American ostrich.

Rhinencephala - of Rhinencephalon

Rhinoscleroma - A rare disease of the skin, characterized by the development of very hard, more or less flattened, prominences, appearing first upon the nose and subsequently upon the neighboring parts, esp. the lips, palate, and throat.

Rhinotheca - The sheath of the upper mandible of a bird.

Rhipidoglossa - A division of gastropod mollusks having a large number of long, divergent, hooklike, lingual teeth in each transverse row. It includes the scutibranchs. See Illustration in Appendix.

Rhizocephala - A division of Pectostraca including saclike parasites of Crustacea. They adhere by rootlike extensions of the head. See Illusration in Appendix.

Rhizomata - of Rhizoma

Rhizoma - SAme as Rhizome.

Rhizophaga - A division of marsupials. The wombat is the type.

Rhizophora - A genus of trees including the mangrove. See Mangrove.

Rhizopoda - An extensive class of Protozoa, including those which have pseudopodia, by means of which they move about and take their food. The principal groups are Lobosa (or Am/bea), Helizoa, Radiolaria, and Foraminifera (or Reticularia). See Protozoa.

Rhizostomata - A suborder of Medusae which includes very large species without marginal tentacles, but having large mouth lobes closely united at the edges. See Illust. in Appendix.

Rhopalia - of Rhopalium

Rhopalocera - A division of Lepidoptera including all the butterflies. They differ from other Lepidoptera in having club-shaped antennae.

Rhusma - A mixtire of caustic lime and orpiment, or tersulphide of arsenic, -- used in the depilation of hides.

Rhynchobdellea - A suborder of leeches including those that have a protractile proboscis, without jaws. Clepsine is the type.

Rhynchocephala - An order of reptiles having biconcave vertebrae, immovable quadrate bones, and many other peculiar osteological characters. Hatteria is the only living genus, but numerous fossil genera are known, some of which are among the earliest of reptiles. See Hatteria. Called also Rhynchocephalia.

Rhynchocoela - Same as Nemertina.

Rhynchonella - A genus of brachiopods of which some species are still living, while many are found fossil.

Rhynchophora - A group of Coleoptera having a snoutlike head; the snout beetles, curculios, or weevils.

Rhynchota - Same as Hemiptera.

Rhytina - See Rytina.

Rig-Veda - See Veda.

Rima - A narrow and elongated aperture; a cleft; a fissure.

Robinia - A genus of leguminous trees including the common locust of North America (Robinia Pseudocacia).

Rocoa - The orange-colored pulp covering the seeds of the tropical plant Bixa Orellana, from which annotto is prepared. See Annoto.

Rodentia - An order of mammals having two (rarely four) large incisor teeth in each jaw, distant from the molar teeth. The rats, squirrels, rabbits, marmots, and beavers belong to this order.

Romanza - See Romance, 5.

Rondeletia - A tropical genus of rubiaceous shrubs which often have brilliant flowers.

Rosalia - A form of melody in which a phrase or passage is successively repeated, each time a step or half step higher; a melodic sequence.

Rosella - A beautiful Australian parrakeet (Platycercus eximius) often kept as a cage bird. The head and back of the neck are scarlet, the throat is white, the back dark green varied with lighter green, and the breast yellow.

Roseola - A rose-colored efflorescence upon the skin, occurring in circumscribed patches of little or no elevation and often alternately fading and reviving; also, an acute specific disease which is characterized by an eruption of this character; -- called also rose rash.

Rostella - of Rostellum

Rostra - See Rostrum, 2.

Rostrifera - A division of pectinibranchiate gastropods, having the head prolonged into a snout which is not retractile.

Rostrula - of Rostrulum

Rostra - of Rostrum

Rota - An ecclesiastical court of Rome, called also Rota Romana, that takes cognizance of suits by appeal. It consists of twelve members.

Rota - A short-lived political club established in 1659 by J.Harrington to inculcate the democratic doctrine of election of the principal officers of the state by ballot, and the annual retirement of a portion of Parliament.

Rota - A species of zither, played like a guitar, used in the Middle Ages in church music; -- written also rotta.

Rotatoria - Same as Rotifera.

Rotella - Any one of numerous species of small, polished, brightcolored gastropods of the genus Rotella, native of tropical seas.

Rotifera - An order of minute worms which usually have one or two groups of vibrating cilia on the head, which, when in motion, often give an appearance of rapidly revolving wheels. The species are very numerous in fresh waters, and are very diversified in form and habits.

Rotta - See Rota.

Rubella - An acute specific disease with a dusky red cutaneous eruption resembling that of measles, but unattended by catarrhal symptoms; -- called also German measles.

Rubeola - the measles.

Rubeola - Rubella.

Ruga - A wrinkle; a fold; as, the rugae of the stomach.

Rugosa - An extinct tribe of fossil corals, including numerous species, many of them of large size. They are characteristic of the Paleozoic formations. The radiating septs, when present, are usually in multiples of four. See Cyathophylloid.

Ruminantia - A division of Artiodactyla having four stomachs. This division includes the camels, deer, antelopes, goats, sheep, neat cattle, and allies.

Rupia - An eruption upon the skin, consisting of vesicles with inflamed base and filled with serous, purulent, or bloody fluid, which dries up, forming a blackish crust.

Rupicola - A genus of beautiful South American passerine birds, including the cock of the rock.

Rusma - A depilatory made of orpiment and quicklime, and used by the Turks. See Rhusma.

Russia - A country of Europe and Asia.

Russophobia - Morbid dread of Russia or of Russian influence.

Ruta-baga - A kind of turnip commonly with a large and long or ovoid yellowish root; a Swedish turnip. See Turnip.

Rytina - A genus of large edentulous sirenians, allied to the dugong and manatee, including but one species (R. Stelleri); -- called also Steller's sea cow. S () the nineteenth letter of the English alphabet, is a consonant, and is often called a sibilant, in allusion to its hissing sound. It has two principal sounds; one a mere hissing, as in sack, this; the other a vocal hissing (the same as that of z), as in is, wise. Besides these it sometimes has the sounds of sh and zh, as in sure, measure. It generally has its hissing sound at the beginning of words, but in the middle and at the end of words its sound is determined by usage. In a few words it is silent, as in isle, debris. With the letter h it forms the digraph sh. See Guide to pronunciation, // 255-261.

Sabadilla - A Mexican liliaceous plant (Schoenocaulon officinale); also, its seeds, which contain the alkaloid veratrine. It was formerly used in medicine as an emetic and purgative.

Sabella - A genus of tubicolous annelids having a circle of plumose gills around the head.

Saccharilla - A kind of muslin.

Saccoglossa - Same as Pellibranchiata.

Sacella - of Sacellum

Sacra - of Sacrum

Sadda - A work in the Persian tongue, being a summary of the Zend-Avesta, or sacred books.

Saga - A Scandinavian legend, or heroic or mythic tradition, among the Norsemen and kindred people; a northern European popular historical or religious tale of olden time.

Sagitta - A small constellation north of Aquila; the Arrow.

Sagitta - The keystone of an arch.

Sagitta - The distance from a point in a curve to the chord; also, the versed sine of an arc; -- so called from its resemblance to an arrow resting on the bow and string.

Sagitta - The larger of the two otoliths, or ear bones, found in most fishes.

Sagitta - A genus of transparent, free-swimming marine worms having lateral and caudal fins, and capable of swimming rapidly. It is the type of the class Chaetognatha.

Saga - of Sagum

Saiga - An antelope (Saiga Tartarica) native of the plains of Siberia and Eastern Russia. The male has erect annulated horns, and tufts of long hair beneath the eyes and ears.

Saiva - One of an important religious sect in India which regards Siva with peculiar veneration.

Salamandrina - A suborder of Urodela, comprising salamanders.

Salamandroidea - A division of Amphibia including the Salamanders and allied groups; the Urodela.

Salangana - The salagane.

Salina - A salt marsh, or salt pond, inclosed from the sea.

Salina - Salt works.

Salisburia - The ginkgo tree (Ginkgo biloba, or Salisburia adiantifolia).

Saliva - The secretion from the salivary glands.

Salpa - A genus of transparent, tubular, free-swimming oceanic tunicates found abundantly in all the warmer latitudes. See Illustration in Appendix.

Salsoda - See Sal soda, under Sal.

Salsola - A genus of plants including the glasswort. See Glasswort.

Saltarella - See Saltarello.

Saltatoria - A division of Orthoptera including grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets.

Salvia - A genus of plants including the sage. See Sage.

Samara - A dry, indehiscent, usually one-seeded, winged fruit, as that of the ash, maple, and elm; a key or key fruit.

Samarra - See Simar.

Sanga - Alt. of Sangu

Sanguinaria - A genus of plants of the Poppy family.

Sanguinaria - The rootstock of the bloodroot, used in medicine as an emetic, etc.

Sapodilla - A tall, evergeen, tropical American tree (Achras Sapota); also, its edible fruit, the sapodilla plum.

Sapota - The sapodilla.

Sappodilla - See Sapodilla.

Sapucaia - A Brazilian tree. See Lecythis, and Monkey-pot.

Sarcina - A genus of bacteria found in various organic fluids, especially in those those of the stomach, associated with certain diseases. The individual organisms undergo division along two perpendicular partitions, so that multiplication takes place in two directions, giving groups of four cubical cells. Also used adjectively; as, a sarcina micrococcus; a sarcina group.

Sarcocolla - A gum resin obtained from certain shrubs of Africa (Penaea), -- formerly thought to cause healing of wounds and ulcers.

Sarcoderma - A fleshy covering of a seed, lying between the external and internal integuments.

Sarcoderma - A sarcocarp.

Sarcolemma - The very thin transparent and apparently homogeneous sheath which incloses a striated muscular fiber; the myolemma.

Sarcomata - of Sarcoma

Sarcoma - A tumor of fleshy consistence; -- formerly applied to many varieties of tumor, now restricted to a variety of malignant growth made up of cells resembling those of fetal development without any proper intercellular substance.

Sarcophaga - A suborder of carnivorous and insectivorous marsupials including the dasyures and the opossums.

Sarcophaga - A genus of Diptera, including the flesh flies.

Sarcosepta - of Sarcoseptum

Sarracenia - A genus of American perennial herbs growing in bogs; the American pitcher plant.

Sarsa - Sarsaparilla.

Sarsaparilla - Any plant of several tropical American species of Smilax.

Sarsaparilla - The bitter mucilaginous roots of such plants, used in medicine and in sirups for soda, etc.

Sassarara - A word used to emphasize a statement.

Sassorolla - The rock pigeon. See under Pigeon.

Sastra - Same as Shaster.

Saturnalia - The festival of Saturn, celebrated in December, originally during one day, but afterward during seven days, as a period of unrestrained license and merriment for all classes, extending even to the slaves.

Saturnalia - Hence: A period or occasion of general license, in which the passions or vices have riotous indulgence.

Sauria - A division of Reptilia formerly established to include the Lacertilia, Crocodilia, Dinosauria, and other groups. By some writers the name is restricted to the Lacertilia.

Saurobatrachia - The Urodela.

Sauropoda - An extinct order of herbivorous dinosaurs having the feet of a saurian type, instead of birdlike, as they are in many dinosaurs. It includes the largest known land animals, belonging to Brontosaurus, Camarasaurus, and allied genera. See Illustration in Appendix.

Sauropsida - A comprehensive group of vertebrates, comprising the reptiles and birds.

Sauropterygia - Same as Plesiosauria.

Savanilla - The tarpum.

Savanna - A tract of level land covered with the vegetable growth usually found in a damp soil and warm climate, -- as grass or reeds, -- but destitute of trees.

Saxicava - Any species of marine bivalve shells of the genus Saxicava. Some of the species are noted for their power of boring holes in limestone and similar rocks.

Saxifraga - A genus of exogenous polypetalous plants, embracing about one hundred and eighty species. See Saxifrage.

Sax-tuba - A powerful instrument of brass, curved somewhat like the Roman buccina, or tuba.

Scaglia - A reddish variety of limestone.

Scagliola - An imitation of any veined and ornamental stone, as marble, formed by a substratum of finely ground gypsum mixed with glue, the surface of which, while soft, is variegated with splinters of marble, spar, granite, etc., and subsequently colored and polished.

Scala - A machine formerly employed for reducing dislocations of the humerus.

Scala - A term applied to any one of the three canals of the cochlea.

Scalaria - Any one of numerous species of marine gastropods of the genus Scalaria, or family Scalaridae, having elongated spiral turreted shells, with rounded whorls, usually crossed by ribs or varices. The color is generally white or pale. Called also ladder shell, and wentletrap. See Ptenoglossa, and Wentletrap.

Scaliola - Same as Scagliola.

Scampavia - A long, low war galley used by the Neapolitans and Sicilians in the early part of the nineteenth century.

Scandia - A chemical earth, the oxide of scandium.

Scaphopda - A class of marine cephalate Mollusca having a tubular shell open at both ends, a pointed or spadelike foot for burrowing, and many long, slender, prehensile oral tentacles. It includes Dentalium, or the tooth shells, and other similar shells. Called also Prosopocephala, and Solenoconcha.

Scapula - The principal bone of the shoulder girdle in mammals; the shoulder blade.

Scapula - One of the plates from which the arms of a crinoid arise.

Scarlatina - Scarlet fever.

Scena - A scene in an opera.

Scena - An accompanied dramatic recitative, interspersed with passages of melody, or followed by a full aria.

Schemata - of Schema

Schema - An outline or image universally applicable to a general conception, under which it is likely to be presented to the mind; as, five dots in a line are a schema of the number five; a preceding and succeeding event are a schema of cause and effect.

Schisma - An interval equal to half a comma.

Schizonemertea - A group of nemerteans comprising those having a deep slit along each side of the head. See Illust. in Appendix.

Schizopoda - A division of shrimplike Thoracostraca in which each of the thoracic legs has a long fringed upper branch (exopodite) for swimming.

Scholia - See Scholium.

Scholia - of Scholium

Sciatica - Neuralgia of the sciatic nerve, an affection characterized by paroxysmal attacks of pain in the buttock, back of the thigh, or in the leg or foot, following the course of the branches of the sciatic nerve. The name is also popularly applied to various painful affections of the hip and the parts adjoining it. See Ischiadic passion, under Ischiadic.

Scincoidea - A tribe of lizards including the skinks. See Skink.

Scintilla - A spark; the least particle; an iota; a tittle.

Sciuromorpha - A tribe of rodents containing the squirrels and allied animals, such as the gophers, woodchucks, beavers, and others.

Sclerema - Induration of the cellular tissue.

Sclerenchyma - Vegetable tissue composed of short cells with thickened or hardened walls, as in nutshells and the gritty parts of a pear. See Sclerotic.

Sclerenchyma - The hard calcareous deposit in the tissues of Anthozoa, constituting the stony corals.

Scleroderma - A disease of adults, characterized by a diffuse rigidity and hardness of the skin.

Sclerodermata - The stony corals; the Madreporaria.

Scleroma - Induration of the tissues. See Sclerema, Scleroderma, and Sclerosis.

Sclerotia - of Sclerotium

Scolecida - Same as Helminthes.

Scolecomorpha - Same as Scolecida.

Scolopendra - A genus of venomous myriapods including the centipeds. See Centiped.

Scolopendra - A sea fish.

Scopula - A peculiar brushlike organ found on the foot of spiders and used in the construction of the web.

Scopula - A special tuft of hairs on the leg of a bee.

Scoria - The recrement of metals in fusion, or the slag rejected after the reduction of metallic ores; dross.

Scoria - Cellular slaggy lava; volcanic cinders.

Scorpiodea - Same as Scorpiones.

Scorpionidea - Same as Scorpiones.

Scotia - A concave molding used especially in classical architecture.

Scotia - Scotland

Scotoma - Scotomy.

Scriptoria - of Scriptorium

Scrobicula - One of the smooth areas surrounding the tubercles of a sea urchin.

Scrofula - A constitutional disease, generally hereditary, especially manifested by chronic enlargement and cheesy degeneration of the lymphatic glands, particularly those of the neck, and marked by a tendency to the development of chronic intractable inflammations of the skin, mucous membrane, bones, joints, and other parts, and by a diminution in the power of resistance to disease or injury and the capacity for recovery. Scrofula is now generally held to be tuberculous in character, and may develop into general or local tuberculosis (consumption).

Scrophularia - A genus of coarse herbs having small flowers in panicled cymes; figwort.

Scuta - See Scutum.

Scutella - See Scutellum.

Scutella - See Scutellum, n., 2.

Scutella - of Scutellum

Scutibranchia - Same as Scutibranchiata.

Scutibranchiata - An order of gastropod Mollusca having a heart with two auricles and one ventricle. The shell may be either spiral or shieldlike.

Scuta - of Scutum

Scybala - Hardened masses of feces.

Scylla - A dangerous rock on the Italian coast opposite the whirpool Charybdis on the coast of Sicily, -- both personified in classical literature as ravenous monsters. The passage between them was formerly considered perilous; hence, the saying "Between Scylla and Charybdis," signifying a great peril on either hand.

Scyllaea - A genus of oceanic nudibranchiate mollusks having the small branched gills situated on the upper side of four fleshy lateral lobes, and on the median caudal crest.

Scypha - See Scyphus, 2 (b).

Scyphistomata - of Scyphistoma

Scyphistoma - The young attached larva of Discophora in the stage when it resembles a hydroid, or actinian.

Scytodermata - Same as Holothurioidea.

Sea - One of the larger bodies of salt water, less than an ocean, found on the earth's surface; a body of salt water of second rank, generally forming part of, or connecting with, an ocean or a larger sea; as, the Mediterranean Sea; the Sea of Marmora; the North Sea; the Carribean Sea.

Sea - An inland body of water, esp. if large or if salt or brackish; as, the Caspian Sea; the Sea of Aral; sometimes, a small fresh-water lake; as, the Sea of Galilee.

Sea - The ocean; the whole body of the salt water which covers a large part of the globe.

Sea - The swell of the ocean or other body of water in a high wind; motion of the water's surface; also, a single wave; a billow; as, there was a high sea after the storm; the vessel shipped a sea.

Sea - A great brazen laver in the temple at Jerusalem; -- so called from its size.

Sea - Fig.: Anything resembling the sea in vastness; as, a sea of glory.

Sea cocoa - A magnificent palm (Lodoicea Sechellarum) found only in the Seychelles Islands. The fruit is an immense two-lobed nut. It was found floating in the Indian Ocean before the tree was known, and called sea cocoanut, and double cocoanut.

Seborrhea - A morbidly increased discharge of sebaceous matter upon the skin; stearrhea.

Securifera - The Serrifera.

Sedilia - Seats in the chancel of a church near the altar for the officiating clergy during intervals of service.

Selaginella - A genus of cryptogamous plants resembling Lycopodia, but producing two kinds of spores; also, any plant of this genus. Many species are cultivated in conservatories.

Semaeostomata - A division of Discophora having large free mouth lobes. It includes Aurelia, and Pelagia. Called also Semeostoma. See Illustr. under Discophora, and Medusa.

Semina - of Semen

Semiparabola - One branch of a parabola, being terminated at the principal vertex of the curve.

Semi pupa - The young of an insect in a stage between the larva and pupa.

Semita - A fasciole of a spatangoid sea urchin.

Semolella - See Semolina.

Semolina - The fine, hard parts of wheat, rounded by the attrition of the millstones, -- used in cookery.

Semuncia - A Roman coin equivalent to one twenty-fourth part of a Roman pound.

Senega - Seneca root.

Senna - The leaves of several leguminous plants of the genus Cassia. (C. acutifolia, C. angustifolia, etc.). They constitute a valuable but nauseous cathartic medicine.

Senna - The plants themselves, native to the East, but now cultivated largely in the south of Europe and in the West Indies.

Seora - A Spanish title of courtesy given to a lady; Mrs.; Madam; also, a lady.

Seorita - A Spanish title of courtesy given to a young lady; Miss; also, a young lady.

Sensoria - of Sensorium

Senza - Without; as, senza stromenti, without instruments.

Sepia - The common European cuttlefish.

Sepia - A genus comprising the common cuttlefish and numerous similar species. See Illustr. under Cuttlefish.

Sepia - A pigment prepared from the ink, or black secretion, of the sepia, or cuttlefish. Treated with caustic potash, it has a rich brown color; and this mixed with a red forms Roman sepia. Cf. India ink, under India.

Sepia - Of a dark brown color, with a little red in its composition; also, made of, or done in, sepia.

Septaemia - Septicaemia.

Septaria - of Septarium

Septicaemia - A poisoned condition of the blood produced by the absorption into it of septic or putrescent material; blood poisoning. It is marked by chills, fever, prostration, and inflammation of the different serous membranes and of the lungs, kidneys, and other organs.

Sequestra - of Sequestrum

Sequoia - A genus of coniferous trees, consisting of two species, Sequoia Washingtoniana, syn. S. gigantea, the "big tree" of California, and S. sempervirens, the redwood, both of which attain an immense height.

Seraphina - A seraphine.

Serenata - Alt. of Serenate

Seriema - A large South American bird (Dicholophus, / Cariama cristata) related to the cranes. It is often domesticated. Called also cariama.

Serpentaria - The fibrous aromatic root of the Virginia snakeroot (Aristolochia Serpentaria).

Serpula - Any one of numerous species of tubicolous annelids of the genus Serpula and allied genera of the family Serpulidae. They secrete a calcareous tube, which is usually irregularly contorted, but is sometimes spirally coiled. The worm has a wreath of plumelike and often bright-colored gills around its head, and usually an operculum to close the aperture of its tube when it retracts.

Serrifera - A division of Hymenoptera comprising the sawflies.

Serrula - The red-breasted merganser.

Sertularia - A genus of delicate branching hydroids having small sessile hydrothecae along the sides of the branches.

Sesquialtera - A stop on the organ, containing several ranks of pipes which reenforce some of the high harmonics of the ground tone, and make the sound more brilliant.

Sessa - Hurry; run.

Seta - Any slender, more or less rigid, bristlelike organ or part; as the hairs of a caterpillar, the slender spines of a crustacean, the hairlike processes of a protozoan, the bristles or stiff hairs on the leaves of some plants, or the pedicel of the capsule of a moss.

Seta - One of the movable chitinous spines or hooks of an annelid. They usually arise in clusters from muscular capsules, and are used in locomotion and for defense. They are very diverse in form.

Seta - One of the spinelike feathers at the base of the bill of certain birds.

Setula - A small, short hair or bristle; a small seta.

Sexagesima - The second Sunday before Lent; -- so called as being about the sixtieth day before Easter.

Shama - A saxicoline singing bird (Kittacincla macroura) of India, noted for the sweetness and power of its song. In confinement it imitates the notes of other birds and various animals with accuracy. Its head, neck, back, breast, and tail are glossy black, the rump white, the under parts chestnut.

Shastra - A treatise for authoritative instruction among the Hindoos; a book of institutes; especially, a treatise explaining the Vedas.

Shelfa - Alt. of Shilfa

Shilfa - The chaffinch; -- so named from its call note.

Shepherdia - A genus of shrubs having silvery scurfy leaves, and belonging to the same family as Elaeagnus; also, any plant of this genus. See Buffalo berry, under Buffalo.

Shola - See Sola.

Siaga - The ahu, or jairou.

Sicca - A seal; a coining die; -- used adjectively to designate the silver currency of the Mogul emperors, or the Indian rupee of 192 grains.

Sida - A genus of malvaceous plants common in the tropics. All the species are mucilaginous, and some have tough ligneous fibers which are used as a substitute for hemp and flax.

Sienna - Clay that is colored red or brown by the oxides of iron or manganese, and used as a pigment. It is used either in the raw state or burnt.

Sierra - A ridge of mountain and craggy rocks, with a serrated or irregular outline; as, the Sierra Nevada.

Siesta - A short sleep taken about the middle of the day, or after dinner; a midday nap.

Sieva - A small variety of the Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus).

Sigillaria - Little images or figures of earthenware exposed for sale, or given as presents, on the last two days of the Saturnalia; hence, the last two, or the sixth and seventh, days of the Saturnalia.

Sigillaria - A genus of fossil trees principally found in the coal formation; -- so named from the seallike leaf scars in vertical rows on the surface.

Sigilla - of Sigillum

Sigla - The signs, abbreviations, letters, or characters standing for words, shorthand, etc., in ancient manuscripts, or on coins, medals, etc.

Sigma - The Greek letter /, /, or / (English S, or s). It originally had the form of the English C.

Signora - Madam; Mrs; -- a title of address or respect among the Italians.

Signorina - Miss; -- a title of address among the Italians.

Silesia - A kind of linen cloth, originally made in Silesia, a province of Prussia.

Silesia - A twilled cotton fabric, used for dress linings.

Silica - Silicon dioxide, SiO/. It constitutes ordinary quartz (also opal and tridymite), and is artifically prepared as a very fine, white, tasteless, inodorous powder.

Silicea - Same as Silicoidea.

Silicioidea - Same as Silicoidea.

Silicoidea - An extensive order of Porifera, which includes those that have the skeleton composed mainly of siliceous fibers or spicules.

Silicula - A silicle.

Siliqua - Same as Silique.

Siliqua - A weight of four grains; a carat; -- a term used by jewelers, and refiners of gold.

Siliquosa - A Linnaean order of plants including those which bear siliques.

Silva - The forest trees of a region or country, considered collectively.

Silva - A description or history of the forest trees of a country.

Sima - A cyma.

Simia - A Linnaean genus of Quadrumana which included the types of numerous modern genera. By modern writers it is usually restricted to the genus which includes the orang-outang.

Simulacra - of Simulacrum

Sinopia - Alt. of Sinopis

Siphonata - A tribe of bivalve mollusks in which the posterior mantle border is prolonged into two tubes or siphons. Called also Siphoniata. See Siphon, 2 (a), and Quahaug.

Siphonia - A former name for a euphorbiaceous genus (Hevea) of South American trees, the principal source of caoutchouc.

Siphoniata - Same as Siphonata.

Siphonia - of Siphonium

Siphonobranchiata - A tribe of gastropods having the mantle border, on one or both sides, prolonged in the form of a spout through which water enters the gill cavity. The shell itself is not always siphonostomatous in this group.

Siphonophora - An order of pelagic Hydrozoa including species which form complex free-swimming communities composed of numerous zooids of various kinds, some of which act as floats or as swimming organs, others as feeding or nutritive zooids, and others as reproductive zooids. See Illust. under Physallia, and Porpita.

Siphonopoda - A division of Scaphopoda including those in which the foot terminates in a circular disk.

Siphonostomata - A tribe of parasitic copepod Crustacea including a large number of species that are parasites of fishes, as the lerneans. They have a mouth adapted to suck blood.

Siphonostomata - An artificial division of gastropods including those that have siphonostomatous shells.

Sipunculacea - A suborder of Gephyrea, including those which have the body unarmed and the intestine opening anteriorly.

Sipunculoidea - Same as Gephyrea.

Sipunculoidea - In a restricted sense, same as Sipunculacea.

Sitophobia - A version to food; refusal to take nourishment.

Siva - One of the triad of Hindoo gods. He is the avenger or destroyer, and in modern worship symbolizes the reproductive power of nature.

Skua - Any jager gull; especially, the Megalestris skua; -- called also boatswain.

Stasmia - of Stasimon

Sultana - The wife of a sultan; a sultaness.

Sultana - A kind of seedless raisin produced near Smyrna in Asiatic Turkey.

Tonga - A drug useful in neuralgia, derived from a Fijian plant supposed to be of the aroid genus Epipremnum.

Tubercula - of Tuberculum

Tubipora - A genus of halcyonoids in which the skeleton, or coral (called organ-pipe coral), consists of a mass of parallel cylindrical tubes united at intervals by transverse plates. These corals are usually red or purple and form large masses. They are natives of the tropical parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Tubularia - A genus of hydroids having large, naked, flowerlike hydranths at the summits of long, slender, usually simple, stems. The gonophores are small, and form clusters at the bases of the outer tentacles.

Tubularida - An extensive division of Hydroidea; the tubularians; -- called also Athecata, Gymnoblastea, and Tubulariae.

Smegma - The matter secreted by any of the sebaceous glands.

Smegma - The soapy substance covering the skin of newborn infants.

Smegma - The cheesy, sebaceous matter which collects between the glans penis and the foreskin.

Soda - Sodium oxide or hydroxide.

Soda - Popularly, sodium carbonate or bicarbonate.

Sofa - A long seat, usually with a cushioned bottom, back, and ends; -- much used as a comfortable piece of furniture.

Softa - Any one attached to a Mohammedan mosque, esp. a student of the higher branches of theology in a mosque school.

Soja - An Asiatic leguminous herb (Glycine Soja) the seeds of which are used in preparing the sauce called soy.

Sola - See Solus.

Sola - A leguminous plant (Aeschynomene aspera) growing in moist places in Southern India and the East Indies. Its pithlike stem is used for making hats, swimming-jackets, etc.

Solania - Solanine.

Solaria - of Solarium

Solenoconcha - Same as Scaphopoda.

Solenogastra - An order of lowly organized Mollusca belonging to the Isopleura. A narrow groove takes the place of the foot of other gastropods.

Solenoglypha - A suborder of serpents including those which have tubular erectile fangs, as the viper and rattlesnake. See Fang.

Sol-fa - To sing the notes of the gamut, ascending or descending; as, do or ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, do, or the same in reverse order.

Sol-fa - The gamut, or musical scale. See Tonic sol-fa, under Tonic, n.

Solfanaria - A sulphur mine.

Solfatara - A volcanic area or vent which yields only sulphur vapors, steam, and the like. It represents the stages of the volcanic activity.

Solidungula - A tribe of ungulates which includes the horse, ass, and related species, constituting the family Equidae.

Solpugidea - Same as Solifugae.

Sola - Alone; -- chiefly used in stage directions, and the like.

Soma - The whole axial portion of an animal, including the head, neck, trunk, and tail.

Sonata - An extended composition for one or two instruments, consisting usually of three or four movements; as, Beethoven's sonatas for the piano, for the violin and piano, etc.

Sonatina - A short and simple sonata.

Soodra - Same as Sudra.

Soorma - A preparation of antimony with which Mohammedan men anoint their eyelids.

Sophora - A genus of leguminous plants.

Sophora - A tree (Sophora Japonica) of Eastern Asia, resembling the common locust; occasionally planted in the United States.

Sophta - See Softa.

Sopra - Above; before; over; upon.

Sora - A North American rail (Porzana Carolina) common in the Eastern United States. Its back is golden brown, varied with black and white, the front of the head and throat black, the breast and sides of the head and neck slate-colored. Called also American rail, Carolina rail, Carolina crake, common rail, sora rail, soree, meadow chicken, and orto.

Soredia - pl. of Soredium.

Soredia - of Soredium

Sorema - A heap of carpels belonging to one flower.

Spa - A spring or mineral water; -- so called from a place of this name in Belgium.

Spanaemia - A condition of impoverishment of the blood; a morbid state in which the red corpuscles, or other important elements of the blood, are deficient.

Sparada - A small California surf fish (Micrometrus aggregatus); -- called also shiner.

Spatangoidea - An order of irregular sea urchins, usually having a more or less heart-shaped shell with four or five petal-like ambulacra above. The mouth is edentulous and situated anteriorly, on the under side.

Spatha - A spathe.

Spatula - An implement shaped like a knife, flat, thin, and somewhat flexible, used for spreading paints, fine plasters, drugs in compounding prescriptions, etc. Cf. Palette knife, under Palette.

Spectra - of Spectrum

Specula - of Speculum

Spermatheca - A small sac connected with the female reproductive organs of insects and many other invertebrates, serving to receive and retain the spermatozoa.

Spermatia - of Spermatium

Spermatogemma - Same as Spermosphere.

Spermatoa - of Spermatoon

Spermatorrhea - Alt. of Spermatorrhoea

Spermatorrhoea - Abnormally frequent involuntary emission of the semen without copulation.

Spermatozoa - of Spermatozoon

Spermidia - of Spermidium

Spermophyta - Plants which produce seed; phaenogamia. These plants constitute the highest grand division of the vegetable kingdom.

Spermoplasma - The protoplasm of the sperm cell.

Sphaerenchyma - Vegetable tissue composed of thin-walled rounded cells, -- a modification of parenchyma.

Sphaeridia - of Sphaeridium

Spherobacteria - See the Note under Microbacteria.

Spica - A kind of bandage passing, by successive turns and crosses, from an extremity to the trunk; -- so called from its resemblance to a spike of a barley.

Spica - A star of the first magnitude situated in the constellation Virgo.

Spicula - A little spike; a spikelet.

Spicula - A pointed fleshy appendage.

Spicula - of Spiculum

Spina bifida - A congenital malformation in which the spinal column is cleft at its lower portion, and the membranes of the spinal cord project as an elastic swelling from the gap thus formed.

Spiodea - An extensive division of marine Annelida, including those that are without oral tentacles or cirri, and have the gills, when present, mostly arranged along the sides of the body. They generally live in burrows or tubes.

Spiraea - A genus of shrubs or perennial herbs including the meadowsweet and the hardhack.

Spirobacteria - See the Note under Microbacteria.

Spirochaeta - Alt. of Spirochaete

Spirula - A genus of cephalopods having a multilocular, internal, siphunculated shell in the form of a flat spiral, the coils of which are not in contact.

Splenalgia - Pain over the region of the spleen.

Spongida - Spongiae.

Spongilla - A genus of siliceous spongea found in fresh water.

Spongiozoa - See Sponglae.

Sporangia - of Sporangium

Sporidia - of Sporidium

Sporozoa - An extensive division of parasitic Protozoa, which increase by sporulation. It includes the Gregarinida.

Sportula - A gift; a present; a prize; hence, an alms; a largess.

Sputa - of Sputum

Squama - A scale cast off from the skin; a thin dry shred consisting of epithelium.

Squamata - A division of edentates having the body covered with large, imbricated horny scales. It includes the pangolins.

Squamella - A diminutive scale or bractlet, such as those found on the receptacle in many composite plants; a palea.

Squamula - One of the little hypogynous scales found in the flowers of grasses; a lodicule.

Squilla - Any one of numerous stomapod crustaceans of the genus Squilla and allied genera. They make burrows in mud or beneath stones on the seashore. Called also mantis shrimp. See Illust. under Stomapoda.

Stadia - of Stadium

Stamina - of Stamen

Stamina - See Stamen.

Stamina - The fixed, firm part of a body, which supports it or gives it strength and solidity; as, the bones are the stamina of animal bodies; the ligneous parts of trees are the stamina which constitute their strength.

Stamina - Whatever constitutes the principal strength or support of anything; power of endurance; backbone; vigor; as, the stamina of a constitution or of life; the stamina of a State.

Staminodia - of Staminodium

Stanza - A number of lines or verses forming a division of a song or poem, and agreeing in meter, rhyme, number of lines, etc., with other divisions; a part of a poem, ordinarily containing every variation of measure in that poem; a combination or arrangement of lines usually recurring; whether like or unlike, in measure.

Stanza - An apartment or division in a building; a room or chamber.

Stapelia - An extensive and curious genus of African plants of the natural order Asclepiadaceae (Milkweed family). They are succulent plants without leaves, frequently covered with dark tubercles giving them a very grotesque appearance. The odor of the blossoms is like that of carrion.

Staphyloma - A protrusion of any part of the globe of the eye; as, a staphyloma of the cornea.

Statua - A statue.

Stearrhea - seborrhea.

Steatoma - A cyst containing matter like suet.

Steatopyga - A remarkable accretion of fat upon the buttocks of Africans of certain tribes, especially of Hottentot women.

Steganophthalmata - The Discophora, or Phanerocarpae. Called also Steganophthalmia.

Stegocephala - An extinct order of amphibians found fossil in the Mesozoic rocks; called also Stegocephali, and Labyrinthodonta.

Stegosauria - An extinct order of herbivorous dinosaurs, including the genera Stegosaurus, Omosaurus, and their allies.

Stela - A small column or pillar, used as a monument, milestone, etc.

Stellerida - An extensive group of echinoderms, comprising the starfishes and ophiurans.

Stelmatopoda - Same as Gymnolaemata.

Stemmata - of Stemma

Stemma - One of the ocelli of an insect. See Ocellus.

Stemma - One of the facets of a compound eye of any arthropod.

Sterelmintha - Same as Platyelminthes.

Sternebra - One of the segments of the sternum.

Sterna - of Sternum

Stichida - of Stichidium

Stigmata - of Stigma

Stigma - A mark made with a burning iron; a brand.

Stigma - Any mark of infamy or disgrace; sign of moral blemish; stain or reproach caused by dishonorable conduct; reproachful characterization.

Stigma - That part of a pistil which has no epidermis, and is fitted to receive the pollen. It is usually the terminal portion, and is commonly somewhat glutinous or viscid. See Illust. of Stamen and of Flower.

Stigma - A small spot, mark, scar, or a minute hole; -- applied especially to a spot on the outer surface of a Graafian follicle, and to spots of intercellular substance in scaly epithelium, or to minute holes in such spots.

Stigma - A red speck upon the skin, produced either by the extravasation of blood, as in the bloody sweat characteristic of certain varieties of religious ecstasy, or by capillary congestion, as in the case of drunkards.

Stigma - One of the external openings of the tracheae of insects, myriapods, and other arthropods; a spiracle.

Stigma - One of the apertures of the pulmonary sacs of arachnids. See Illust. of Scorpion.

Stigma - One of the apertures of the gill of an ascidian, and of Amphioxus.

Stigma - A point so connected by any law whatever with another point, called an index, that as the index moves in any manner in a plane the first point or stigma moves in a determinate way in the same plane.

Stigma - Marks believed to have been supernaturally impressed upon the bodies of certain persons in imitation of the wounds on the crucified body of Christ. See def. 5, above.

Stigmaria - The fossil root stem of a coal plant of the genus Sigillaria.

Stigmata - pl. of Stigma.

Stipula - A stipule.

Stipula - A newly sprouted feather.

Stola - A long garment, descending to the ankles, worn by Roman women.

Stomata - of Stoma

Stoma - One of the minute apertures between the cells in many serous membranes.

Stoma - The minute breathing pores of leaves or other organs opening into the intercellular spaces, and usually bordered by two contractile cells.

Stoma - The line of dehiscence of the sporangium of a fern. It is usually marked by two transversely elongated cells. See Illust. of Sporangium.

Stoma - A stigma. See Stigma, n., 6 (a) & (b).

Stomapoda - An order of Crustacea including the squillas. The maxillipeds are leglike in form, and the large claws are comblike. They have a large and elongated abdomen, which contains a part of the stomach and heart; the abdominal appendages are large, and bear the gills. Called also Gastrula, Stomatopoda, and Squilloidea.

Stomatoda - A division of Protozoa in which a mouthlike opening exists.

Stomatopoda - Same as Stomapoda.

Stragula - of Stragulum

Strata - pl. of Stratum.

Strata - of Stratum

Strelitzia - A genus of plants related to the banana, found at the Cape of Good Hope. They have rigid glaucous distichous leaves, and peculiar richly colored flowers.

Strepsiptera - A group of small insects having the anterior wings rudimentary, and in the form of short and slender twisted appendages, while the posterior ones are large and membranous. They are parasitic in the larval state on bees, wasps, and the like; -- called also Rhipiptera. See Illust. under Rhipipter.

Strepsorhina - Same as Lemuroidea.

Streptobacteria - A so-called variety of bacterium, consisting in reality of several bacteria linked together in the form of a chain.

Streptoneura - An extensive division of gastropod Mollusca in which the loop or visceral nerves is twisted, and the sexes separate. It is nearly to equivalent to Prosobranchiata.

Stria - A minute groove, or channel; a threadlike line, as of color; a narrow structural band or line; a striation; as, the striae, or groovings, produced on a rock by a glacier passing over it; the striae on the surface of a shell; a stria of nervous matter in the brain.

Stria - A fillet between the flutes of columns, pilasters, or the like.

Strobila - A form of the larva of certain Discophora in a state of development succeeding the scyphistoma. The body of the strobila becomes elongated, and subdivides transversely into a series of lobate segments which eventually become ephyrae, or young medusae.

Strobila - A mature tapeworm.

Stromata - of Stroma

Stroma - The connective tissue or supporting framework of an organ; as, the stroma of the kidney.

Stroma - The spongy, colorless framework of a red blood corpuscle or other cell.

Stroma - A layer or mass of cellular tissue, especially that part of the thallus of certain fungi which incloses the perithecia.

Strontia - An earth of a white color resembling lime in appearance, and baryta in many of its properties. It is an oxide of the metal strontium.

Struma - Scrofula.

Struma - A cushionlike swelling on any organ; especially, that at the base of the capsule in many mosses.

Struthioidea - Same as Struthiones.

Strychnia - Strychnine.

Stufa - A jet of steam issuing from a fissure in the earth.

Stupa - A mound or monument commemorative of Buddha.

Stupa - See 1st Stupe.

Styca - An anglo-Saxon copper coin of the lowest value, being worth half a farthing.

Stylommata - Same as Stylommatophora.

Stylommatophora - A division of Pulmonata in which the eyes are situated at the tips of the tentacles. It includes the common land snails and slugs. See Illust. under Snail.

Stylopodia - of Stylopodium

Subgenera - of Subgenus

Sublingua - A process or fold below the tongue in some animals.

Submenta - of Submentum

Subpena - See Subpoena.

Subpoena - A writ commanding the attendance in court, as a witness, of the person on whom it is served, under a penalty; the process by which a defendant in equity is commanded to appear and answer the plaintiff's bill.

Subpoena - To serve with a writ of subpoena; to command attendance in court by a legal writ, under a penalty in case of disobedience.

Subsellia - of Subsellium

Substrata - of Substratum

Subumbrella - The integument of the under surface of the bell, or disk-shaped body, of a jellyfish.

Succedanea - of Succedaneum

Succuba - A female demon or fiend. See Succubus.

Succula - A bare axis or cylinder with staves or levers in it to turn it round, but without any drum.

Suctoria - An order of Infusoria having the body armed with somewhat stiff, tubular processes which they use as suckers in obtaining their food. They are usually stalked.

Suctoria - Same as Rhizocephala.

Sudamina - Minute vesicles surrounded by an area of reddened skin, produced by excessive sweating.

Sudatoria - of Sudatorium

Sudra - The lowest of the four great castes among the Hindoos. See Caste.

Sula - A genus of sea birds including the booby and the common gannet.

Sunna - A collection of traditions received by the orthodox Mohammedans as of equal authority with the Koran.

Supermaxilla - The supermaxilla.

Superstrata - of Superstatum

Supra - Over; above; before; also, beyond; besides; -- much used as a prefix.

Supramaxilla - The upper jaw or maxilla.

Sura - One of the sections or chapters of the Koran, which are one hundred and fourteen in number.

Suspensoria - of Suspensorium

Sutra - A precept; an aphorism; a brief rule.

Sutra - A collection of such aphorisms.

Sutra - A body of Hindoo literature containing aphorisms on grammar, meter, law, and philosophy, and forming a connecting link between the Vedic and later Sanscrit literature.

Swa - So.

Swietenia - A genus of meliaceous trees consisting of one species (Sweitenia Mahogoni), the mahogany tree.

Syllabaria - of Syllabarium

Sylva - Same as Silva.

Symphyla - An order of small apterous insects having an elongated body, with three pairs of thoracic and about nine pairs of abdominal legs. They are, in many respects, intermediate between myriapods and true insects.

Sympodia - of Sympodium

Symposia - of Symposium

Synalepha - A contraction of syllables by suppressing some vowel or diphthong at the end of a word, before another vowel or diphthong; as, th' army, for the army.

Synaloepha - Same as Synalepha.

Synangia - of Synangium

Synapta - A genus of slender, transparent holothurians which have delicate calcareous anchors attached to the dermal plates. See Illustration in Appendix.

Synapticula - One of numerous calcareous processes which extend between, and unite, the adjacent septa of certain corals, especially of the fungian corals.

Synarthrodia - Synarthrosis.

Syncarpia - of Syncarpium

Synclinoria - of Synclinorium

Syncitia - of Syncytium

Synechia - A disease of the eye, in which the iris adheres to the cornea or to the capsule of the crystalline lens.

Syngenesia - A Linnaean class of plants in which the stamens are united by the anthers.

Synocha - See Synochus.

Synonyma - Synonyms.

Synovia - A transparent, viscid, lubricating fluid which contains mucin and secreted by synovial membranes; synovial fluid.

Syringa - A genus of plants; the lilac.

Syringa - The mock orange; -- popularly so called because its stems were formerly used as pipestems.

Syrma - A long dress, trailing on the floor, worn by tragic actors in Greek and Roman theaters.

Ta - To take.

Tabula - A table; a tablet.

Tabula - One of the transverse plants found in the calicles of certain corals and hydroids.

Tabulata - An artificial group of stony corals including those which have transverse septa in the calicles. The genera Pocillopora and Favosites are examples.

Tacamahaca - A bitter balsamic resin obtained from tropical American trees of the genus Elaphrium (E. tomentosum and E. Tacamahaca), and also from East Indian trees of the genus Calophyllum; also, the resinous exhudation of the balsam poplar.

Tacamahaca - Any tree yielding tacamahac resin, especially, in North America, the balsam poplar, or balm of Gilead (Populus balsamifera).

Tachina - Any one of numerous species of Diptera belonging to Tachina and allied genera. Their larvae are external parasites of other insects.

Tachyglossa - A division of monotremes which comprises the spiny ant-eaters of Australia and New Guinea. See Illust. under Echidna.

Taenia - A genus of intestinal worms which includes the common tapeworms of man. See Tapeworm.

Taenia - A band; a structural line; -- applied to several bands and lines of nervous matter in the brain.

Taenia - The fillet, or band, at the bottom of a Doric frieze, separating it from the architrave.

Taeniada - Same as Taenioidea.

Taeniata - A division of Ctenophora including those which have a long, ribbonlike body. The Venus's girdle is the most familiar example.

Taenidia - of Taenidium

Taenioglossa - An extensive division of gastropod mollusks in which the odontophore is long and narrow, and usually bears seven rows of teeth. It includes a large number of families both marine and fresh-water.

Taenioidea - The division of cestode worms which comprises the tapeworms. See Tapeworm.

Taeniola - One of the radial partitions which separate the internal cavities of certain medusae.

Taffeta - Alt. of Taffety

Tafia - A variety of rum.

Taglia - A peculiar combination of pulleys.

Taha - The African rufous-necked weaver bird (Hyphantornis texor).

Taira - Same as Tayra.

Talaria - Small wings or winged shoes represented as fastened to the ankles, -- chiefly used as an attribute of Mercury.

Talegalla - A genus of Australian birds which includes the brush turkey. See Brush turkey.

Talma - A kind of large cape, or short, full cloak, forming part of the dress of ladies.

Talma - A similar garment worn formerly by gentlemen.

Talpa - A genus of small insectivores including the common European mole.

Tana - Same as Banxring.

Tanghinia - The ordeal tree. See under Ordeal.

Tanka - A kind of boat used in Canton. It is about 25 feet long and is often rowed by women. Called also tankia.

Tankia - See Tanka.

Tanystomata - A division of dipterous insects in which the proboscis is large and contains lancelike mandibles and maxillae. The horseflies and robber flies are examples.

Tapa - A kind of cloth prepared by the Polynesians from the inner bark of the paper mulberry; -- sometimes called also kapa.

Taphrenchyma - Same as Bothrenchyma.

Tapioca - A coarsely granular substance obtained by heating, and thus partly changing, the moistened starch obtained from the roots of the cassava. It is much used in puddings and as a thickening for soups. See Cassava.

Tapoa tafa - A small carnivorous marsupial (Phascogale penicillata) having long, soft fur, and a very long tail with a tuft of long hairs at the end; -- called also brush-tailed phascogale.

Tarantella - A rapid and delirious sort of Neapolitan dance in 6-8 time, which moves in whirling triplets; -- so called from a popular notion of its being a remedy against the poisonous bite of the tarantula. Some derive its name from Taranto in Apulia.

Tarantella - Music suited to such a dance.

Tarantula - Any one of several species of large spiders, popularly supposed to be very venomous, especially the European species (Tarantula apuliae). The tarantulas of Texas and adjacent countries are large species of Mygale.

Tardigrada - A tribe of edentates comprising the sloths. They are noted for the slowness of their movements when on the ground. See Sloth, 3.

Tardigrada - An order of minute aquatic arachnids; -- called also bear animalcules, sloth animalcules, and water bears.

Tarentula - See Tarantula.

Tarsalia - of Tarsale

Tarsia - Alt. of Tarsiatura

Tarsiatura - A kind of mosaic in woodwork, much employed in Italy in the fifteenth century and later, in which scrolls and arabesques, and sometimes architectural scenes, landscapes, fruits, flowers, and the like, were produced by inlaying pieces of wood of different colors and shades into panels usually of walnut wood.

Tataupa - A South American tinamou (Crypturus tataupa).

Tatta - A bamboo frame or trellis hung at a door or window of a house, over which water is suffered to trickle, in order to moisten and cool the air as it enters.

Taurocolla - Glue made from a bull's hide.

Taxeopoda - An order of extinct Mammalia found in the Tertiary formations.

Tayra - A South American carnivore (Galera barbara) allied to the grison. The tail is long and thick. The length, including the tail, is about three feet.

Tazza - An ornamental cup or vase with a large, flat, shallow bowl, resting on a pedestal and often having handles.

Tchawytcha - The quinnat salmon.

Tea - The prepared leaves of a shrub, or small tree (Thea, / Camellia, Chinensis). The shrub is a native of China, but has been introduced to some extent into some other countries.

Tea - A decoction or infusion of tea leaves in boiling water; as, tea is a common beverage.

Tea - Any infusion or decoction, especially when made of the dried leaves of plants; as, sage tea; chamomile tea; catnip tea.

Tea - The evening meal, at which tea is usually served; supper.

Tea - To take or drink tea.

Tectibranchia - Same as Tectibranchiata.

Tectibranchiata - An order, or suborder, of gastropod Mollusca in which the gills are usually situated on one side of the back, and protected by a fold of the mantle. When there is a shell, it is usually thin and delicate and often rudimentary. The aplysias and the bubble shells are examples.

Tegmina - of Tegmen

Tegmenta - of Tegmentum

Tegula - A small appendage situated above the base of the wings of Hymenoptera and attached to the mesonotum.

Tellina - A genus of marine bivalve mollusks having thin, delicate, and often handsomely colored shells.

Telotrocha - An annelid larva having telotrochal bands of cilia.

Tempera - A mode or process of painting; distemper.

Tenacula - of Tenaculum

Tenia - See Taenia.

Tentaculata - A division of Ctenophora including those which have two long tentacles.

Tentaculifera - Same as Suctoria, 1.

Tentacula - of Tentaculum

Tephrosia - A genus of leguminous shrubby plants and herbs, mostly found in tropical countries, a few herbaceous species being North American. The foliage is often ashy-pubescent, whence the name.

Tequila - An intoxicating liquor made from the maguey in the district of Tequila, Mexico.

Teratoma - A tumor, sometimes found in newborn children, which is made up of a heterigenous mixture of tissues, as of bone, cartilage and muscle.

Terebra - A genus of marine gastropods having a long, tapering spire. They belong to the Toxoglossa. Called also auger shell.

Terebra - The boring ovipositor of a hymenopterous insect.

Terebrantia - A division of Hymenoptera including those which have an ovipositor adapted for perforating plants. It includes the sawflies.

Terebratula - A genus of brachiopods which includes many living and some fossil species. The larger valve has a perforated beak, through which projects a short peduncle for attachment. Called also lamp shell.

Terga - of Tergum

Terma - The terminal lamina, or thin ventral part, of the anterior wall of the third ventricle of the brain.

Terminalia - A festival celebrated annually by the Romans on February 23 in honor of Terminus, the god of boundaries.

Terra - The earth; earth.

Terza rima - A peculiar and complicated system of versification, borrowed by the early Italian poets from the Troubadours.

Tessellata - A division of Crinoidea including numerous fossil species in which the body is covered with tessellated plates.

Tessera - A small piece of marble, glass, earthenware, or the like, having a square, or nearly square, face, used by the ancients for mosaic, as for making pavements, for ornamenting walls, and like purposes; also, a similar piece of ivory, bone, wood, etc., used as a ticket of admission to theaters, or as a certificate for successful gladiators, and as a token for various other purposes.

Testa - The external hard or firm covering of many invertebrate animals.

Testa - The outer integument of a seed; the episperm, or spermoderm.

Testacea - Invertebrate animals covered with shells, especially mollusks; shellfish.

Testudinata - An order of reptiles which includes the turtles and tortoises. The body is covered by a shell consisting of an upper or dorsal shell, called the carapace, and a lower or ventral shell, called the plastron, each of which consists of several plates.

Tethyodea - A division of Tunicata including the common attached ascidians, both simple and compound. Called also Tethioidea.

Tetrabranchiata - An order of Cephalopoda having four gills. Among living species it includes only the pearly nautilus. Numerous genera and species are found in the fossil state, such as Ammonites, Baculites, Orthoceras, etc.

Tetracoralla - Same as Rugosa.

Tetractinellida - A division of Spongiae in which the spicules are siliceous and have four branches diverging at right angles. Called also Tetractinellinae.

Tetradecapoda - Same as Arthrostraca.

Tetradrachma - A silver coin among the ancient Greeks, of the value of four drachms.

Tetradynamia - A Linnaean class of plants having six stamens, four of which are longer than the others.

Tetragynia - A Linnaean order of plants having four styles.

Tetramera - A division of Coleoptera having, apparently, only four tarsal joints, one joint being rudimentary.

Tetrandria - A Linnaean class of plants having four stamens.

Tetrapla - A Bible consisting of four different Greek versions arranged in four columns by Origen; hence, any version in four languages or four columns.

Tetraneumona - A division of Arachnida including those spiders which have four lungs, or pulmonary sacs. It includes the bird spiders (Mygale) and the trapdoor spiders. See Mygale.

Thalamophora - Same as Foraminifera.

Thalia - That one of the nine Muses who presided over comedy.

Thalia - One of the three Graces.

Thalia - One of the Nereids.

Thaliacea - A division of Tunicata comprising the free-swimming species, such as Salpa and Doliolum.

Thea - A genus of plants found in China and Japan; the tea plant.

Theca - A sheath; a case; as, the theca, or cell, of an anther; the theca, or spore case, of a fungus; the theca of the spinal cord.

Theca - The chitinous cup which protects the hydranths of certain hydroids.

Theca - The more or less cuplike calicle of a coral.

Theca - The wall forming a calicle of a coral.

Thecata - Same as Thecophora.

Thecla - Any one of many species of small delicately colored butterflies belonging to Thecla and allied genera; -- called also hairstreak, and elfin.

Thecodontia - A group of fossil saurians having biconcave vertebrae and the teeth implanted in sockets.

Thecophora - A division of hydroids comprising those which have the hydranths in thecae and the gonophores in capsules. The campanularians and sertularians are examples. Called also Thecata. See Illust. under Hydroidea.

Thecosomata - An order of Pteropoda comprising those species which have a shell. See Pteropoda.

Theobroma - A genus of small trees. See Cacao.

Theorica - Public moneys expended at Athens on festivals, sacrifices, and public entertainments (especially theatrical performances), and in gifts to the people; -- also called theoric fund.

Theriaca - An ancient composition esteemed efficacious against the effects of poison; especially, a certain compound of sixty-four drugs, prepared, pulverized, and reduced by means of honey to an electuary; -- called also theriaca Andromachi, and Venice treacle.

Theriaca - Treacle; molasses.

Theriodonta - Same as Theriodontia.

Theriodontia - An extinct order of reptiles found in the Permian and Triassic formations in South Africa. In some respects they resembled carnivorous mammals. Called also Theromorpha.

Theromorpha - See Theriodonta.

Theropoda - An order of carnivorous dinosaurs in which the feet are less birdlike, and hence more like those of an ordinary quadruped, than in the Ornithopoda. It includes the rapacious genera Megalosaurus, Creosaurus, and their allies.

Theta - A letter of the Greek alphabet corresponding to th in English; -- sometimes called the unlucky letter, from being used by the judges on their ballots in passing condemnation on a prisoner, it being the first letter of the Greek qa`natos, death.

Thoracica - A division of cirripeds including those which have six thoracic segments, usually bearing six pairs of cirri. The common barnacles are examples.

Thoracostraca - An extensive division of Crustacea, having a dorsal shield or carapec/ //niting all, or nearly all, of the thoracic somites to the head. It includes the crabs, lobsters, shrimps, and similar species.

Thoria - A rare white earthy substance, consisting of the oxide of thorium; -- formerly called also thorina.

Thuja - A genus of evergreen trees, thickly branched, remarkable for the distichous arrangement of their branches, and having scalelike, closely imbricated, or compressed leaves.

Thulia - Oxide of thulium.

Thuya - Same as Thuja.

Thysanoptera - A division of insects, considered by some writers a distinct order, but regarded by others as belonging to the Hemiptera. They are all of small size, and have narrow, broadly fringed wings with rudimentary nervures. Most of the species feed upon the juices of plants, and some, as those which attack grain, are very injurious to crops. Called also Physopoda. See Thrips.

Thysanura - An order of wingless hexapod insects which have setiform caudal appendages, either bent beneath the body to form a spring, or projecting as bristles. It comprises the Cinura, or bristletails, and the Collembola, or springtails. Called also Thysanoura. See Lepisma, and Podura.

Tiara - A form of headdress worn by the ancient Persians. According to Xenophon, the royal tiara was encircled with a diadem, and was high and erect, while those of the people were flexible, or had rims turned over.

Tiara - The pope's triple crown. It was at first a round, high cap, but was afterward encompassed with a crown, subsequently with a second, and finally with a third. Fig.: The papal dignity.

Tibia - The inner, or preaxial, and usually the larger, of the two bones of the leg or hind limb below the knee.

Tibia - The fourth joint of the leg of an insect. See Illust. under Coleoptera, and under Hexapoda.

Tibia - A musical instrument of the flute kind, originally made of the leg bone of an animal.

Tibialia - of Tibiale

Ticpolonga - A very venomous viper (Daboia Russellii), native of Ceylon and India; -- called also cobra monil.

Tigella - That part of an embryo which represents the young stem; the caulicle or radicle.

Tillandsia - A genus of epiphytic endogenous plants found in the Southern United States and in tropical America. Tillandsia usneoides, called long moss, black moss, Spanish moss, and Florida moss, has a very slender pendulous branching stem, and forms great hanging tufts on the branches of trees. It is often used for stuffing mattresses.

Tillodontia - An extinct group of Mammalia found fossil in the Eocene formation. The species are related to the carnivores, ungulates, and rodents. Called also Tillodonta.

Tinea - A name applied to various skin diseases, but especially to ringworm. See Ringworm, and Sycosis.

Tinea - A genus of small Lepidoptera, including the clothes moths and carpet moths.

Tipula - Any one of many species of long-legged dipterous insects belonging to Tipula and allied genera. They have long and slender bodies. See Crane fly, under Crane.

Tirma - The oyster catcher.

Tirralirra - A verbal imitation of a musical sound, as of the note of a lark or a horn.

Tiza - See Ulexite.

Toccata - An old form of piece for the organ or harpsichord, somewhat in the free and brilliant style of the prelude, fantasia, or capriccio.

Toga - The loose outer garment worn by the ancient Romans, consisting of a single broad piece of woolen cloth of a shape approaching a semicircle. It was of undyed wool, except the border of the toga praetexta.

Tola - A weight of British India. The standard tola is equal to 180 grains.

Tomenta - of Tomentum

Tomia - of Tomium

Tormina - acute, colicky pains; gripes.

Tornaria - The peculiar free swimming larva of Balanoglossus. See Illust. in Append.

Torta - a flat heap of moist, crushed silver ore, prepared for the patio process.

Tortilla - An unleavened cake, as of maize flour, baked on a heated iron or stone.

Torula - A chain of special bacteria. (b) A genus of budding fungi. Same as Saccharomyces. Also used adjectively.

Tota - The grivet.

Tox/mia - Blood poisoning. See under Blood.

Toxicomania - Toxiphobia.

Toxicomania - An insane desire for intoxicating or poisonous drugs, as alcohol or opium.

Toxifera - Same as Toxoglossa.

Toxiphobia - An insane or greatly exaggerated dread of poisons.

Toxodonta - An extinct order of Mammalia found in the South American Tertiary formation. The incisor teeth were long and curved and provided with a persistent pulp. They are supposed to be related both to the rodents and ungulates. Called also Toxodontia.

Toxoglossa - A division of marine gastropod mollusks in which the radula are converted into poison fangs. The cone shells (Conus), Pleurotoma, and Terebra, are examples. See Illust. of Cone, n., 4, Pleurotoma, and Terebra.

Trabea - A toga of purple, or ornamented with purple horizontal stripes. -- worn by kings, consuls, and augurs.

Trabecula - A small bar, rod, bundle of fibers, or septal membrane, in the framework of an organ part.

Trachea - The windpipe. See Illust. of Lung.

Trachea - One of the respiratory tubes of insects and arachnids.

Trachea - One of the large cells in woody tissue which have spiral, annular, or other markings, and are connected longitudinally so as to form continuous ducts.

Trachearia - A division of Arachnida including those that breathe only by means of tracheae. It includes the mites, ticks, false scorpions, and harvestmen.

Tracheata - An extensive division of arthropods comprising all those which breathe by tracheae, as distinguished from Crustacea, which breathe by means of branchiae.

Trachelipoda - An extensive artificial group of gastropods comprising all those which have a spiral shell and the foot attached to the base of the neck.

Trachenchyma - A vegetable tissue consisting of tracheae.

Tracheobranchia - One of the gill-like breathing organs of certain aquatic insect larvae. They contain tracheal tubes somewhat similar to those of other insects.

Trachystomata - An order of tailed aquatic amphibians, including Siren and Pseudobranchus. They have anterior legs only, are eel-like in form, and have no teeth except a small patch on the palate. The external gills are persistent through life.

Tradescantia - A genus including spiderwort and Wandering Jew.

Trapezia - of Trapezium

Trehala - An amorphous variety of manna obtained from the nests and cocoons of a Syrian coleopterous insect (Larinus maculatus, L. nidificans, etc.) which feeds on the foliage of a variety of thistle. It is used as an article of food, and is called also nest sugar.

Trematodea - An extensive order of parasitic worms. They are found in the internal cavities of animals belonging to all classes. Many species are found, also, on the gills and skin of fishes. A few species are parasitic on man, and some, of which the fluke is the most important, are injurious parasites of domestic animals. The trematodes usually have a flattened body covered with a chitinous skin, and are furnished with two or more suckers for adhesion. Most of the species are hermaphrodite. Called also Trematoda, and Trematoidea. See Fluke, Tristoma, and Cercaria.

Tremella - A genus of gelatinous fungi found in moist grounds.

Triandria - A Linnaean class of plants having three distinct and equal stamens.

Trica - An apothecium in certain lichens, having a spherical surface marked with spiral or concentric ridges and furrows.

Trichina - A small, slender nematoid worm (Trichina spiralis) which, in the larval state, is parasitic, often in immense numbers, in the voluntary muscles of man, the hog, and many other animals. When insufficiently cooked meat containing the larvae is swallowed by man, they are liberated and rapidly become adult, pair, and the ovoviviparous females produce in a short time large numbers of young which find their way into the muscles, either directly, or indirectly by means of the blood. Their presence in the muscles and the intestines in large numbers produces trichinosis.

Trichobranchia - The gill of a crustacean in which the branchial filaments are slender and cylindrical, as in the crawfishes.

Trichoptera - A suborder of Neuroptera usually having the wings covered with minute hairs. It comprises the caddice flies, and is considered by some to be a distinct order.

Triclinia - of Triclinium

Tridacna - A genus of very large marine bivalve shells found on the coral reefs of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. One species (T. gigas) often weighs four or five hundred pounds, and is sometimes used for baptismal fonts. Called also paw shell, and fountain shell.

Trigonia - A genus of pearly bivalve shells, numerous extinct species of which are characteristic of the Mesozoic rocks. A few living species exist on the coast of Australia.

Trigynia - A Linnaean order of plants having three pistils or styles.

Trilemma - A syllogism with three conditional propositions, the major premises of which are disjunctively affirmed in the minor. See Dilemma.

Trilemma - A state of things in which it is difficult to determine which one of three courses to pursue.

Trilobita - An extinct order of arthropods comprising the trilobites.

Trimera - A division of Coleoptera including those which have but three joints in the tarsi.

Tringa - A genus of limicoline birds including many species of sandpipers. See Dunlin, Knot, and Sandpiper.

Tri/cia - The third order of the Linnaean class Polygamia.

Trionychoidea - A division of chelonians which comprises Trionyx and allied genera; -- called also Trionychoides, and Trionychina.

Triquetra - of Triquetrum

Tristoma - Any one of numerous species of trematode worms belonging to Tristoma and allied genera having a large posterior sucker and two small anterior ones. They usually have broad, thin, and disklike bodies, and are parasite on the gills and skin of fishes.

Tritova - of Tritovum

Trochlea - A pulley.

Trochlea - A pulley, or a structure resembling a pulley; as, the trochlea, or pulleylike end, of the humerus, which articulates with the ulna; or the trochlea, or fibrous ring, in the upper part of the orbit, through which the superior oblique, or trochlear, muscle of the eye passes.

Trona - A native double salt, consisting of a combination of neutral and acid sodium carbonate, Na2CO3.2HNaCO3.2H2O, occurring as a white crystalline fibrous deposit from certain soda brine springs and lakes; -- called also urao, and by the ancients nitrum.

Tsarina - Alt. of Tsaritsa

Tsaritsa - The title of the empress of Russia. See Czarina.

Tuatera - See Hatteria.

Tuba - An ancient trumpet.

Tuba - A sax-tuba. See Sax-tuba.

Tubulibranchiata - A group of gastropod mollusks having a tubular shell. Vermetus is an example.

Tucuma - A Brazilian palm (Astrocaryum Tucuma) which furnishes an edible fruit.

Tufa - A soft or porous stone formed by depositions from water, usually calcareous; -- called also calcareous tufa.

Tufa - A friable volcanic rock or conglomerate, formed of consolidated cinders, or scoria.

Tuf-taffeta - A silk fabric formerly in use, having a nap or pile.

Tulipomania - A violent passion for the acquisition or cultivation of tulips; -- a word said by Beckman to have been coined by Menage.

Tuna - The Opuntia Tuna. See Prickly pear, under Prickly.

Tuna - The tunny.

Tuna - The bonito, 2.

Tundra - A rolling, marshy, mossy plain of Northern Siberia.

Tunicata - A grand division of the animal kingdom, intermediate, in some respects, between the invertebrates and vertebrates, and by some writers united with the latter. They were formerly classed with acephalous mollusks. The body is usually covered with a firm external tunic, consisting in part of cellulose, and having two openings, one for the entrance and one for the exit of water. The pharynx is usually dilated in the form of a sac, pierced by several series of ciliated slits, and serves as a gill.

Turbellaria - An extensive group of worms which have the body covered externally with vibrating cilia. It includes the Rhabdoc/la and Dendroc/la. Formerly, the nemerteans were also included in this group.

Turbinella - A genus of large marine gastropods having a thick heavy shell with conspicuous folds on the columella.

Turritella - Any spiral marine gastropod belonging to Turritella and allied genera. These mollusks have an elongated, turreted shell, composed of many whorls. They have a rounded aperture, and a horny multispiral operculum.

Tuza - The tucan.

Tylopoda - A tribe of ungulates comprising the camels.

Tympana - of Tympanum

Typhomania - A low delirium common in typhus fever.

Tzarina - Alt. of Tzaritza

Tzaritza - The empress of Russia. See Czarina.

Ulema - A college or corporation in Turkey composed of the hierarchy, namely, the imams, or ministers of religion, the muftis, or doctors of law, and the cadis, or administrators of justice.

Ulna - The postaxial bone of the forearm, or branchium, corresponding to the fibula of the hind limb. See Radius.

Ulna - An ell; also, a yard.

Ulnaria - of Ulnare

Ulonata - A division of insects nearly equivalent to the true Orthoptera.

Ultima - Most remote; furthest; final; last.

Ultima - The last syllable of a word.

Ultimata - of Ultimatum

Ultra - Going beyond others, or beyond due limit; extreme; fanatical; uncompromising; as, an ultra reformer; ultra measures.

Ultra - One who advocates extreme measures; an ultraist; an extremist; a radical.

Ulula - A genus of owls including the great gray owl (Ulula cinerea) of Arctic America, and other similar species. See Illust. of Owl.

Ulva - A genus of thin papery bright green seaweeds including the kinds called sea lettuce.

Umbellularia - A genus of deep-sea alcyonaria consisting of a cluster of large flowerlike polyps situated at the summit of a long, slender stem which stands upright in the mud, supported by a bulbous base.

Umbra - The conical shadow projected from a planet or satellite, on the side opposite to the sun, within which a spectator could see no portion of the sun's disk; -- used in contradistinction from penumbra. See Penumbra.

Umbra - The central dark portion, or nucleus, of a sun spot.

Umbra - The fainter part of a sun spot; -- now more commonly called penumbra.

Umbra - Any one of several species of sciaenoid food fishes of the genus Umbrina, especially the Mediterranean species (U. cirrhosa), which is highly esteemed as a market fish; -- called also ombre, and umbrine.

Umbrella - A shade, screen, or guard, carried in the hand for sheltering the person from the rays of the sun, or from rain or snow. It is formed of silk, cotton, or other fabric, extended on strips of whalebone, steel, or other elastic material, inserted, or fastened to, a rod or stick by means of pivots or hinges, in such a way as to allow of being opened and closed with ease. See Parasol.

Umbrella - The umbrellalike disk, or swimming bell, of a jellyfish.

Umbrella - Any marine tectibranchiate gastropod of the genus Umbrella, having an umbrella-shaped shell; -- called also umbrella shell.

Uncia - A twelfth part, as of the Roman as; an ounce.

Uncia - A numerical coefficient in any particular case of the binomial theorem.

Uncinata - A division of marine chaetopod annelids which are furnished with uncini, as the serpulas and sabellas.

Understrata - of Understratum

Ungka - The siamang; -- called also ungka ape.

Unguiculata - An extensive division of Mammalia including those having claws or nails, as distinguished from the hoofed animals (Ungulata).

Ungula - A hoof, claw, or talon.

Ungula - A section or part of a cylinder, cone, or other solid of revolution, cut off by a plane oblique to the base; -- so called from its resemblance to the hoof of a horse.

Ungula - Same as Unguis, 3.

Ungulata - An extensive group of mammals including all those that have hoofs. It comprises the Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla.

Unipara - A woman who has borne one child.

Univalvia - Same as Gastropoda.

Wallaba - A leguminous tree (Eperua falcata) of Demerara, with pinnate leaves and clusters of red flowers. The reddish brown wood is used for palings and shingles.

Water flea - Any one of numerous species of small aquatic Entomostraca belonging to the genera Cyclops, Daphnia, etc; -- so called because they swim with sudden leaps, or starts.

Abanga - A West Indian palm; also the fruit of this palm, the seeds of which are used as a remedy for diseases of the chest.

Abba - Father; religious superior; -- in the Syriac, Coptic, and Ethiopic churches, a title given to the bishops, and by the bishops to the patriarch.

Upupa - A genus of birds which includes the common hoopoe.

Uraemia - Accumulation in the blood of the principles of the urine, producing dangerous disease.

Urania - One of the nine Muses, daughter of Zeus by Mnemosyne, and patron of astronomy.

Urania - A genus of large, brilliantly colored moths native of the West Indies and South America. Their bright colored and tailed hind wings and their diurnal flight cause them to closely resemble butterflies.

Uranometria - A uranometry.

Urea - A very soluble crystalline body which is the chief constituent of the urine in mammals and some other animals. It is also present in small quantity in blood, serous fluids, lymph, the liver, etc.

Urethra - The canal by which the urine is conducted from the bladder and discharged.

Urocerata - A division of boring Hymenoptera, including Tremex and allied genera. See Illust. of Horntail.

Urochorda - Same as Tunicata.

Urodela - An order of amphibians having the tail well developed and often long. It comprises the salamanders, tritons, and allied animals.

Urostea - of Urosteon

Ursa - Either one of the Bears. See the Phrases below.

Ursula - A beautiful North American butterfly (Basilarchia, / Limenitis, astyanax). Its wings are nearly black with red and blue spots and blotches. Called also red-spotted purple.

Urtica - A genus of plants including the common nettles. See Nettle, n.

Urticaria - The nettle rash, a disease characterized by a transient eruption of red pimples and of wheals, accompanied with a burning or stinging sensation and with itching; uredo.

Urva - The crab-eating ichneumon (Herpestes urva), native of India. The fur is black, annulated with white at the tip of each hair, and a white streak extends from the mouth to the shoulder.

Usnea - A genus of lichens, most of the species of which have long, gray, pendulous, and finely branched fronds. Usnea barbata is the common bearded lichen which grows on branches of trees in northern forests.

Utia - Any species of large West Indian rodents of the genus Capromys, or Utia. In general appearance and habits they resemble rats, but they are as large as rabbits.

Utica - Of, pertaining to, or designating, a subdivision of the Trenton Period of the Lower Silurian, characterized in the State of New York by beds of shale.

Utopia - An imaginary island, represented by Sir Thomas More, in a work called Utopia, as enjoying the greatest perfection in politics, laws, and the like. See Utopia, in the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction.

Utopia - Hence, any place or state of ideal perfection.

Utricularia - A genus of aquatic flowering plants, in which the submersed leaves bear many little utricles, or ascidia. See Ascidium,

Uva - A small pulpy or juicy fruit containing several seeds and having a thin skin, as a grape.

Uvea - The posterior pigmented layer of the iris; -- sometimes applied to the whole iris together with the choroid coat.

Uvula - The pendent fleshy lobe in the middle of the posterior border of the soft palate.

Uzema - A Burman measure of twelve miles. V () V, the twenty-second letter of the English alphabet, is a vocal consonant. V and U are only varieties of the same character, U being the cursive form, while V is better adapted for engraving, as in stone. The two letters were formerly used indiscriminately, and till a comparatively recent date words containing them were often classed together in dictionaries and other books of reference (see U). The letter V is from the Latin alphabet, where it was used both as a consonant (about like English w) and as a vowel. The Latin derives it from it from a form (V) of the Greek vowel / (see Y), this Greek letter being either from the same Semitic letter as the digamma F (see F), or else added by the Greeks to the alphabet which they took from the Semitic. Etymologically v is most nearly related to u, w, f, b, p; as in vine, wine; avoirdupois, habit, have; safe, save; trover, troubadour, trope. See U, F, etc.

Vaccina - Vaccinia.

Vaccinia - Cowpox; vaccina. See Cowpox.

Vacuna - The goddess of rural leisure, to whom the husbandmen sacrificed at the close of the harvest. She was especially honored by the Sabines.

Vacua - of Vacuum

Vagina - A sheath; a theca; as, the vagina of the portal vein.

Vagina - Specifically, the canal which leads from the uterus to the external orifice if the genital canal, or to the cloaca.

Vagina - The terminal part of the oviduct in insects and various other invertebrates. See Illust., of Spermatheca.

Vagina - The basal expansion of certain leaves, which inwraps the stem; a sheath.

Vagina - The shaft of a terminus, from which the bust of figure seems to issue or arise.

Vaginicola - A genus of Infusoria which form minute vaselike or tubular cases in which they dwell.

Vaginula - A little sheath, as that about the base of the pedicel of most mosses.

Vaginula - One of the tubular florets in composite flowers.

Vaishnava - A worshiper of the god Vishnu in any of his incarnations.

Vaisya - The third of the four great original castes among the Hindus, now either extinct or partially represented by the mercantile class of Banyas. See the Note under Caste, 1.

Valencia - A kind of woven fabric for waistcoats, having the weft of wool and the warp of silk or cotton.

Valentia - See Valencia.

Valhalla - The palace of immortality, inhabited by the souls of heroes slain in battle.

Valhalla - Fig.: A hall or temple adorned with statues and memorials of a nation's heroes; specifically, the Pantheon near Ratisbon, in Bavaria, consecrated to the illustrious dead of all Germany.

Valkyria - One of the maidens of Odin, represented as awful and beautiful, who presided over battle and marked out those who were to be slain, and who also ministered at the feasts of heroes in Valhalla.

Vallecula - A groove; a fossa; as, the vallecula, or fossa, which separates the hemispheres of the cerebellum.

Vallecula - One of the grooves, or hollows, between the ribs of the fruit of umbelliferous plants.

Valla - of Vallum

Valonia - The acorn cup of two kinds of oak (Quercus macrolepis, and Q. vallonea) found in Eastern Europe. It contains abundance of tannin, and is much used by tanners and dyers.

Valonia - A genus of marine green algae, in which the whole frond consists of a single oval or cylindrical cell, often an inch in length.

Valvata - A genus of small spiral fresh-water gastropods having an operculum.

Valvula - A little valve or fold; a valvelet; a valvule.

Vanessa - Any one of numerous species of handsomely colored butterflies belonging to Vanessa and allied genera. Many of these species have the edges of the wings irregularly scalloped.

Vanilla - A genus of climbing orchidaceous plants, natives of tropical America.

Vanilla - The long podlike capsules of Vanilla planifolia, and V. claviculata, remarkable for their delicate and agreeable odor, for the volatile, odoriferous oil extracted from them; also, the flavoring extract made from the capsules, extensively used in confectionery, perfumery, etc.

Vara - A Spanish measure of length equal to about one yard. The vara now in use equals 33.385 inches.

Varicella - Chicken pox.

Variola - The smallpox.

Varuna - The god of the waters; the Indian Neptune. He is regarded as regent of the west, and lord of punishment, and is represented as riding on a sea monster, holding in his hand a snaky cord or noose with which to bind offenders, under water.

Vasa - of Vas

Vasa deferentia - of Vas

Vascula - of Vasculum

Veda - The ancient sacred literature of the Hindus; also, one of the four collections, called Rig-Veda, Yajur-Veda, Sama-Veda, and Atharva-Veda, constituting the most ancient portions of that literature.

Vedanta - A system of philosophy among the Hindus, founded on scattered texts of the Vedas, and thence termed the "Anta," or end or substance.

Vega - A brilliant star of the first magnitude, the brightest of those constituting the constellation Lyra.

Velaria - of Velarium

Velella - Any species of oceanic Siphonophora belonging to the genus Velella.

Vela - of Velum

Velutina - Any one of several species of marine gastropods belonging to Velutina and allied genera.

Vena - A vein.

Venada - The pudu.

Venatica - See Vinatico.

Vendetta - A blood feud; private revenge for the murder of a kinsman.

Veneracea - An extensive tribe of bivalve mollusks of which the genus Venus is the type. The shells are usually oval, or somewhat heartshaped, with a conspicuous lunule. See Venus.

Veranda - An open, roofed gallery or portico, adjoining a dwelling house, forming an out-of-door sitting room. See Loggia.

Veratria - Veratrine.

Veratrina - Same as Veratrine.

Verbena - A genus of herbaceous plants of which several species are extensively cultivated for the great beauty of their flowers; vervain.

Vermiformia - A tribe of worms including Phoronis. See Phoronis.

Vermilinguia - A tribe of edentates comprising the South American ant-eaters. The tongue is long, slender, exsertile, and very flexible, whence the name.

Vermilinguia - A tribe of Old World lizards which comprises the chameleon. They have long, flexible tongues.

Veronica - A portrait or representation of the face of our Savior on the alleged handkerchief of Saint Veronica, preserved at Rome; hence, a representation of this portrait, or any similar representation of the face of the Savior. Formerly called also Vernacle, and Vernicle.

Veronica - A genus scrophulariaceous plants; the speedwell. See Speedwell.

Vertebra - One of the serial segments of the spinal column.

Vertebra - One of the central ossicles in each joint of the arms of an ophiuran.

Vertebrata - One of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom, comprising all animals that have a backbone composed of bony or cartilaginous vertebrae, together with Amphioxus in which the backbone is represented by a simple undivided notochord. The Vertebrata always have a dorsal, or neural, cavity above the notochord or backbone, and a ventral, or visceral, cavity below it. The subdivisions or classes of Vertebrata are Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia, Pisces, Marsipobranchia, and Leptocardia.

Vesica - A bladder.

Vesicula - A vesicle.

Vesicularia - Any one of numerous species of marine Bryozoa belonging to Vesicularia and allied genera. They have delicate tubular cells attached in clusters to slender flexible stems.

Vesiculata - The campanularian medusae.

Vespa - A genus of Hymenoptera including the common wasps and hornets.

Vesta - One of the great divinities of the ancient Romans, identical with the Greek Hestia. She was a virgin, and the goddess of the hearth; hence, also, of the fire on it, and the family round it.

Vesta - An asteroid, or minor planet, discovered by Olbers in 1807.

Vesta - A wax friction match.

Vestibula - of Vestibulum

Vettura - An Italian four-wheeled carriage, esp. one let for hire; a hackney coach.

Vexilla - of Vexillum

Via - A road way.

Via - By the way of; as, to send a letter via Queenstown to London.

Vibracula - of Vibraculum

Vibrissa - One of the specialized or tactile hairs which grow about the nostrils, or on other parts of the face, in many animals, as the so-called whiskers of the cat, and the hairs of the nostrils of man.

Vibrissa - The bristlelike feathers near the mouth of many birds.

Victoria - A genus of aquatic plants named in honor of Queen Victoria. The Victoria regia is a native of Guiana and Brazil. Its large, spreading leaves are often over five feet in diameter, and have a rim from three to five inches high; its immense rose-white flowers sometimes attain a diameter of nearly two feet.

Victoria - A kind of low four-wheeled pleasure carriage, with a calash top, designed for two persons and the driver who occupies a high seat in front.

Victoria - An asteroid discovered by Hind in 1850; -- called also Clio.

Vicua - Alt. of Vicugna

Vicugna - A South American mammal (Auchenia vicunna) native of the elevated plains of the Andes, allied to the llama but smaller. It has a thick coat of very fine reddish brown wool, and long, pendent white hair on the breast and belly. It is hunted for its wool and flesh.

Vidonia - A dry white wine, of a tart flavor, produced in Teneriffe; -- called also Teneriffe.

Vifda - In the Orkney and Shetland Islands, beef and mutton hung and dried, but not salted.

Vigonia - Of or pertaining to the vicu/a; characterizing the vicu/a; -- said of the wool of that animal, used in felting hats, and for other purposes.

Villa - A country seat; a country or suburban residence of some pretensions to elegance.

Villanella - An old rustic dance, accompanied with singing.

Vincula - of Vinculum

Viola - A genus of polypetalous herbaceous plants, including all kinds of violets.

Viola - An instrument in form and use resembling the violin, but larger, and a fifth lower in compass.

Viperina - See Viperoidea.

Viperoidea - Alt. of Viperoides

Virginia - One of the States of the United States of America.

Virginia - Of or pertaining to the State of Virginia.

Visa - See Vis/.

Visa - To indorse, after examination, with the word vise, as a passport; to vise.

Viscacha - Alt. of Viz-cacha

Viz-cacha - A large burrowing South American rodent (Lagostomus trichodactylus) allied to the chinchillas, but much larger. Its fur is soft and rather long, mottled gray above, white or yellowish white beneath. There is a white band across the muzzle, and a dark band on each cheek. It inhabits grassy plains, and is noted for its extensive burrows and for heaping up miscellaneous articles at the mouth of its burrows. Called also biscacha, bizcacha, vischacha, vishatscha.

Viscera - pl. of Viscus.

Viscera - of Viscus

Vista - A view; especially, a view through or between intervening objects, as trees; a view or prospect through an avenue, or the like; hence, the trees or other objects that form the avenue.

Vitrella - One of the transparent lenslike cells in the ocelli of certain arthropods.

Vitrina - A genus of terrestrial gastropods, having transparent, very thin, and delicate shells, -- whence the name.

Vitta - One of the oil tubes in the fruit of umbelliferous plants.

Vitta - A band, or stripe, of color.

Vivaria - of Vivarium

Vivda - See Vifda.

Viverra - A genus of carnivores which comprises the civets.

Vivipara - An artificial division of vertebrates including those that produce their young alive; -- opposed to Ovipara.

Vizcacha - Same as Viscacha.

Vodka - A Russian drink distilled from rye.

Volta - A turning; a time; -- chiefly used in phrases signifying that the part is to be repeated one, two, or more times; as, una volta, once. Seconda volta, second time, points to certain modifications in the close of a repeated strain.

Voluta - Any one of numerous species of large, handsome marine gastropods belonging to Voluta and allied genera.

Volva - A saclike envelope of certain fungi, which bursts open as the plant develops.

Vomica - An abscess cavity in the lungs.

Vomica - An abscess in any other parenchymatous organ.

Vondsira - Same as Vansire.

Vorticella - Any one of numerous species of ciliated Infusoria belonging to Vorticella and many other genera of the family Vorticellidae. They have a more or less bell-shaped body with a circle of vibrating cilia around the oral disk. Most of the species have slender, contractile stems, either simple or branched.

Vulva - The external parts of the female genital organs; sometimes, the opening between the projecting parts of the external organs.

Vulva - The orifice of the oviduct of an insect or other invertebrate.

Waldheimia - A genus of brachiopods of which many species are found in the fossil state. A few still exist in the deep sea.

Walhalla - See Valhalla.

Water poa - Meadow reed grass. See under Reed.

Abaca - The Manila-hemp plant (Musa textilis); also, its fiber. See Manila hemp under Manila.

Abada - The rhinoceros.

Abdominalia - A group of cirripeds having abdominal appendages.

Aboma - A large South American serpent (Boa aboma).

Abracadabra - A mystical word or collocation of letters written as in the figure. Worn on an amulet it was supposed to ward off fever. At present the word is used chiefly in jest to denote something without meaning; jargon.

Abranchiata - A group of annelids, so called because the species composing it have no special organs of respiration.

Abscissa - One of the elements of reference by which a point, as of a curve, is referred to a system of fixed rectilineal coordinate axes.

Abuna - The Patriarch, or head of the Abyssinian Church.

Acacia - A roll or bag, filled with dust, borne by Byzantine emperors, as a memento of mortality. It is represented on medals.

Acacia - A genus of leguminous trees and shrubs. Nearly 300 species are Australian or Polynesian, and have terete or vertically compressed leaf stalks, instead of the bipinnate leaves of the much fewer species of America, Africa, etc. Very few are found in temperate climates.

Acacia - The inspissated juice of several species of acacia; -- called also gum acacia, and gum arabic.

Acantha - A prickle.

Acantha - A spine or prickly fin.

Acantha - The vertebral column; the spinous process of a vertebra.

Acanthocephala - A group of intestinal worms, having the proboscis armed with recurved spines.

A cappella - In church or chapel style; -- said of compositions sung in the old church style, without instrumental accompaniment; as, a mass a capella, i. e., a mass purely vocal.

A cappella - A time indication, equivalent to alla breve.

Acarina - The group of Arachnida which includes the mites and ticks. Many species are parasitic, and cause diseases like the itch and mange.

Acciaccatura - A short grace note, one semitone below the note to which it is prefixed; -- used especially in organ music. Now used as equivalent to the short appoggiatura.

Aceldama - The potter's field, said to have lain south of Jerusalem, purchased with the bribe which Judas took for betraying his Master, and therefore called the field of blood. Fig.: A field of bloodshed.

Acephala - That division of the Mollusca which includes the bivalve shells, like the clams and oysters; -- so called because they have no evident head. Formerly the group included the Tunicata, Brachiopoda, and sometimes the Bryozoa. See Mollusca.

Acetabulifera - The division of Cephalopoda in which the arms are furnished with cup-shaped suckers, as the cuttlefishes, squids, and octopus; the Dibranchiata. See Cephalopoda.

Achatina - A genus of land snails, often large, common in the warm parts of America and Africa.

Acholia - Deficiency or want of bile.

Acicula - One of the needlelike or bristlelike spines or prickles of some animals and plants; also, a needlelike crystal.

Acinesia - Same as Akinesia.

Aconitia - Same as Aconitine.

Acontia - Threadlike defensive organs, composed largely of nettling cells (cnidae), thrown out of the mouth or special pores of certain Actiniae when irritated.

Acrania - Partial or total absence of the skull.

Acrania - The lowest group of Vertebrata, including the amphioxus, in which no skull exists.

Acrasia - Alt. of Acrasy

Acraspeda - A group of acalephs, including most of the larger jellyfishes; the Discophora.

Acrisia - Alt. of Acrisy

Acrita - The lowest groups of animals, in which no nervous system has been observed.

Acroteria - of Acroterium

Actinaria - A large division of Anthozoa, including those which have simple tentacles and do not form stony corals. Sometimes, in a wider sense, applied to all the Anthozoa, expert the Alcyonaria, whether forming corals or not.

Actinia - An animal of the class Anthozoa, and family Actinidae. From a resemblance to flowers in form and color, they are often called animal flowers and sea anemones. [See Polyp.].

Actinia - A genus in the family Actinidae.

Actinotrocha - A peculiar larval form of Phoronis, a genus of marine worms, having a circle of ciliated tentacles.

Actinozoa - A group of Coelenterata, comprising the Anthozoa and Ctenophora. The sea anemone, or actinia, is a familiar example.

Actinula - A kind of embryo of certain hydroids (Tubularia), having a stellate form.

Adansonia - A genus of great trees related to the Bombax. There are two species, A. digitata, the baobab or monkey-bread of Africa and India, and A. Gregorii, the sour gourd or cream-of-tartar tree of Australia. Both have a trunk of moderate height, but of enormous diameter, and a wide-spreading head. The fruit is oblong, and filled with pleasantly acid pulp. The wood is very soft, and the bark is used by the natives for making ropes and cloth.

Addenda - of Addendum

Adelphia - A "brotherhood," or collection of stamens in a bundle; -- used in composition, as in the class names, Monadelphia, Diadelphia, etc.

Adenalgia - Alt. of Adenalgy

Adularia - A transparent or translucent variety of common feldspar, or orthoclase, which often shows pearly opalescent reflections; -- called by lapidaries moonstone.

Adversaria - A miscellaneous collection of notes, remarks, or selections; a commonplace book; also, commentaries or notes.

Adynamia - Considerable debility of the vital powers, as in typhoid fever.

Adyta - of Adytum

Aecidia - of Aecidium

Aegicrania - Sculptured ornaments, used in classical architecture, representing rams' heads or skulls.

Aerophobia - Alt. of Aerophoby

Aesthesia - Perception by the senses; feeling; -- the opposite of anaesthesia.

Aga - Alt. of Agha

Agha - In Turkey, a commander or chief officer. It is used also as a title of respect.

Agalactia - Alt. of Agalaxy

Agama - A genus of lizards, one of the few which feed upon vegetable substances; also, one of these lizards.

Agenda - of Agendum

Agora - An assembly; hence, the place of assembly, especially the market place, in an ancient Greek city.

Agouara - The crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus), found in the tropical parts of America.

Agouta - A small insectivorous mammal (Solenodon paradoxus), allied to the moles, found only in Hayti.

Agraphia - The absence or loss of the power of expressing ideas by written signs. It is one form of aphasia.

Aha - An exclamation expressing, by different intonations, triumph, mixed with derision or irony, or simple surprise.

Aha - A sunk fence. See Ha-ha.

Ailuroidea - A group of the Carnivora, which includes the cats, civets, and hyenas.

Akinesia - Paralysis of the motor nerves; loss of movement.

Ala - A winglike organ, or part.

Alabastra - of Alabastrum

Alalonga - Alt. of Alilonghi

Albata - A white metallic alloy; which is made into spoons, forks, teapots, etc. British plate or German silver. See German silver, under German.

Albuminuria - A morbid condition in which albumin is present in the urine.

Alcanna - An oriental shrub (Lawsonia inermis) from which henna is obtained.

Alcarraza - A vessel of porous earthenware, used for cooling liquids by evaporation from the exterior surface.

Alcyonacea - A group of soft-bodied Alcyonaria, of which Alcyonium is the type. See Illust. under Alcyonaria.

Alcyonaria - One of the orders of Anthozoa. It includes the Alcyonacea, Pennatulacea, and Gorgonacea.

Alfa - Alt. of Alfa grass

Alfalfa - The lucern (Medicago sativa); -- so called in California, Texas, etc.

Alfilaria - The pin grass (Erodium cicutarium), a weed in California.

Alga - A kind of seaweed; pl. the class of cellular cryptogamic plants which includes the black, red, and green seaweeds, as kelp, dulse, sea lettuce, also marine and fresh water confervae, etc.

Algaroba - The Carob, a leguminous tree of the Mediterranean region; also, its edible beans or pods, called St. John's bread.

Algaroba - The Honey mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), a small tree found from California to Buenos Ayres; also, its sweet, pulpy pods. A valuable gum, resembling gum arabic, is collected from the tree in Texas and Mexico.

Algarovilla - The agglutinated seeds and husks of the legumes of a South American tree (Inga Marthae). It is valuable for tanning leather, and as a dye.

Algebra - That branch of mathematics which treats of the relations and properties of quantity by means of letters and other symbols. It is applicable to those relations that are true of every kind of magnitude.

Algebra - A treatise on this science.

Alhambra - The palace of the Moorish kings at Granada.

Alhenna - See Henna.

Allantoidea - The division of Vertebrata in which the embryo develops an allantois. It includes reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Alleluia - Alt. of Alleluiah

Alluvia - of Alluvium

Alma - Alt. of Almah

Almadia - Alt. of Almadie

Almagra - A fine, deep red ocher, somewhat purplish, found in Spain. It is the sil atticum of the ancients. Under the name of Indian red it is used for polishing glass and silver.

Alopecia - Alt. of Alopecy

Alpaca - An animal of Peru (Lama paco), having long, fine, wooly hair, supposed by some to be a domesticated variety of the llama.

Alpaca - Wool of the alpaca.

Alpaca - A thin kind of cloth made of the wooly hair of the alpaca, often mixed with silk or with cotton.

Alpha - The first letter in the Greek alphabet, answering to A, and hence used to denote the beginning.

Alpia - The seed of canary grass (Phalaris Canariensis), used for feeding cage birds.

Althaea - Alt. of Althea

Althea - A genus of plants of the Mallow family. It includes the officinal marsh mallow, and the garden hollyhocks.

Althea - An ornamental shrub (Hibiscus Syriacus) of the Mallow family.

Alula - A false or bastard wing. See under Bastard.

Alumina - One of the earths, consisting of two parts of aluminium and three of oxygen, Al2O3.

Alumna - A female pupil; especially, a graduate of a school or college.

Amalgama - Same as Amalgam.

Amblyopia - Alt. of Amblyopy

Amblypoda - A group of large, extinct, herbivorous mammals, common in the Tertiary formation of the United States.

Ambrosia - The fabled food of the gods (as nectar was their drink), which conferred immortality upon those who partook of it.

Ambrosia - An unguent of the gods.

Ambrosia - A perfumed unguent, salve, or draught; something very pleasing to the taste or smell.

Ambrosia - Formerly, a kind of fragrant plant; now (Bot.), a genus of plants, including some coarse and worthless weeds, called ragweed, hogweed, etc.

Ambulacra - of Ambulacrum

Amenorrhoea - Retention or suppression of the menstrual discharge.

Amentia - Imbecility; total want of understanding.

Amenta - of Amentum

Ametabola - A group of insects which do not undergo any metamorphosis.

Ametropia - Any abnormal condition of the refracting powers of the eye.

Amia - A genus of fresh-water ganoid fishes, exclusively confined to North America; called bowfin in Lake Champlain, dogfish in Lake Erie, and mudfish in South Carolina, etc. See Bowfin.

Amma - An abbes or spiritual mother.

Ammonia - A gaseous compound of hydrogen and nitrogen, NH3, with a pungent smell and taste: -- often called volatile alkali, and spirits of hartshorn.

Ammonitoidea - An extensive group of fossil cephalopods often very abundant in Mesozoic rocks. See Ammonite.

Amnesia - Forgetfulness; also, a defect of speech, from cerebral disease, in which the patient substitutes wrong words or names in the place of those he wishes to employ.

Amniota - That group of vertebrates which develops in its embryonic life the envelope called the amnion. It comprises the reptiles, the birds, and the mammals.

Amoeba - A rhizopod. common in fresh water, capable of undergoing many changes of form at will. See Rhizopoda.

Amoebea - That division of the Rhizopoda which includes the amoeba and similar forms.

Amorosa - A wanton woman; a courtesan.

Amorpha - A genus of leguminous shrubs, having long clusters of purple flowers; false or bastard indigo.

Amorphozoa - Animals without a mouth or regular internal organs, as the sponges.

Amphibia - One of the classes of vertebrates.

Amphibiotica - A division of insects having aquatic larvae.

Amphibia - of Amphibium

Amphineura - A division of Mollusca remarkable for the bilateral symmetry of the organs and the arrangement of the nerves.

Amphipoda - A numerous group of fourteen -- footed Crustacea, inhabiting both fresh and salt water. The body is usually compressed laterally, and the anterior pairs or legs are directed downward and forward, but the posterior legs are usually turned upward and backward. The beach flea is an example. See Tetradecapoda and Arthrostraca.

Amphirhina - A name applied to the elasmobranch fishes, because the nasal sac is double.

Amphisbaena - A fabled serpent with a head at each end, moving either way.

Amphisbaena - A genus of harmless lizards, serpentlike in form, without legs, and with both ends so much alike that they appear to have a head at each, and ability to move either way. See Illustration in Appendix.

Amphitrocha - A kind of annelid larva having both a dorsal and a ventral circle of special cilia.

Amphiuma - A genus of amphibians, inhabiting the Southern United States, having a serpentlike form, but with four minute limbs and two persistent gill openings; the Congo snake.

Amphora - Among the ancients, a two-handled vessel, tapering at the bottom, used for holding wine, oil, etc.

Ampulla - A narrow-necked vessel having two handles and bellying out like a jug.

Ampulla - A cruet for the wine and water at Mass.

Ampulla - The vase in which the holy oil for chrism, unction, or coronation is kept.

Ampulla - Any membranous bag shaped like a leathern bottle, as the dilated end of a vessel or duct; especially the dilations of the semicircular canals of the ear.

Amrita - Immortality; also, the nectar conferring immortality.

Amrita - Ambrosial; immortal.

Ana - Of each; an equal quantity; as, wine and honey, ana (or, contracted, aa), / ij., that is, of wine and honey, each, two ounces.

Anaconda - A large South American snake of the Boa family (Eunectes murinus), which lives near rivers, and preys on birds and small mammals. The name is also applied to a similar large serpent (Python tigris) of Ceylon.

Anaemia - A morbid condition in which the blood is deficient in quality or in quantity.

Anaesthesia - Entire or partial loss or absence of feeling or sensation; a state of general or local insensibility produced by disease or by the inhalation or application of an anaesthetic.

Analecta - A collection of literary fragments.

Analemma - An orthographic projection of the sphere on the plane of the meridian, the eye being supposed at an infinite distance, and in the east or west point of the horizon.

Analemma - An instrument of wood or brass, on which this projection of the sphere is made, having a movable horizon or cursor; -- formerly much used in solving some common astronomical problems.

Analemma - A scale of the sun's declination for each day of the year, drawn across the torrid zone on an artificial terrestrial globe.

Analgesia - Absence of sensibility to pain.

Anallantoidea - The division of Vertebrata in which no allantois is developed. It includes amphibians, fishes, and lower forms.

Anaphora - A repetition of a word or of words at the beginning of two or more successive clauses.

Anaphrodisia - Absence of sexual appetite.

Anarthropoda - One of the divisions of Articulata in which there are no jointed legs, as the annelids; -- opposed to Arthropoda.

Anasarca - Dropsy of the subcutaneous cellular tissue; an effusion of serum into the cellular substance, occasioning a soft, pale, inelastic swelling of the skin.

Anathema - A ban or curse pronounced with religious solemnity by ecclesiastical authority, and accompanied by excommunication. Hence: Denunciation of anything as accursed.

Anathema - An imprecation; a curse; a malediction.

Anathema - Any person or thing anathematized, or cursed by ecclesiastical authority.

Anatifa - An animal of the barnacle tribe, of the genus Lepas, having a fleshy stem or peduncle; a goose barnacle. See Cirripedia.

Andromeda - A northern constellation, supposed to represent the mythical Andromeda.

Andromeda - A genus of ericaceous flowering plants of northern climates, of which the original species was found growing on a rock surrounded by water.

Anesthesia - Alt. of Anesthetic

Angelica - An aromatic umbelliferous plant (Archangelica officinalis or Angelica archangelica) the leaf stalks of which are sometimes candied and used in confectionery, and the roots and seeds as an aromatic tonic.

Angelica - The candied leaf stalks of angelica.

Angienchyma - Vascular tissue of plants, consisting of spiral vessels, dotted, barred, and pitted ducts, and laticiferous vessels.

Angina - Any inflammatory affection of the throat or faces, as the quinsy, malignant sore throat, croup, etc., especially such as tends to produce suffocation, choking, or shortness of breath.

Angioma - A tumor composed chiefly of dilated blood vessels.

Anglomania - A mania for, or an inordinate attachment to, English customs, institutions, etc.

Anglophobia - Intense dread of, or aversion to, England or the English.

Angola - A fabric made from the wool of the Angora goat.

Angola pea - A tropical plant (Cajanus indicus) and its edible seed, a kind of pulse; -- so called from Angola in Western Africa. Called also pigeon pea and Congo pea.

Angora - A city of Asia Minor (or Anatolia) which has given its name to a goat, a cat, etc.

Anhima - A South American aquatic bird; the horned screamer or kamichi (Palamedea cornuta). See Kamichi.

Anhinga - An aquatic bird of the southern United States (Platus anhinga); the darter, or snakebird.

Animalcula - of Animalculum

Anisodactyla - Alt. of Anisodactyls

Anisopleura - A primary division of gastropods, including those having spiral shells. The two sides of the body are unequally developed.

Anisopoda - A division of Crustacea, which, in some its characteristics, is intermediate between Amphipoda and Isopoda.

Anna - An East Indian money of account, the sixteenth of a rupee, or about 2/ cents.

Annelida - A division of the Articulata, having the body formed of numerous rings or annular segments, and without jointed legs. The principal subdivisions are the Chaetopoda, including the Oligochaeta or earthworms and Polychaeta or marine worms; and the Hirudinea or leeches. See Chaetopoda.

Annellata - See Annelida.

Annulata - A class of articulate animals, nearly equivalent to Annelida, including the marine annelids, earthworms, Gephyrea, Gymnotoma, leeches, etc. See Annelida.

Annuloida - A division of the Articulata, including the annelids and allied groups; sometimes made to include also the helminths and echinoderms.

Annulosa - A division of the Invertebrata, nearly equivalent to the Articulata. It includes the Arthoropoda and Anarthropoda. By some zoologists it is applied to the former only.

Anoa - A small wild ox of Celebes (Anoa depressicornis), allied to the buffalo, but having long nearly straight horns.

Anomia - A genus of bivalve shells, allied to the oyster, so called from their unequal valves, of which the lower is perforated for attachment.

Anomura - Alt. of Anomoura

Anomoura - A group of decapod Crustacea, of which the hermit crab in an example.

Anona - A genus of tropical or subtropical plants of the natural order Anonaceae, including the soursop.

Anopla - One of the two orders of Nemerteans. See Nemertina.

Anoplura - A group of insects which includes the lice.

Anopsia - Alt. of Anopsy

Anorexia - Alt. of Anorexy

Anosmia - Loss of the sense of smell.

Anotta - See Annotto.

Anoura - See Anura.

Ansa - A name given to either of the projecting ends of Saturn's ring.

Anta - A species of pier produced by thickening a wall at its termination, treated architecturally as a pilaster, with capital and base.

Antefixa - of Antefix

Antenna - A movable, articulated organ of sensation, attached to the heads of insects and Crustacea. There are two in the former, and usually four in the latter. They are used as organs of touch, and in some species of Crustacea the cavity of the ear is situated near the basal joint. In insects, they are popularly called horns, and also feelers. The term in also applied to similar organs on the heads of other arthropods and of annelids.

Antepenultima - The last syllable of a word except two, as -syl- in monosyllable.

Anthelia - of Anthelion

Antheridia - of Antheridium

Anthobranchia - A division of nudibranchiate Mollusca, in which the gills form a wreath or cluster upon the posterior part of the back. See Nudibranchiata, and Doris.

Anthomania - A extravagant fondness for flowers.

Anthozoa - The class of the Coelenterata which includes the corals and sea anemones. The three principal groups or orders are Acyonaria, Actinaria, and Madreporaria.

Anthropoidea - The suborder of primates which includes the monkeys, apes, and man.

Anthropomorpha - The manlike, or anthropoid, apes.

Anticlinoria - of Anticlinorium

Antilegomena - Certain books of the New Testament which were for a time not universally received, but which are now considered canonical. These are the Epistle to the Hebrews, the Epistles of James and Jude, the second Epistle of Peter, the second and third Epistles of John, and the Revelation. The undisputed books are called the Homologoumena.

Antlia - The spiral tubular proboscis of lepidopterous insects. See Lepidoptera.

Antonomasia - The use of some epithet or the name of some office, dignity, or the like, instead of the proper name of the person; as when his majesty is used for a king, or when, instead of Aristotle, we say, the philosopher; or, conversely, the use of a proper name instead of an appellative, as when a wise man is called a Solomon, or an eminent orator a Cicero.

Antra - of Antrum

Anura - One of the orders of amphibians characterized by the absence of a tail, as the frogs and toads.

Aorta - The great artery which carries the blood from the heart to all parts of the body except the lungs; the main trunk of the arterial system.

Apara - See Mataco.

Aperea - The wild Guinea pig of Brazil (Cavia aperea).

Aphakia - An anomalous state of refraction caused by the absence of the crystalline lens, as after operations for cataract. The remedy is the use of powerful convex lenses.

Aphaniptera - A group of wingless insects, of which the flea in the type. See Flea.

Aphasia - Alt. of Aphasy

Aphelia - of Aphelion

Aphemia - Loss of the power of speaking, while retaining the power of writing; -- a disorder of cerebral origin.

Aphonia - Alt. of Aphony

Aphtha - One of the whitish specks called aphthae.

Aphtha - The disease, also called thrush.

Aplacentata - Mammals which have no placenta.

Aplacophora - A division of Amphineura in which the body is naked or covered with slender spines or setae, but is without shelly plates.

Aplysia - A genus of marine mollusks of the order Tectibranchiata; the sea hare. Some of the species when disturbed throw out a deep purple liquor, which colors the water to some distance. See Illust. in Appendix.

Apneumona - An order of holothurians in which the internal respiratory organs are wanting; -- called also Apoda or Apodes.

Apnoea - Partial privation or suspension of breath; suffocation.

Apocrypha - Something, as a writing, that is of doubtful authorship or authority; -- formerly used also adjectively.

Apocrypha - Specif.: Certain writings which are received by some Christians as an authentic part of the Holy Scriptures, but are rejected by others.

Apoda - A group of cirripeds, destitute of footlike organs.

Apoda - An order of Amphibia without feet. See Ophiomorpha.

Apoda - A group of worms without appendages, as the leech.

Apomorphia - Alt. of Apomorphine

Aporia - A figure in which the speaker professes to be at a loss what course to pursue, where to begin to end, what to say, etc.

Aporosa - A group of corals in which the coral is not porous; -- opposed to Perforata.

Apothecia - of Apothecium

Appendicularia - A genus of small free-swimming Tunicata, shaped somewhat like a tadpole, and remarkable for resemblances to the larvae of other Tunicata. It is the type of the order Copelata or Larvalia. See Illustration in Appendix.

Appendiculata - An order of annelids; the Polych/ta.

Appoggiatura - A passing tone preceding an essential tone, and borrowing the time it occupies from that; a short auxiliary or grace note one degree above or below the principal note unless it be of the same harmony; -- generally indicated by a note of smaller size, as in the illustration above. It forms no essential part of the harmony.

Aprocta - A group of Turbellaria in which there is no anal aperture.

Aptera - Insects without wings, constituting the seventh Linnaen order of insects, an artificial group, which included Crustacea, spiders, centipeds, and even worms. These animals are now placed in several distinct classes and orders.

Apteria - Naked spaces between the feathered areas of birds. See Pteryliae.

Apyrexia - Alt. of Apyrexy

Aqua - Water; -- a word much used in pharmacy and the old chemistry, in various signification, determined by the word or words annexed.

Aquaria - of Aquarium

Aquatinta - A kind of etching in which spaces are bitten by the use of aqua fortis, by which an effect is produced resembling a drawing in water colors or India ink; also, the engraving produced by this method.

Aquila - A genus of eagles.

Aquila - A northern constellation southerly from Lyra and Cygnus and preceding the Dolphin; the Eagle.

Ara - The Altar; a southern constellation, south of the tail of the Scorpion.

Ara - A name of the great blue and yellow macaw (Ara ararauna), native of South America.

Arachnida - One of the classes of Arthropoda. See Illustration in Appendix.

Arachnoidea - Same as Arachnida.

Araneida - Alt. of Araneoidea

Araneoidea - See Araneina.

Araneina - The order of Arachnida that includes the spiders.

Arapaima - A large fresh-water food fish of South America.

Arara - The palm (or great black) cockatoo, of Australia (Microglossus aterrimus).

Araucaria - A genus of tall conifers of the pine family. The species are confined mostly to South America and Australia. The wood cells differ from those of other in having the dots in their lateral surfaces in two or three rows, and the dots of contiguous rows alternating. The seeds are edible.

Arboreta - of Arboretum

Arcadia - A mountainous and picturesque district of Greece, in the heart of the Peloponnesus, whose people were distinguished for contentment and rural happiness.

Arcadia - Fig.: Any region or scene of simple pleasure and untroubled quiet.

Arcana - of Arcanum

Archencephala - The division that includes man alone.

Archiannelida - A group of Annelida remarkable for having no external segments or distinct ventral nerve ganglions.

Archiblastula - A hollow blastula, supposed to be the primitive form; a c/loblastula.

Arctisca - A group of Arachnida. See Illust. in Appendix.

Arctoidea - A group of the Carnivora, that includes the bears, weasels, etc.

Area - Any plane surface, as of the floor of a room or church, or of the ground within an inclosure; an open space in a building.

Area - The inclosed space on which a building stands.

Area - The sunken space or court, giving ingress and affording light to the basement of a building.

Area - An extent of surface; a tract of the earth's surface; a region; as, vast uncultivated areas.

Area - The superficial contents of any figure; the surface included within any given lines; superficial extent; as, the area of a square or a triangle.

Area - A spot or small marked space; as, the germinative area.

Area - Extent; scope; range; as, a wide area of thought.

Areca - A genus of palms, one species of which produces the areca nut, or betel nut, which is chewed in India with the leaf of the Piper Betle and lime.

Arena - The area in the central part of an amphitheater, in which the gladiators fought and other shows were exhibited; -- so called because it was covered with sand.

Arena - Any place of public contest or exertion; any sphere of action; as, the arenaof debate; the arena of life.

Arena - "Sand" or "gravel" in the kidneys.

Arenga - A palm tree (Saguerus saccharifer) which furnishes sago, wine, and fibers for ropes; the gomuti palm.

Areola - An interstice or small space, as between the cracks of the surface in certain crustaceous lichens; or as between the fibers composing organs or vessels that interlace; or as between the nervures of an insect's wing.

Areola - The colored ring around the nipple, or around a vesicle or pustule.

Argala - The adjutant bird.

Argonauta - A genus of Cephalopoda. The shell is called paper nautilus or paper sailor.

Aria - An air or song; a melody; a tune.

Arietta - Alt. of Ariette

Arista - An awn.

Armada - A fleet of armed ships; a squadron. Specifically, the Spanish fleet which was sent to assail England, a. d. 1558.

Armilla - An armil.

Armilla - A ring of hair or feathers on the legs.

Arna - Alt. of Arnee

Arnica - A genus of plants; also, the most important species (Arnica montana), native of the mountains of Europe, used in medicine as a narcotic and stimulant.

Aroma - The quality or principle of plants or other substances which constitutes their fragrance; agreeable odor; as, the aroma of coffee.

Aroma - Fig.: The fine diffusive quality of intellectual power; flavor; as, the subtile aroma of genius.

Arroba - A Spanish weight used in Mexico and South America = 25.36 lbs. avoir.; also, an old Portuguese weight, used in Brazil = 32.38 lbs. avoir.

Arroba - A Spanish liquid measure for wine = 3.54 imp. gallons, and for oil = 2.78 imp. gallons.

Artemia - A genus of phyllopod Crustacea found in salt lakes and brines; the brine shrimp. See Brine shrimp.

Artemisia - A genus of plants including the plants called mugwort, southernwood, and wormwood. Of these A. absinthium, or common wormwood, is well known, and A. tridentata is the sage brush of the Rocky Mountain region.

Arthrodia - A form of diarthrodial articulation in which the articular surfaces are nearly flat, so that they form only an imperfect ball and socket.

Arthrodynia - An affection characterized by pain in or about a joint, not dependent upon structural disease.

Arthrogastra - A division of the Arachnida, having the abdomen annulated, including the scorpions, harvestmen, etc.; pedipalpi.

Arthropleura - The side or limb-bearing portion of an arthromere.

Arthropoda - A large division of Articulata, embracing all those that have jointed legs. It includes Insects, Arachnida, Pychnogonida, and Crustacea.

Arthropomata - One of the orders of Branchiopoda. See Branchiopoda.

Arthrostraca - One of the larger divisions of Crustacea, so called because the thorax and abdomen are both segmented; Tetradecapoda. It includes the Amphipoda and Isopoda.

Articulata - One of the four subkingdoms in the classification of Cuvier. It has been much modified by later writers.

Articulata - One of the subdivisions of the Brachiopoda, including those that have the shells united by a hinge.

Articulata - A subdivision of the Crinoidea.

Artiodactyla - One of the divisions of the ungulate animals. The functional toes of the hind foot are even in number, and the third digit of each foot (corresponding to the middle finger in man) is asymmetrical and paired with the fourth digit, as in the hog, the sheep, and the ox; -- opposed to Perissodactyla.

Asa - An ancient name of a gum.

Asafetida - Alt. of Asafoetida

Asafoetida - The fetid gum resin or inspissated juice of a large umbelliferous plant (Ferula asafoetida) of Persia and the East Indies. It is used in medicine as an antispasmodic.

Asarabacca - An acrid herbaceous plant (Asarum Europaeum), the leaves and roots of which are emetic and cathartic. It is principally used in cephalic snuffs.

Ascidioidea - A group of Tunicata, often shaped like a two-necked bottle. The group includes, social, and compound species. The gill is a netlike structure within the oral aperture. The integument is usually leathery in texture. See Illustration in Appendix.

Ascidia - of Ascidium

A-sea - On the sea; at sea; toward the sea.

Asiphonea - Alt. of Asiphonida

Asiphonata - Alt. of Asiphonida

Asiphonida - A group of bivalve mollusks destitute of siphons, as the oyster; the asiphonate mollusks.

Asitia - Want of appetite; loathing of food.

Aspersoria - of Aspersorium

Asphyxia - Alt. of Asphyxy

Aspidobranchia - A group of Gastropoda, with limpetlike shells, including the abalone shells and keyhole limpets.

Assaf/tida - Same as Asafetida.

Asterioidea - Alt. of Asteridea

Asteridea - A class of Echinodermata including the true starfishes. The rays vary in number and always have ambulacral grooves below. The body is star-shaped or pentagonal.

Asthenia - Alt. of Astheny

Asthenopia - Weakness of sight.

Asthma - A disease, characterized by difficulty of breathing (due to a spasmodic contraction of the bronchi), recurring at intervals, accompanied with a wheezing sound, a sense of constriction in the chest, a cough, and expectoration.

Asura - An enemy of the gods, esp. one of a race of demons and giants.

Asyla - of Asylum

Ataraxia - Alt. of Ataraxy

Ataxia - Alt. of Ataxy

Athecata - A division of Hydroidea in which the zooids are naked, or not inclosed in a capsule. See Tubularian.

Athenaea - of Athenaeum

Atheroma - An encysted tumor containing curdy matter.

Atheroma - A disease characterized by thickening and fatty degeneration of the inner coat of the arteries.

Atlanta - A genus of small glassy heteropod mollusks found swimming at the surface in mid ocean. See Heteropod.

Atresia - Absence or closure of a natural passage or channel of the body; imperforation.

Atria - of Atrium

Atrocha - A kind of chaetopod larva in which no circles of cilia are developed.

Atropia - Same as Atropine.

Atrypa - A extinct genus of Branchiopoda, very common in Silurian limestones.

Attacca - Attack at once; -- a direction at the end of a movement to show that the next is to follow immediately, without any pause.

Audita querela - A writ which lies for a party against whom judgment is recovered, but to whom good matter of discharge has subsequently accrued which could not have been availed of to prevent such judgment.

Aura - Any subtile, invisible emanation, effluvium, or exhalation from a substance, as the aroma of flowers, the odor of the blood, a supposed fertilizing emanation from the pollen of flowers, etc.

Aura - The peculiar sensation, as of a light vapor, or cold air, rising from the trunk or limbs towards the head, a premonitory symptom of epilepsy or hysterics.

Aurelia - The chrysalis, or pupa of an insect, esp. when reflecting a brilliant golden color, as that of some of the butterflies.

Aurelia - A genus of jellyfishes. See Discophora.

Aureola - Alt. of Aureole

Auricula - A species of Primula, or primrose, called also, from the shape of its leaves, bear's-ear.

Auricula - A species of Hirneola (H. auricula), a membranaceous fungus, called also auricula Judae, or Jew's-ear.

Auricula - A genus of air-breathing mollusks mostly found near the sea, where the water is brackish

Auricula - One of the five arched processes of the shell around the jaws of a sea urchin.

Auricularia - A kind of holothurian larva, with soft, blunt appendages. See Illustration in Appendix.

Auriga - The Charioteer, or Wagoner, a constellation in the northern hemisphere, situated between Perseus and Gemini. It contains the bright star Capella.

Aurora - The rising light of the morning; the dawn of day; the redness of the sky just before the sun rises.

Aurora - The rise, dawn, or beginning.

Aurora - The Roman personification of the dawn of day; the goddess of the morning. The poets represented her a rising out of the ocean, in a chariot, with rosy fingers dropping gentle dew.

Aurora - A species of crowfoot.

Aurora - The aurora borealis or aurora australis (northern or southern lights).

Automata - of Automaton

Ava - Same as Kava.

Ave Maria - Alt. of Ave Mary

Avena - A genus of grasses, including the common oat (Avena sativa); the oat grasses.

Avesta - The Zoroastrian scriptures. See Zend-Avesta.

Avicula - A genus of marine bivalves, having a pearly interior, allied to the pearl oyster; -- so called from a supposed resemblance of the typical species to a bird.

Avicularia - See prehensile processes on the cells of some Bryozoa, often having the shape of a bird's bill.

Avifauna - The birds, or all the kinds of birds, inhabiting a region.

Axilla - The armpit, or the cavity beneath the junction of the arm and shoulder.

Axilla - An axil.

Azalea - A genus of showy flowering shrubs, mostly natives of China or of North America; false honeysuckle. The genus is scarcely distinct from Rhododendron.

Ba - To kiss.

Baa - To cry baa, or bleat as a sheep.

Baa - The cry or bleating of a sheep; a bleat.

Baba - A kind of plum cake.

Babiroussa - Alt. of Babirussa

Babirussa - A large hoglike quadruped (Sus, / Porcus, babirussa) of the East Indies, sometimes domesticated; the Indian hog. Its upper canine teeth or tusks are large and recurved.

Babyroussa - Alt. of Babyrussa

Babyrussa - See Babyroussa.

Baccara - Alt. of Baccarat

Bacchanalia - A feast or an orgy in honor of Bacchus.

Bacchanalia - Hence: A drunken feast; drunken reveler.

Bacteria - See Bacterium.

Bacteria - of Bacterium

Badiaga - A fresh-water sponge (Spongilla), common in the north of Europe, the powder of which is used to take away the livid marks of bruises.

Bafta - A coarse stuff, usually of cotton, originally made in India. Also, an imitation of this fabric made for export.

Baggala - A two-masted Arab or Indian trading vessel, used in Indian Ocean.

Balaenoidea - A division of the Cetacea, including the right whale and all other whales having the mouth fringed with baleen. See Baleen.

Balistraria - A narrow opening, often cruciform, through which arrows might be discharged.

Ballista - An ancient military engine, in the form of a crossbow, used for hurling large missiles.

Balsa - A raft or float, used principally on the Pacific coast of South America.

Banana - A perennial herbaceous plant of almost treelike size (Musa sapientum); also, its edible fruit. See Musa.

Bandala - A fabric made in Manilla from the older leaf sheaths of the abaca (Musa textilis).

Bandanna - Alt. of Bandana

Bandana - A species of silk or cotton handkerchief, having a uniformly dyed ground, usually of red or blue, with white or yellow figures of a circular, lozenge, or other simple form.

Bandana - A style of calico printing, in which white or bright spots are produced upon cloth previously dyed of a uniform red or dark color, by discharging portions of the color by chemical means, while the rest of the cloth is under pressure.

Barbara - The first word in certain mnemonic lines which represent the various forms of the syllogism. It indicates a syllogism whose three propositions are universal affirmatives.

Baria - Baryta.

Barilla - A name given to several species of Salsola from which soda is made, by burning the barilla in heaps and lixiviating the ashes.

Barilla - The alkali produced from the plant, being an impure carbonate of soda, used for making soap, glass, etc., and for bleaching purposes.

Barilla - Impure soda obtained from the ashes of any seashore plant, or kelp.

Barracuda - Alt. of Barracouata

Barracouata - A voracious pikelike, marine fish, of the genus Sphyraena, sometimes used as food.

Barracouata - A large edible fresh-water fish of Australia and New Zealand (Thyrsites atun).

Barranca - A ravine caused by heavy rains or a watercourse.

Baryta - An oxide of barium (or barytum); a heavy earth with a specific gravity above 4.

Basilica - Originally, the place of a king; but afterward, an apartment provided in the houses of persons of importance, where assemblies were held for dispensing justice; and hence, any large hall used for this purpose.

Basilica - A building used by the Romans as a place of public meeting, with court rooms, etc., attached.

Basilica - A church building of the earlier centuries of Christianity, the plan of which was taken from the basilica of the Romans. The name is still applied to some churches by way of honorary distinction.

Basilica - A digest of the laws of Justinian, translated from the original Latin into Greek, by order of Basil I., in the ninth century.

Basommatophora - A group of Pulmonifera having the eyes at the base of the tentacles, including the common pond snails.

Bassa - Alt. of Bassaw

Basta - Enough; stop.

Batata - An aboriginal American name for the sweet potato (Ipomaea batatas).

Batrachia - The order of amphibians which includes the frogs and toads; the Anura. Sometimes the word is used in a wider sense as equivalent to Amphibia.

Batta - Extra pay; esp. an extra allowance to an English officer serving in India.

Batta - Rate of exchange; also, the discount on uncurrent coins.

Battalia - Order of battle; disposition or arrangement of troops (brigades, regiments, battalions, etc.), or of a naval force, for action.

Battalia - An army in battle array; also, the main battalia or body.

Battuta - The measuring of time by beating.

Baya - The East Indian weaver bird (Ploceus Philippinus).

Bdelloidea - The order of Annulata which includes the leeches. See Hirudinea.

Bdellomorpha - An order of Nemertina, including the large leechlike worms (Malacobdella) often parasitic in clams.

Beccabunga - See Brooklime.

Becuna - A fish of the Mediterranean (Sphyraena spet). See Barracuda.

Bega - See Bigha.

Begonia - A genus of plants, mostly of tropical America, many species of which are grown as ornamental plants. The leaves are curiously one-sided, and often exhibit brilliant colors.

Bulimia - Alt. of Bulimy

Bulla - A bleb; a vesicle, or an elevation of the cuticle, containing a transparent watery fluid.

Bulla - The ovoid prominence below the opening of the ear in the skulls of many animals; as, the tympanic or auditory bulla.

Bulla - A leaden seal for a document; esp. the round leaden seal attached to the papal bulls, which has on one side a representation of St. Peter and St. Paul, and on the other the name of the pope who uses it.

Bulla - A genus of marine shells. See Bubble shell.

Cariama - A large, long-legged South American bird (Dicholophus cristatus) which preys upon snakes, etc. See Seriema.

Belladonna - An herbaceous European plant (Atropa belladonna) with reddish bell-shaped flowers and shining black berries. The whole plant and its fruit are very poisonous, and the root and leaves are used as powerful medicinal agents. Its properties are largely due to the alkaloid atropine which it contains. Called also deadly nightshade.

Belladonna - A species of Amaryllis (A. belladonna); the belladonna lily.

Bellona - The goddess of war.

Beluga - A cetacean allied to the dolphins.

Bema - A platform from which speakers addressed an assembly.

Bema - That part of an early Christian church which was reserved for the higher clergy; the inner or eastern part of the chancel.

Bema - Erroneously: A pulpit.

Bengola - A Bengal light.

Beretta - Same as Berretta.

Berretta - A square cap worn by ecclesiastics of the Roman Catholic Church. A cardinal's berretta is scarlet; that worn by other clerics is black, except that a bishop's is lined with green.

Bertha - A kind of collar or cape worn by ladies.

Beteela - An East India muslin, formerly used for cravats, veils, etc.

Bibliomania - A mania for acquiring books.

Bibliophobia - A dread of books.

Bibliotheca - A library.

Biga - A two-horse chariot.

Bigha - A measure of land in India, varying from a third of an acre to an acre.

Bignonia - A large genus of American, mostly tropical, climbing shrubs, having compound leaves and showy somewhat tubular flowers. B. capreolata is the cross vine of the Southern United States. The trumpet creeper was formerly considered to be of this genus.

Bimana - Animals having two hands; -- a term applied by Cuvier to man as a special order of Mammalia.

Bipinnaria - The larva of certain starfishes as developed in the free-swimming stage.

Biretta - Same as Berretta.

Blastemata - of Blastema

Blastema - The structureless, protoplasmic tissue of the embryo; the primitive basis of an organ yet unformed, from which it grows.

Blastoidea - One of the divisions of Crinoidea found fossil in paleozoic rocks; pentremites. They are so named on account of their budlike form.

Blastula - That stage in the development of the ovum in which the outer cells of the morula become more defined and form the blastoderm.

Blea - The part of a tree which lies immediately under the bark; the alburnum or sapwood.

Blennorrhea - An inordinate secretion and discharge of mucus.

Blennorrhea - Gonorrhea.

Boa - A genus of large American serpents, including the boa constrictor, the emperor boa of Mexico (B. imperator), and the chevalier boa of Peru (B. eques).

Boa - A long, round fur tippet; -- so called from its resemblance in shape to the boa constrictor.

Bocca - The round hole in the furnace of a glass manufactory through which the fused glass is taken out.

Bohea - Bohea tea, an inferior kind of black tea. See under Tea.

Bohemia - A country of central Europe.

Bohemia - Fig.: The region or community of social Bohemians. See Bohemian, n., 3.

Bologna - A city of Italy which has given its name to various objects.

Bologna - A Bologna sausage.

Bonanza - In mining, a rich mine or vein of silver or gold; hence, anything which is a mine of wealth or yields a large income.

Bona peritura - Perishable goods.

Bona roba - A showy wanton; a courtesan.

Bonetta - See Bonito.

Bosa - A drink, used in the East. See Boza.

Bothrenchyma - Dotted or pitted ducts or vessels forming the pores seen in many kinds of wood.

Bougainvillaea - A genus of plants of the order Nyctoginaceae, from tropical South America, having the flowers surrounded by large bracts.

Boza - An acidulated fermented drink of the Arabs and Egyptians, made from millet seed and various astringent substances; also, an intoxicating beverage made from hemp seed, darnel meal, and water.

Brachelytra - A group of beetles having short elytra, as the rove beetles.

Brachia - See Brachium.

Brachiata - A division of the Crinoidea, including those furnished with long jointed arms. See Crinoidea.

Brachiolaria - A peculiar early larval stage of certain starfishes, having a bilateral structure, and swimming by means of bands of vibrating cilia.

Brachiopoda - A class of Molluscoidea having a symmetrical bivalve shell, often attached by a fleshy peduncle.

Bracchia - of Brachium

Brachyptera - A group of Coleoptera having short wings; the rove beetles.

Brachyura - A group of decapod Crustacea, including the common crabs, characterized by a small and short abdomen, which is bent up beneath the large cephalo-thorax. [Also spelt Brachyoura.] See Crab, and Illustration in Appendix.

Bractea - A bract.

Brahma - The One First Cause; also, one of the triad of Hindoo gods. The triad consists of Brahma, the Creator, Vishnu, the Preserver, and Siva, the Destroyer.

Brahma - A valuable variety of large, domestic fowl, peculiar in having the comb divided lengthwise into three parts, and the legs well feathered. There are two breeds, the dark or penciled, and the light; -- called also Brahmapootra.

Brama - See Brahma.

Branchia - A gill; a respiratory organ for breathing the air contained in water, such as many aquatic and semiaquatic animals have.

Branchiogastropoda - Those Gastropoda that breathe by branchiae, including the Prosobranchiata and Opisthobranchiata.

Branchiopoda - An order of Entomostraca; -- so named from the feet of branchiopods having been supposed to perform the function of gills. It includes the fresh-water genera Branchipus, Apus, and Limnadia, and the genus Artemia found in salt lakes. It is also called Phyllopoda. See Phyllopoda, Cladocera. It is sometimes used in a broader sense.

Branchiostoma - The lancelet. See Amphioxus.

Branchiura - A group of Entomostraca, with suctorial mouths, including species parasitic on fishes, as the carp lice (Argulus).

Brassica - A genus of plants embracing several species and varieties differing much in appearance and qualities: such as the common cabbage (B. oleracea), broccoli, cauliflowers, etc.; the wild turnip (B. campestris); the common turnip (B. rapa); the rape or coleseed (B. napus), etc.

Bravura - A florid, brilliant style of music, written for effect, to show the range and flexibility of a singer's voice, or the technical force and skill of a performer; virtuoso music.

Breccia - A rock composed of angular fragments either of the same mineral or of different minerals, etc., united by a cement, and commonly presenting a variety of colors.

Bregma - The point of junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures of the skull.

Bretwalda - The official title applied to that one of the Anglo-Saxon chieftains who was chosen by the other chiefs to lead them in their warfare against the British tribes.

Britannia - A white-metal alloy of tin, antimony, bismuth, copper, etc. It somewhat resembles silver, and is used for table ware. Called also Britannia metal.

Britzska - A long carriage, with a calash top, so constructed as to give space for reclining at night, when used on a journey.

Broma - Aliment; food.

Broma - A light form of prepared cocoa (or cacao), or the drink made from it.

Bronchia - The bronchial tubes which arise from the branching of the trachea, esp. the subdivision of the bronchi.

Broncho-pneumonia - Inflammation of the bronchi and lungs; catarrhal pneumonia.

Bruta - See Edentata.

Bryophyta - See Cryptogamia.

Bryozoa - A class of Molluscoidea, including minute animals which by budding form compound colonies; -- called also Polyzoa.

Buckra - A white man; -- a term used by negroes of the African coast, West Indies, etc.

Buckra - White; white man's; strong; good; as, buckra yam, a white yam.

Bucrania - of Bucranium

Buddha - The title of an incarnation of self-abnegation, virtue, and wisdom, or a deified religious teacher of the Buddhists, esp. Gautama Siddartha or Sakya Sinha (or Muni), the founder of Buddhism.

Buffa - The comic actress in an opera.

Buffa - Comic, farcical.

Bunodonta - Alt. of Bunodonts

Burletta - A comic operetta; a music farce.

Bursa - Any sac or saclike cavity; especially, one of the synovial sacs, or small spaces, often lined with synovial membrane, interposed between tendons and bony prominences.

Caaba - The small and nearly cubical stone building, toward which all Mohammedans must pray.

Cabala - A kind of occult theosophy or traditional interpretation of the Scriptures among Jewish rabbis and certain mediaeval Christians, which treats of the nature of god and the mystery of human existence. It assumes that every letter, word, number, and accent of Scripture contains a hidden sense; and it teaches the methods of interpretation for ascertaining these occult meanings. The cabalists pretend even to foretell events by this means.

Cabala - Secret science in general; mystic art; mystery.

Cabeca - Alt. of Cabesse

Cabrilla - A name applied to various species of edible fishes of the genus Serranus, and related genera, inhabiting the Meditarranean, the coast of California, etc. In California, some of them are also called rock bass and kelp salmon.

Cacaemia - Alt. of Cachaemia

Cachaemia - A degenerated or poisoned condition of the blood.

Cachexia - Alt. of Cachexy

Cachucha - An Andalusian dance in three-four time, resembling the bolero.

Cacochymia - Alt. of Cacochymy

Cadenza - A parenthetic flourish or flight of ornament in the course of a piece, commonly just before the final cadence.

Cadmia - An oxide of zinc which collects on the sides of furnaces where zinc is sublimed. Formerly applied to the mineral calamine.

Caeca - See Caecum.

Caeca - of Caecum

Caesura - A metrical break in a verse, occurring in the middle of a foot and commonly near the middle of the verse; a sense pause in the middle of a foot. Also, a long syllable on which the caesural accent rests, or which is used as a foot.

Caffila - See Cafila.

Cafila - Alt. of Cafileh

Ca ira - The refrain of a famous song of the French Revolution.

Calcaria - of Calcar

Calcavella - A sweet wine from Portugal; -- so called from the district of Carcavelhos.

Calceolaria - A genus of showy herbaceous or shrubby plants, brought from South America; slipperwort. It has a yellow or purple flower, often spotted or striped, the shape of which suggests its name.

Calc-tufa - See under Calcite.

Caledonia - The ancient Latin name of Scotland; -- still used in poetry.

Calendula - A genus of composite herbaceous plants. One species, Calendula officinalis, is the common marigold, and was supposed to blossom on the calends of every month, whence the name.

Calla - A genus of plants, of the order Araceae.

Calumba - The root of a plant (Jateorrhiza Calumba, and probably Cocculus palmatus), indigenous in Mozambique. It has an unpleasantly bitter taste, and is used as a tonic and antiseptic.

Calvaria - The bones of the cranium; more especially, the bones of the domelike upper portion.

Calycozoa - A group of acalephs of which Lucernaria is the type. The body is cup-shaped with eight marginal lobes bearing clavate tentacles. An aboral sucker serves for attachment. The interior is divided into four large compartments. See Lucernarida.

Calyptra - A little hood or veil, resembling an extinguisher in form and position, covering each of the small flasklike capsules which contain the spores of mosses; also, any similar covering body.

Camarilla - The private audience chamber of a king.

Camarilla - A company of secret and irresponsible advisers, as of a king; a cabal or clique.

Cambria - The ancient Latin name of Wales. It is used by modern poets.

Camellia - An Asiatic genus of small shrubs, often with shining leaves and showy flowers. Camellia Japonica is much cultivated for ornament, and C. Sassanqua and C. oleifera are grown in China for the oil which is pressed from their seeds. The tea plant is now referred to this genus under the name of Camellia Thea.

Camera - A chamber, or instrument having a chamber. Specifically: The camera obscura when used in photography. See Camera, and Camera obscura.

Camera lucida - An instrument which by means of a prism of a peculiar form, or an arrangement of mirrors, causes an apparent image of an external object or objects to appear as if projected upon a plane surface, as of paper or canvas, so that the outlines may conveniently traced. It is generally used with the microscope.

Camera obscura - An apparatus in which the images of external objects, formed by a convex lens or a concave mirror, are thrown on a paper or other white surface placed in the focus of the lens or mirror within a darkened chamber, or box, so that the outlines may be traced.

Camera obscura - An apparatus in which the image of an external object or objects is, by means of lenses, thrown upon a sensitized plate or surface placed at the back of an extensible darkened box or chamber variously modified; -- commonly called simply the camera.

Campagna - An open level tract of country; especially "Campagna di Roma." The extensive undulating plain which surrounds Rome.

Campana - A church bell.

Campana - The pasque flower.

Campana - Same as Gutta.

Campania - Open country.

Campanula - A large genus of plants bearing bell-shaped flowers, often of great beauty; -- also called bellflower.

Caada - A small caon; a narrow valley or glen; also, but less frequently, an open valley.

Canada - A British province in North America, giving its name to various plants and animals.

Candelabra - of Candelabrum

Canella - A genus of trees of the order Canellaceae, growing in the West Indies.

Cannicula - The Dog Star; Sirius.

Canna - A measure of length in Italy, varying from six to seven feet. See Cane, 4.

Canna - A genus of tropical plants, with large leaves and often with showy flowers. The Indian shot (C. Indica) is found in gardens of the northern United States.

Cannula - A small tube of metal, wood, or India rubber, used for various purposes, esp. for injecting or withdrawing fluids. It is usually associated with a trocar.

Cantata - A poem set to music; a musical composition comprising choruses, solos, interludes, etc., arranged in a somewhat dramatic manner; originally, a composition for a single noise, consisting of both recitative and melody.

Cantilena - See Cantabile.

Canula - Alt. of Canulated

Capella - A brilliant star in the constellation Auriga.

Capibara - See Capybara.

Capitan Pasha - Alt. of Pacha

Pacha - The chief admiral of the Turkish fleet.

Capitibranchiata - A division of annelids in which the gills arise from or near the head. See Tubicola.

Capitula - See Capitulum.

Cappella - See A cappella.

Capra - A genus of ruminants, including the common goat.

Capita - of Caput

Capybara - A large South American rodent (Hydrochaerus capybara) Living on the margins of lakes and rivers. It is the largest extant rodent, being about three feet long, and half that in height. It somewhat resembles the Guinea pig, to which it is related; -- called also cabiai and water hog.

Caracara - A south American bird of several species and genera, resembling both the eagles and the vultures. The caracaras act as scavengers, and are also called carrion buzzards.

Caracora - A light vessel or proa used by the people of Borneo, etc., and by the Dutch in the East Indies.

Carambola - An East Indian tree (Averrhoa Carambola), and its acid, juicy fruit; called also Coromandel gooseberry.

Carcinoma - A cancer. By some medical writers, the term is applied to an indolent tumor. See Cancer.

Cardia - The heart.

Cardia - The anterior or cardiac orifice of the stomach, where the esophagus enters it.

Cardialgla - Alt. of Cardialgy

Carina - A keel

Carina - That part of a papilionaceous flower, consisting of two petals, commonly united, which incloses the organs of fructification

Carina - A longitudinal ridge or projection like the keel of a boat.

Carina - The keel of the breastbone of birds.

Carinaria - A genus of oceanic heteropod Mollusca, having a thin, glassy, bonnet-shaped shell, which covers only the nucleus and gills.

Carnauba - The Brazilian wax palm. See Wax palm.

Carnivora - An order of Mammallia including the lion, tiger, wolf bear, seal, etc. They are adapted by their structure to feed upon flesh, though some of them, as the bears, also eat vegetable food. The teeth are large and sharp, suitable for cutting flesh, and the jaws powerful.

Carpalia - of Carpale

Carrancha - The Brazilian kite (Polyborus Brasiliensis); -- so called in imitation of its notes.

Caruncula - A small fleshy prominence or excrescence; especially the small, reddish body, the caruncula lacrymalis, in the inner angle of the eye.

Caruncula - An excrescence or appendage surrounding or near the hilum of a seed.

Caruncula - A naked, flesh appendage, on the head of a bird, as the wattles of a turkey, etc.

Cascara sagrada - Holy bark; the bark of the California buckthorn (Rhamnus Purshianus), used as a mild cathartic or laxative.

Cascarilla - A euphorbiaceous West Indian shrub (Croton Eleutheria); also, its aromatic bark.

Cassada - See Cassava.

Cassava - A shrubby euphorbiaceous plant of the genus Manihot, with fleshy rootstocks yielding an edible starch; -- called also manioc.

Cassava - A nutritious starch obtained from the rootstocks of the cassava plant, used as food and in making tapioca.

Cassia - A genus of leguminous plants (herbs, shrubs, or trees) of many species, most of which have purgative qualities. The leaves of several species furnish the senna used in medicine.

Cassia - The bark of several species of Cinnamomum grown in China, etc.; Chinese cinnamon. It is imported as cassia, but commonly sold as cinnamon, from which it differs more or less in strength and flavor, and the amount of outer bark attached.

Cassiopeia - A constellation of the northern hemisphere, situated between Cepheus and Perseus; -- so called in honor of the wife of Cepheus, a fabulous king of Ethiopia.

Castanea - A genus of nut-bearing trees or shrubs including the chestnut and chinquapin.

Casuarina - A genus of leafless trees or shrubs, with drooping branchlets of a rushlike appearance, mostly natives of Australia. Some of them are large, producing hard and heavy timber of excellent quality, called beefwood from its color.

Cata - The Latin and English form of a Greek preposition, used as a prefix to signify down, downward, under, against, contrary or opposed to, wholly, completely; as in cataclysm, catarrh. It sometimes drops the final vowel, as in catoptric; and is sometimes changed to cath, as in cathartic, catholic.

Catallacta - A division of Protozoa, of which Magosphaera is the type. They exist both in a myxopod state, with branched pseudopodia, and in the form of ciliated bodies united in free, spherical colonies.

Catalpa - A genus of American and East Indian trees, of which the best know species are the Catalpa bignonioides, a large, ornamental North American tree, with spotted white flowers and long cylindrical pods, and the C. speciosa, of the Mississipi valley; -- called also Indian bean.

Catamenia - The monthly courses of women; menstrual discharges; menses.

Catawba - A well known light red variety of American grape.

Catawba - A light-colored, sprightly American wine from the Catawba grape.

Catena - A chain or series of things connected with each other.

Cathedra - The official chair or throne of a bishop, or of any person in high authority.

Caudata - See Urodela.

Caudicula - A slender, elastic process, to which the masses of pollen in orchidaceous plants are attached.

Cauma - Great heat, as of the body in fever.

Cavatina - Originally, a melody of simpler form than the aria; a song without a second part and a da capo; -- a term now variously and vaguely used.

Cavicornia - A group of ruminants whose horns are hollow, and planted on a bony process of the front, as the ox.

Cecidomyia - A genus of small dipterous files, including several very injurious species, as the Hessian fly. See Hessian fly.

Cedilla - A mark placed under the letter c [thus, c], to show that it is to be sounded like s, as in facade.

Cella - The part inclosed within the walls of an ancient temple, as distinguished from the open porticoes.

Centaurea - A large genus of composite plants, related to the thistles and including the cornflower or bluebottle (Centaurea Cyanus) and the star thistle (C. Calcitrapa).

Centra - of Centrum

Cephalalgia - Alt. of Cephalalgy

Cephalata - A large division of Mollusca, including all except the bivalves; -- so called because the head is distinctly developed. See Illustration in Appendix.

Cephalophora - The cephalata.

Cephalopoda - The highest class of Mollusca.

Cephaloptera - One of the generic names of the gigantic ray (Manta birostris), known as devilfish and sea devil. It is common on the coasts of South Carolina, Florida, and farther south. Some of them grow to enormous size, becoming twenty feet of more across the body, and weighing more than a ton.

Cephalotrocha - A kind of annelid larva with a circle of cilia around the head.

Ceratobranchia - A group of nudibranchiate Mollusca having on the back papilliform or branched organs serving as gills.

Cercaria - The larval form of a trematode worm having the shape of a tadpole, with its body terminated by a tail-like appendage.

Cerealia - Public festivals in honor of Ceres.

Cerealia - The cereals.

Cerebella - of Cerebellum

Cerebra - of Cerebrum

Ceroma - The unguent (a composition of oil and wax) with which wrestlers were anointed among the ancient Romans.

Ceroma - That part of the baths and gymnasia in which bathers and wrestlers anointed themselves.

Ceroma - The cere of birds.

Cestoidea - A class of parasitic worms (Platelminthes) of which the tapeworms are the most common examples. The body is flattened, and usually but not always long, and composed of numerous joints or segments, each of which may contain a complete set of male and female reproductive organs. They have neither mouth nor intestine. See Tapeworm.

Cesura - See Caesura.

Cetacea - An order of marine mammals, including the whales. Like ordinary mammals they breathe by means of lungs, and bring forth living young which they suckle for some time. The anterior limbs are changed to paddles; the tail flukes are horizontal. There are two living suborders:

Chachalaca - The Texan guan (Ortalis vetula).

Chacma - A large species of African baboon (Cynocephalus porcarius); -- called also ursine baboon. [See Illust. of Baboon.]

Chaetognatha - An order of free-swimming marine worms, of which the genus Sagitta is the type. They have groups of curved spines on each side of the head.

Chaetopoda - A very extensive order of Annelida, characterized by the presence of lateral setae, or spines, on most or all of the segments. They are divided into two principal groups: Oligochaeta, including the earthworms and allied forms, and Polychaeta, including most of the marine species.

Chaja - The crested screamer of Brazil (Palamedea, / Chauna, chavaria), so called in imitation of its notes; -- called also chauna, and faithful kamichi. It is often domesticated and is useful in guarding other poultry. See Kamichi.

Chalaza - The place on an ovule, or seed, where its outer coats cohere with each other and the nucleus.

Chalaza - A spiral band of thickened albuminous substance which exists in the white of the bird's egg, and serves to maintain the yolk in its position; the treadle.

Crocodilia - An order of reptiles including the crocodiles, gavials, alligators, and many extinct kinds.

Croma - A quaver.

Cromorna - A certain reed stop in the organ, of a quality of tone resembling that of the oboe.

Chara - A genus of flowerless plants, having articulated stems and whorled branches. They flourish in wet places.

Charta - Material on which instruments, books, etc., are written; parchment or paper.

Charta - A charter or deed; a writing by which a grant is made. See Magna Charta.

Cheilopoda - See Ch/lopoda.

Cheiroptera - An order of mammalia, including the bats, having four toes of each of the anterior limbs elongated and connected by a web, so that they can be used like wings in flying. See Bat.

Cheiropterygia - of Cheiropterygium

Chela - The pincherlike claw of Crustacea and Arachnida.

Chelicera - One of the anterior pair of mouth organs, terminated by a pincherlike claw, in scorpions and allied Arachnida. They are homologous with the falcers of spiders, and probably with the mandibles of insects.

Chelonia - An order of reptiles, including the tortoises and turtles, peculiar in having a part of the vertebrae, ribs, and sternum united with the dermal plates so as to form a firm shell. The jaws are covered by a horny beak. See Reptilia; also, Illust. in Appendix.

Chelura - A genus of marine amphipod crustacea, which bore into and sometimes destroy timber.

Chiasma - A commissure; especially, the optic commissure, or crucial union of the optic nerves.

Chica - A red coloring matter. extracted from the Bignonia Chica, used by some tribes of South American Indians to stain the skin.

Chica - A fermented liquor or beer made in South American from a decoction of maize.

Chica - A popular Moorish, Spanish, and South American dance, said to be the original of the fandango, etc.

Chicha - See Chica.

Chick-pea - A Small leguminous plant (Cicer arietinum) of Asia, Africa, and the south of Europe; the chich; the dwarf pea; the gram.

Chick-pea - Its nutritious seed, used in cookery, and especially, when roasted (parched pulse), as food for travelers in the Eastern deserts.

Chikara - The goat antelope (Tragops Bennettii) of India.

Chikara - The Indian four-horned antelope (Tetraceros quadricornis).

Chilognatha - One of the two principal orders of myriapods. They have numerous segments, each bearing two pairs of small, slender legs, which are attached ventrally, near together.

Chiloma - The tumid upper lip of certain mammals, as of a camel.

Chilopoda - One of the orders of myriapods, including the centipeds. They have a single pair of elongated legs attached laterally to each segment; well developed jaws; and a pair of thoracic legs converted into poison fangs. They are insectivorous, very active, and some species grow to the length of a foot.

Chilostoma - Alt. of Chilostomata

Chilostomata - An extensive suborder of marine Bryozoa, mostly with calcareous shells. They have a movable lip and a lid to close the aperture of the cells.

Chimaera - A cartilaginous fish of several species, belonging to the order Holocephali. The teeth are few and large. The head is furnished with appendages, and the tail terminates in a point.

Chimera - A monster represented as vomiting flames, and as having the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a dragon.

Chimera - A vain, foolish, or incongruous fancy, or creature of the imagination; as, the chimera of an author.

China - A country in Eastern Asia.

China - China ware, which is the modern popular term for porcelain. See Porcelain.

Chincha - A south American rodent of the genus Lagotis.

Chinchilla - A small rodent (Chinchilla lanigera), of the size of a large squirrel, remarkable for its fine fur, which is very soft and of a pearly gray color. It is a native of Peru and Chili.

Chinchilla - The fur of the chinchilla.

Chinchilla - A heavy, long-napped, tufted woolen cloth.

Chinchona - Alt. of Chincona

Chincona - See Cinchona.

Chiragra - Gout in the hand.

Chiretta - A plant (Agathotes Chirayta) found in Northern India, having medicinal properties to the gentian, and esteemed as a tonic and febrifuge.

Chittra - The axis deer of India.

Chloasma - A cutaneous affection characterized by yellow or yellowish brown pigmented spots.

Cholaemaa - A disease characterized by severe nervous symptoms, dependent upon the presence of the constituents of the bile in the blood.

Cholera - One of several diseases affecting the digestive and intestinal tract and more or less dangerous to life, esp. the one commonly called Asiatic cholera.

Chondroganoidea - An order of ganoid fishes, including the sturgeons; -- so called on account of their cartilaginous skeleton.

Chondromata - of Chondroma

Chondroma - A cartilaginous tumor or growth.

Chorda - A cord.

Chordata - A comprehensive division of animals including all Vertebrata together with the Tunicata, or all those having a dorsal nervous cord.

Chorea - St. Vitus's dance; a disease attended with convulsive twitchings and other involuntary movements of the muscles or limbs.

Chouicha - The salmon of the Columbia River or California. See Quinnat.

Chouka - The Indian four-horned antelope; the chikara.

Chrysocolla - A hydrous silicate of copper, occurring massive, of a blue or greenish blue color.

Chrysopa - A genus of neuropterous insects. See Lacewing.

Chthonophagia - Alt. of Chthonophagy

Chufa - A sedgelike plant (Cyperus esculentus) producing edible tubers, native about the Mediterranean, now cultivated in many regions; the earth almond.

Chyluria - A morbid condition in which the urine contains chyle or fatty matter, giving it a milky appearance.

Ciboria - of Ciborium

Cicada - Any species of the genus Cicada. They are large hemipterous insects, with nearly transparent wings. The male makes a shrill sound by peculiar organs in the under side of the abdomen, consisting of a pair of stretched membranes, acted upon by powerful muscles. A noted American species (C. septendecim) is called the seventeen year locust. Another common species is the dogday cicada.

Cicala - A cicada. See Cicada.

Cich-pea - The chick-pea.

Cicuta - a genus of poisonous umbelliferous plants, of which the water hemlock or cowbane is best known.

Cilia - The eyelashes.

Cilia - Small, generally microscopic, vibrating appendages lining certain organs, as the air passages of the higher animals, and in the lower animals often covering also the whole or a part of the exterior. They are also found on some vegetable organisms. In the Infusoria, and many larval forms, they are locomotive organs.

Cilia - Hairlike processes, commonly marginal and forming a fringe like the eyelash.

Cilia - Small, vibratory, swimming organs, somewhat resembling true cilia, as those of Ctenophora.

Ciliata - One of the orders of Infusoria, characterized by having cilia. In some species the cilia cover the body generally, in others they form a band around the mouth.

Cima - A kind of molding. See Cyma.

Cimbia - A fillet or band placed around the shaft of a column as if to strengthen it.

Cimia - See Cimbia.

Cinchona - A genus of trees growing naturally on the Andes in Peru and adjacent countries, but now cultivated in the East Indies, producing a medicinal bark of great value.

Cinchona - The bark of any species of Cinchona containing three per cent. or more of bitter febrifuge alkaloids; Peruvian bark; Jesuits' bark.

Cineraria - A Linnaean genus of free-flowering composite plants, mostly from South Africa. Several species are cultivated for ornament.

Cinura - The group of Thysanura which includes Lepisma and allied forms; the bristletails. See Bristletail, and Lepisma.

Cirripedia - An order of Crustacea including the barnacles. When adult, they have a calcareous shell composed of several pieces. From the opening of the shell the animal throws out a group of curved legs, looking like a delicate curl, whence the name of the group. See Anatifa.

Cirrobranchiata - A division of Mollusca having slender, cirriform appendages near the mouth; the Scaphopoda.

Cithara - An ancient instrument resembling the harp.

Cladocera - An order of the Entomostraca.

Claribella - A soft, sweet stop, or set of open wood pipes in an organ.

Claustra - of Claustrum

Claytonia - An American genus of perennial herbs with delicate blossoms; -- sometimes called spring beauty.

Clepsydra - A water clock; a contrivance for measuring time by the graduated flow of a liquid, as of water, through a small aperture. See Illust. in Appendix.

Cleptomania - See Kleptomania.

Cloaca - A sewer; as, the Cloaca Maxima of Rome.

Cloaca - A privy.

Cloaca - The common chamber into which the intestinal, urinary, and generative canals discharge in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and many fishes.

Cnida - One of the peculiar stinging, cells found in Coelenterata; a nematocyst; a lasso cell.

Cnidaria - A comprehensive group equivalent to the true Coelenterata, i. e., exclusive of the sponges. They are so named from presence of stinging cells (cnidae) in the tissues. See Coelenterata.

Coagula - of Coagulum

Coaita - The native name of certain South American monkeys of the genus Ateles, esp. A. paniscus. The black-faced coaita is Ateles ater. See Illustration in Appendix.

Cobaea - A genus of climbing plants, native of Mexico and South America. C. scandens is a conservatory climber with large bell-shaped flowers.

Cobia - An oceanic fish of large size (Elacate canada); the crabeater; -- called also bonito, cubbyyew, coalfish, and sergeant fish.

Cobra - See Copra.

Cobra - The cobra de capello.

Coca - The dried leaf of a South American shrub (Erythroxylon Coca). In med., called Erythroxylon.

Coccinella - A genus of small beetles of many species. They and their larvae feed on aphids or plant lice, and hence are of great benefit to man. Also called ladybirds and ladybugs.

Coccobacteria - of Coccobacterium

Cochlea - An appendage of the labyrinth of the internal ear, which is elongated and coiled into a spiral in mammals. See Ear.

Cocoa - Alt. of Cocoa palm

Cocoa - A preparation made from the seeds of the chocolate tree, and used in making, a beverage; also the beverage made from cocoa or cocoa shells.

Coda - A few measures added beyond the natural termination of a composition.

Codetta - A short passage connecting two sections, but not forming part of either; a short coda.

Codilla - The coarse tow of flax and hemp.

Coelentera - Alt. of Coelenterata

Coelenterata - A comprehensive group of Invertebrata, mostly marine, comprising the Anthozoa, Hydrozoa, and Ctenophora. The name implies that the stomach and body cavities are one. The group is sometimes enlarged so as to include the sponges.

Coelia - A cavity.

Coenenchyma - The common tissue which unites the polyps or zooids of a compound anthozoan or coral. It may be soft or more or less ossified. See Coral.

Coleoptera - An order of insects having the anterior pair of wings (elytra) hard and horny, and serving as coverings for the posterior pair, which are membranous, and folded transversely under the others when not in use. The mouth parts form two pairs of jaws (mandibles and maxillae) adapted for chewing. Most of the Coleoptera are known as beetles and weevils.

Coleorhiza - A sheath in the embryo of grasses, inclosing the caulicle.

Colera - Bile; choler.

Collectanea - Passages selected from various authors, usually for purposes of instruction; miscellany; anthology.

Collembola - The division of Thysanura which includes Podura, and allied forms.

Collenchyma - A tissue of vegetable cells which are thickend at the angles and (usually) elongated.

Colla - of Collum

Collyria - of Collyrium

Coloquintida - See Colocynth.

Columba - See Calumba.

Columbaria - of Columbarium

Columbella - A genus of univalve shells, abundant in tropical seas. Some species, as Columbella mercatoria, were formerly used as shell money.

Columbia - America; the United States; -- a poetical appellation given in honor of Columbus, the discoverer.

Columella - An axis to which a carpel of a compound pistil may be attached, as in the case of the geranium; or which is left when a pod opens.

Columella - A columnlike axis in the capsules of mosses.

Columella - A term applied to various columnlike parts; as, the columella, or epipterygoid bone, in the skull of many lizards; the columella of the ear, the bony or cartilaginous rod connecting the tympanic membrane with the internal ear.

Columella - The upright pillar in the axis of most univalve shells.

Columella - The central pillar or axis of the calicles of certain corals.

Colza - A variety of cabbage (Brassica oleracea), cultivated for its seeds, which yield an oil valued for illuminating and lubricating purposes; summer rape.

Coma - A state of profound insensibility from which it is difficult or impossible to rouse a person. See Carus.

Coma - The envelope of a comet; a nebulous covering, which surrounds the nucleus or body of a comet.

Coma - A tuft or bunch, -- as the assemblage of branches forming the head of a tree; or a cluster of bracts when empty and terminating the inflorescence of a plant; or a tuft of long hairs on certain seeds.

Comatula - A crinoid of the genus Antedon and related genera. When young they are fixed by a stem. When adult they become detached and cling to seaweeds, etc., by their dorsal cirri; -- called also feather stars.

Comedietta - A dramatic sketch; a brief comedy.

Comitia - A public assembly of the Roman people for electing officers or passing laws.

Comma - A character or point [,] marking the smallest divisions of a sentence, written or printed.

Comma - A small interval (the difference between a major and minor half step), seldom used except by tuners.

Compendia - of Compendium

Concertina - A small musical instrument on the principle of the accordion. It is a small elastic box, or bellows, having free reeds on the inside, and keys and handles on the outside of each of the two hexagonal heads.

Concha - The plain semidome of an apse; sometimes used for the entire apse.

Concha - The external ear; esp. the largest and deepest concavity of the external ear, surrounding the entrance to the auditory canal.

Conchifera - That class of Mollusca which includes the bivalve shells; the Lamellibranchiata. See Mollusca.

Condylomata - of Condylome

Condyloma - Alt. of Condylome

Conferva - Any unbranched, slender, green plant of the fresh-water algae. The word is frequently used in a wider sense.

Conia - Same as Conine.

Conida - of Conidium

Conistra - Originally, a part of the palestra, or gymnasium among the Greeks; either the place where sand was stored for use in sprinkling the wrestlers, or the wrestling ground itself. Hence, a part of the orchestra of the Greek theater.

Conjunctiva - The mucous membrane which covers the external surface of the ball of the eye and the inner surface of the lids; the conjunctival membrane.

Constantia - A superior wine, white and red, from Constantia, in Cape Colony.

Contra - A Latin adverb and preposition, signifying against, contrary, in opposition, etc., entering as a prefix into the composition of many English words. Cf. Counter, adv. & pref.

Contrayerva - A species of Dorstenia (D. Contrayerva), a South American plant, the aromatic root of which is sometimes used in medicine as a gentle stimulant and tonic.

Convallaria - The lily of the valley.

Copaiba - Alt. of Copaiva

Copaiva - A more or less viscid, yellowish liquid, the bitter oleoresin of several species of Copaifera, a genus of trees growing in South America and the West Indies. It is stimulant and diuretic, and is much used in affections of the mucous membranes; -- called also balsam of copaiba.

Copelata - See Larvalla.

Copepoda - An order of Entomostraca, including many minute Crustacea, both fresh-water and marine.

Copra - The dried meat of the cocoanut, from which cocoanut oil is expressed.

Copula - The word which unites the subject and predicate.

Copula - The stop which connects the manuals, or the manuals with the pedals; -- called also coupler.

Coquina - A soft, whitish, coral-like stone, formed of broken shells and corals, found in the southern United States, and used for roadbeds and for building material, as in the fort at St. Augustine, Florida.

Cora - The Arabian gazelle (Gazella Arabica), found from persia to North Africa.

Coralligena - Same as Anthozoa.

Cordillera - A mountain ridge or chain.

Cormophyta - A term proposed by Endlicher to include all plants with an axis containing vascular tissue and with foliage.

Cornea - The transparent part of the coat of the eyeball which covers the iris and pupil and admits light to the interior. See Eye.

Cornicula - of Corniculum

Cornua - of Cornu

Cornucopia - The horn of plenty, from which fruits and flowers are represented as issuing. It is an emblem of abundance.

Cornucopia - A genus of grasses bearing spikes of flowers resembling the cornucopia in form.

Corolla - The inner envelope of a flower; the part which surrounds the organs of fructification, consisting of one or more leaves, called petals. It is usually distinguished from the calyx by the fineness of its texture and the gayness of its colors. See the Note under Blossom.

Corona - A crown or garland bestowed among the Romans as a reward for distinguished services.

Corona - The projecting part of a Classic cornice, the under side of which is cut with a recess or channel so as to form a drip. See Illust. of Column.

Corona - The upper surface of some part, as of a tooth or the skull; a crown.

Corona - The shelly skeleton of a sea urchin.

Corona - A peculiar luminous appearance, or aureola, which surrounds the sun, and which is seen only when the sun is totally eclipsed by the moon.

Corona - An inner appendage to a petal or a corolla, often forming a special cup, as in the daffodil and jonquil.

Corona - Any crownlike appendage at the top of an organ.

Corona - A circle, usually colored, seen in peculiar states of the atmosphere around and close to a luminous body, as the sun or moon.

Corona - A peculiar phase of the aurora borealis, formed by the concentration or convergence of luminous beams around the point in the heavens indicated by the direction of the dipping needle.

Corona - A crown or circlet suspended from the roof or vaulting of churches, to hold tapers lighted on solemn occasions. It is sometimes formed of double or triple circlets, arranged pyramidically. Called also corona lucis.

Corona - A character [/] called the pause or hold.

Coronilla - A genus of plants related to the clover, having their flowers arranged in little heads or tufts resembling coronets.

Corpora - of Corpus

Corpora callosa - of Corpus

Corpora lutea - of Corpus

Corpora striata - of Corpus

Corrigenda - of Corrigendum

Coryza - Nasal catarrh.

Coscoroba - A large, white, South American duck, of the genus Cascoroba, resembling a swan.

Cosmorama - An exhibition in which a series of views in various parts of the world is seen reflected by mirrors through a series of lenses, with such illumination, etc., as will make the views most closely represent reality.

Costa - A rib of an animal or a human being.

Costa - A rib or vein of a leaf, especially the midrib.

Costa - The anterior rib in the wing of an insect.

Costa - One of the riblike longitudinal ridges on the exterior of many corals.

Cotinga - A bird of the family Cotingidae, including numerous bright-colored South American species; -- called also chatterers.

Cotyla - Alt. of Cotyle

Cowpea - The seed of one or more leguminous plants of the genus Dolichos; also, the plant itself. Many varieties are cultivated in the southern part of the United States.

Coxa - The first joint of the leg of an insect or crustacean.

Coxalgia - Alt. of Coxalgy

Crania - A genus of living Brachiopoda; -- so called from its fancied resemblance to the cranium or skull.

Craniota - A comprehensive division of the Vertebrata, including all those that have a skull.

Crania - of Cranium

Crantara - The fiery cross, used as a rallying signal in the Highlands of Scotland.

Crapula - Alt. of Crapule

Craspedota - The hydroid or naked-eyed medusae. See Hydroidea.

Credenda - of Credendum

Cremona - A superior kind of violin, formerly made at Cremona, in Italy.

Crinoidea - A large class of Echinodermata, including numerous extinct families and genera, but comparatively few living ones. Most of the fossil species, like some that are recent, were attached by a jointed stem. See Blastoidea, Cystoidea, Comatula.

Crissa - of Crissum

Criteria - of Criterion

Crotalaria - A genus of leguminous plants; rattlebox.

Crura - See Crus.

Crura - of Crus

Crusta - A crust or shell.

Crusta - A gem engraved, or a plate embossed in low relief, for inlaying a vase or other object.

Crustacea - One of the classes of the arthropods, including lobsters and crabs; -- so called from the crustlike shell with which they are covered.

Cryptobranchiata - A division of the Amphibia; the Derotremata.

Cryptobranchiata - A group of nudibranch mollusks.

Cryptogamia - The series or division of flowerless plants, or those never having true stamens and pistils, but propagated by spores of various kinds.

Ctenophora - A class of Coelenterata, commonly ellipsoidal in shape, swimming by means of eight longitudinal rows of paddles. The separate paddles somewhat resemble combs.

Ctenostomata - A suborder of Bryozoa, usually having a circle of bristles below the tentacles.

Cuca - See Coca.

Culpa - Negligence or fault, as distinguishable from dolus (deceit, fraud), which implies intent, culpa being imputable to defect of intellect, dolus to defect of heart.

Cumacea - An order of marine Crustacea, mostly of small size.

Cunabula - The earliest abode; original dwelling place; originals; as, the cunabula of the human race.

Cunabula - The extant copies of the first or earliest printed books, or of such as were printed in the 15th century.

Cupola - A roof having a rounded form, hemispherical or nearly so; also, a ceiling having the same form. When on a large scale it is usually called dome.

Cupola - A small structure standing on the top of a dome; a lantern.

Cupola - A furnace for melting iron or other metals in large quantity, -- used chiefly in foundries and steel works.

Cupola - A revolving shot-proof turret for heavy ordnance.

Cupola - The top of the spire of the cochlea of the ear.

Curacoa - A liqueur, or cordial, flavored with orange peel, cinnamon, and mace; -- first made at the island of Curaccao.

Curcuma - A genus of plants of the order Scitamineae, including the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa).

Curia - One of the thirty parts into which the Roman people were divided by Romulus.

Curia - The place of assembly of one of these divisions.

Curia - The place where the meetings of the senate were held; the senate house.

Curia - The court of a sovereign or of a feudal lord; also; his residence or his household.

Curia - Any court of justice.

Curia - The Roman See in its temporal aspects, including all the machinery of administration; -- called also curia Romana.

Curricula - of Curriculum

Curtana - The pointless sword carried before English monarchs at their coronation, and emblematically considered as the sword of mercy; -- also called the sword of Edward the Confessor.

Cyclopedia - Alt. of Cyclopaedia

Cyclopaedia - The circle or compass of the arts and sciences (originally, of the seven so-called liberal arts and sciences); circle of human knowledge. Hence, a work containing, in alphabetical order, information in all departments of knowledge, or on a particular department or branch; as, a cyclopedia of the physical sciences, or of mechanics. See Encyclopedia.

Cyclorama - A pictorial view which is extended circularly, so that the spectator is surrounded by the objects represented as by things in nature. The realistic effect is increased by putting, in the space between the spectator and the picture, things adapted to the scene represented, and in some places only parts of these objects, the completion of them being carried out pictorially.

Cyclostomata - Alt. of Cyclostoma

Cyclostoma - A division of Bryozoa, in which the cells have circular apertures.

Cyma - A member or molding of the cornice, the profile of which is wavelike in form.

Cyma - A cyme. See Cyme.

Cynoidea - A division of Carnivora, including the dogs, wolves, and foxes.

Cynorexia - A voracious appetite, like that of a starved dog.

Cypraea - A genus of mollusks, including the cowries. See Cowrie.

Cypsela - A one-seeded, one-celled, indehiscent fruit; an achene with the calyx tube adherent.

Cystidea - An order of Crinoidea, mostly fossils of the Paleozoic rocks. They were usually roundish or egg-shaped, and often unsymmetrical; some were sessile, others had short stems.

Cystoidea - Same as Cystidea.

Cytoblastema - See Protoplasm.

Cytula - The fertilized egg cell or parent cell, from the development of which the child or other organism is formed.

Czarevna - The title of the wife of the czarowitz.

Czarina - The title of the empress of Russia.

Daboia - A large and highly venomous Asiatic viper (Daboia xanthica).

Dactylotheca - The scaly covering of the toes, as in birds.

Dagoba - A dome-shaped structure built over relics of Buddha or some Buddhist saint.

Dahlia - A genus of plants native to Mexico and Central America, of the order Compositae; also, any plant or flower of the genus. The numerous varieties of cultivated dahlias bear conspicuous flowers which differ in color.

Dalmania - A genus of trilobites, of many species, common in the Upper Silurian and Devonian rocks.

Dalmatica - Alt. of Dalmatic

Damiana - A Mexican drug, used as an aphrodisiac.

Dammara - An oleoresin used in making varnishes; dammar gum; dammara resin. It is obtained from certain resin trees indigenous to the East Indies, esp. Shorea robusta and the dammar pine.

Dammara - A large tree of the order Coniferae, indigenous to the East Indies and Australasia; -- called also Agathis. There are several species.

Damosella - Alt. of Damoiselle

Daphnia - A genus of the genus Daphnia.

Darlingtonia - A genus of California pitcher plants consisting of a single species. The long tubular leaves are hooded at the top, and frequently contain many insects drowned in the secretion of the leaves.

Data - See Datum.

Dataria - Formerly, a part of the Roman chancery; now, a separate office from which are sent graces or favors, cognizable in foro externo, such as appointments to benefices. The name is derived from the word datum, given or dated (with the indications of the time and place of granting the gift or favor).

Data - of Datum

Datura - A genus of solanaceous plants, with large funnel-shaped flowers and a four-celled, capsular fruit.

Decacerata - The division of Cephalopoda which includes the squids, cuttlefishes, and others having ten arms or tentacles; -- called also Decapoda. [Written also Decacera.] See Dibranchiata.

Decagynia - A Linnaean order of plants characterized by having ten styles.

Decahedra - of Decahedron

Decalcomania - Alt. of Decalcomanie

Decandria - A Linnaean class of plants characterized by having ten stamens.

Decapoda - The order of Crustacea which includes the shrimps, lobsters, crabs, etc.

Decapoda - A division of the dibranchiate cephalopods including the cuttlefishes and squids. See Decacera.

Decennia - of Decennium

Decidua - The inner layer of the wall of the uterus, which envelops the embryo, forms a part of the placenta, and is discharged with it.

Deciduata - A group of Mammalia in which a decidua is thrown off with, or after, the fetus, as in the human species.

Deep-sea - Of or pertaining to the deeper parts of the sea; as, a deep-sea line (i. e., a line to take soundings at a great depth); deep-sea lead; deep-sea soundings, explorations, etc.

Dejecta - Excrements; as, the dejecta of the sick.

Delenda - Things to be erased or blotted out.

Della Crusca - A shortened form of Accademia della Crusca, an academy in Florence, Italy, founded in the 16th century, especially for conserving the purity of the Italian language.

Delphinoidea - The division of Cetacea which comprises the dolphins, porpoises, and related forms.

Delta - A tract of land shaped like the letter delta (/), especially when the land is alluvial and inclosed between two or more mouths of a river; as, the delta of the Ganges, of the Nile, or of the Mississippi.

Dementia - Insanity; madness; esp. that form which consists in weakness or total loss of thought and reason; mental imbecility; idiocy.

Demonomania - A form of madness in which the patient conceives himself possessed of devils.

Dendroc/la - A division of the Turbellaria in which the digestive cavity gives off lateral branches, which are often divided into smaller branchlets.

Derma - See Dermis.

Dermaptera - Alt. of Dermapteran

Dermobranchiata - A group of nudibranch mollusks without special gills.

Dermoptera - The division of insects which includes the earwigs (Forticulidae).

Dermoptera - A group of lemuroid mammals having a parachutelike web of skin between the fore and hind legs, of which the colugo (Galeopithecus) is the type. See Colugo.

Dermoptera - An order of Mammalia; the Cheiroptera.

Derotremata - The tribe of aquatic Amphibia which includes Amphiuma, Menopoma, etc. They have permanent gill openings, but no external gills; -- called also Cryptobranchiata.

Dertrotheca - The horny covering of the end of the bill of birds.

Desiderata - See Desideratum.

Desiderata - of Desideratum

Desmobacteria - See Microbacteria.

Desmomyaria - The division of Tunicata which includes the Salpae. See Salpa.

Deuteropathia - Alt. of Deuteropathy

Deutzia - A genus of shrubs with pretty white flowers, much cultivated.

Deva - A god; a deity; a divine being; an idol; a king.

Devata - A deity; a divine being; a good spirit; an idol.

Dhoorra - Alt. of Dhurra

Dhourra - Alt. of Dhurra

Dhurra - Indian millet. See Durra.

Diadelphia - A Linnaean class of plants whose stamens are united into two bodies or bundles by their filaments.

Diana - The daughter of Jupiter and Latona; a virgin goddess who presided over hunting, chastity, and marriage; -- identified with the Greek goddess Artemis.

Diandria - A Linnaean class of plants having two stamens.

Diarrhea - Alt. of Diarrhoea

Diarrhoea - A morbidly frequent and profuse discharge of loose or fluid evacuations from the intestines, without tenesmus; a purging or looseness of the bowels; a flux.

Diastema - A vacant space, or gap, esp. between teeth in a jaw.

Diatryma - An extinct eocene bird from New Mexico, larger than the ostrich.

Dibranchiata - An order of cephalopods which includes those with two gills, an apparatus for emitting an inky fluid, and either eight or ten cephalic arms bearing suckers or hooks, as the octopi and squids. See Cephalopoda.

Dicentra - A genus of herbaceous plants, with racemes of two-spurred or heart-shaped flowers, including the Dutchman's breeches, and the more showy Bleeding heart (D. spectabilis).

Dicta - See Dictum.

Diluvia - of Diluvium

Dimera - A division of Coleoptera, having two joints to the tarsi.

Dimera - A division of the Hemiptera, including the aphids.

Equilibria - of Equilibrium

Equinia - Glanders.

Estancia - A grazing; a country house.

Dicta - of Dictum

Dicyemata - An order of worms parasitic in cephalopods. They are remarkable for the extreme simplicity of their structure. The embryo exists in two forms.

Didelphia - The subclass of Mammalia which includes the marsupials. See Marsupialia.

Didonia - The curve which on a given surface and with a given perimeter contains the greatest area.

Didrachma - A two-drachma piece; an ancient Greek silver coin, worth nearly forty cents.

Didynamia - A Linnaean class of plants having four stamens disposed in pairs of unequal length.

Dielytra - See Dicentra.

Differentia - The formal or distinguishing part of the essence of a species; the characteristic attribute of a species; specific difference.

Digamma - A letter (/, /) of the Greek alphabet, which early fell into disuse.

Digenea - A division of Trematoda in which alternate generations occur, the immediate young not resembling their parents.

Digynia - A Linnaean order of plants having two styles.

Dika - A kind of food, made from the almondlike seeds of the Irvingia Barteri, much used by natives of the west coast of Africa; -- called also dika bread.

Dilemma - An argument which presents an antagonist with two or more alternatives, but is equally conclusive against him, whichever alternative he chooses.

Dilemma - A state of things in which evils or obstacles present themselves on every side, and it is difficult to determine what course to pursue; a vexatious alternative or predicament; a difficult choice or position.

Dimya - Alt. of Dimyaria

Dimyaria - An order of lamellibranchiate mollusks having an anterior and posterior adductor muscle, as the common clam. See Bivalve.

Dinosauria - An order of extinct mesozoic reptiles, mostly of large size (whence the name). Notwithstanding their size, they present birdlike characters in the skeleton, esp. in the pelvis and hind limbs. Some walked on their three-toed hind feet, thus producing the large "bird tracks," so-called, of mesozoic sandstones; others were five-toed and quadrupedal. See Illust. of Compsognathus, also Illustration of Dinosaur in Appendix.

Dioecia - A Linnaean class of plants having the stamens and pistils on different plants.

Dioecia - A subclass of gastropod mollusks in which the sexes are separate. It includes most of the large marine species, like the conchs, cones, and cowries.

Diomedea - A genus of large sea birds, including the albatross. See Albatross.

Dionaea - An insectivorous plant. See Venus's flytrap.

Dioptra - An optical instrument, invented by Hipparchus, for taking altitudes, leveling, etc.

Diorama - A mode of scenic representation, invented by Daguerre and Bouton, in which a painting is seen from a distance through a large opening. By a combination of transparent and opaque painting, and of transmitted and reflected light, and by contrivances such as screens and shutters, much diversity of scenic effect is produced.

Diorama - A building used for such an exhibition.

Dioscorea - A genus of plants. See Yam.

Diota - A vase or drinking cup having two handles or ears.

Diphtheria - A very dangerous contagious disease in which the air passages, and especially the throat, become coated with a false membrane, produced by the solidification of an inflammatory exudation. Cf. Group.

Diploma - A letter or writing, usually under seal, conferring some privilege, honor, or power; a document bearing record of a degree conferred by a literary society or educational institution.

Diplopia - Alt. of Diplopy

Diplopoda - An order of myriapods having two pairs of legs on each segment; the Chilognatha.

Dipneumona - A group of spiders having only two lunglike organs.

Dipsomania - A morbid an uncontrollable craving (often periodic) for drink, esp. for alcoholic liquors; also improperly used to denote acute and chronic alcoholism.

Diptera - An extensive order of insects having only two functional wings and two balancers, as the house fly, mosquito, etc. They have a suctorial proboscis, often including two pairs of sharp organs (mandibles and maxillae) with which they pierce the skin of animals. They undergo a complete metamorphosis, their larvae (called maggots) being usually without feet.

Discina - A genus of Branchiopoda, having a disklike shell, attached by one valve, which is perforated by the peduncle.

Discodactylia - A division of amphibians having suctorial disks on the toes, as the tree frogs.

Discophora - A division of acalephs or jellyfishes, including most of the large disklike species.

Distoma - A genus of parasitic, trematode worms, having two suckers for attaching themselves to the part they infest. See 1st Fluke, 2.

Diurna - A division of Lepidoptera, including the butterflies; -- so called because they fly only in the daytime.

Diverticula - of Diverticulum

Docoglossa - An order of gastropods, including the true limpets, and having the teeth on the odontophore or lingual ribbon.

Dodecagynia - A Linnaean order of plants having twelve styles.

Dodecandria - A Linnaean class of plants including all that have any number of stamens between twelve and nineteen.

Dogmata - of Dogma

Dogma - That which is held as an opinion; a tenet; a doctrine.

Dogma - A formally stated and authoritatively settled doctrine; a definite, established, and authoritative tenet.

Dogma - A doctrinal notion asserted without regard to evidence or truth; an arbitrary dictum.

Dolabra - A rude ancient ax or hatchet, seen in museums.

Domina - Lady; a lady; -- a title formerly given to noble ladies who held a barony in their own right.

Doa - Lady; mistress; madam; -- a title of respect used in Spain, prefixed to the Christian name of a lady.

Doncella - A handsome fish of Florida and the West Indies (Platyglossus radiatus). The name is applied also to the ladyfish (Harpe rufa) of the same region.

Donna - A lady; madam; mistress; -- the title given a lady in Italy.

Doorga - A Hindoo divinity, the consort of Siva, represented with ten arms.

Dorsibranchiata - A division of chaetopod annelids in which the branchiae are along the back, on each side, or on the parapodia. [See Illusts. under Annelida and Chaetopoda.]

Doryphora - A genus of plant-eating beetles, including the potato beetle. See Potato beetle.

Doura - A kind of millet. See Durra.

Dracaena - A genus of liliaceous plants with woody stems and funnel-shaped flowers.

Drachma - A silver coin among the ancient Greeks, having a different value in different States and at different periods. The average value of the Attic drachma is computed to have been about 19 cents.

Drachma - A gold and silver coin of modern Greece worth 19.3 cents.

Drachma - Among the ancient Greeks, a weight of about 66.5 grains; among the modern Greeks, a weight equal to a gram.

Drama - A composition, in prose or poetry, accommodated to action, and intended to exhibit a picture of human life, or to depict a series of grave or humorous actions of more than ordinary interest, tending toward some striking result. It is commonly designed to be spoken and represented by actors on the stage.

Drama - A series of real events invested with a dramatic unity and interest.

Drama - Dramatic composition and the literature pertaining to or illustrating it; dramatic literature.

Dravida - A race of Hindostan, believed to be the original people who occupied the land before the Hindoo or Aryan invasion.

Dreissena - A genus of bivalve shells of which one species (D. polymorpha) is often so abundant as to be very troublesome in the fresh waters of Europe.

Droitzschka - See Drosky.

Drosera - A genus of low perennial or biennial plants, the leaves of which are beset with gland-tipped bristles. See Sundew.

Dryandra - A genus of shrubs growing in Australia, having beautiful, hard, dry, evergreen leaves.

Duboisia - Same as Duboisine.

Duea - See Doa.

Duenna - The chief lady in waiting on the queen of Spain.

Duenna - An elderly lady holding a station between a governess and companion, and appointed to have charge over the younger ladies in a Spanish or a Portuguese family.

Duenna - Any old woman who is employed to guard a younger one; a governess.

Dulcamara - A plant (Solanum Dulcamara). See Bittersweet, n., 3 (a).

Dulciana - A sweet-toned stop of an organ.

Dulcinea - A mistress; a sweetheart.

Dulia - An inferior kind of veneration or worship, given to the angels and saints as the servants of God.

Dura - Short form for Dura mater.

Durga - Same as Doorga.

Durra - A kind of millet, cultivated throughout Asia, and introduced into the south of Europe; a variety of Sorghum vulgare; -- called also Indian millet, and Guinea corn.

Dynasta - A tyrant.

Dysaesthesia - Impairment of any of the senses, esp. of touch.

Dyscrasia - An ill habit or state of the constitution; -- formerly regarded as dependent on a morbid condition of the blood and humors.

Dysmenorrhea - Difficult and painful menstruation.

Dyspepsia - Alt. of Dyspepsy

Dysphagia - Alt. of Dysphagy

Dysphonia - Alt. of Dysphony

Dysphoria - Impatience under affliction; morbid restlessness; dissatisfaction; the fidgets.

Dyspnoea - Difficulty of breathing.

Dystocia - Difficult delivery pr parturition.

Dysuria - Alt. of Dysury

Earthpea - A species of pea (Amphicarpaea monoica). It is a climbing leguminous plant, with hairy underground pods.

Ecclesia - The public legislative assembly of the Athenians.

Ecclesia - A church, either as a body or as a building.

Echidna - A monster, half maid and half serpent.

Echidna - A genus of Monotremata found in Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea. They are toothless and covered with spines; -- called also porcupine ant-eater, and Australian ant-eater.

Echinodermata - One of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom. By many writers it was formerly included in the Radiata.

Echinoidea - The class Echinodermata which includes the sea urchins. They have a calcareous, usually more or less spheroidal or disk-shaped, composed of many united plates, and covered with movable spines. See Spatangoid, Clypeastroid.

Echinozoa - The Echinodermata.

Echiuroidea - A division of Annelida which includes the genus Echiurus and allies. They are often classed among the Gephyrea, and called the armed Gephyreans.

Eclampsia - A fancied perception of flashes of light, a symptom of epilepsy; hence, epilepsy itself; convulsions.

Ecphonema - A breaking out with some interjectional particle.

Ectasia - A dilatation of a hollow organ or of a canal.

Ecthorea - of Ecthoreum

Ecthymata - of Ecthyma

Ecthyma - A cutaneous eruption, consisting of large, round pustules, upon an indurated and inflamed base.

Ectobronchia - of Ectobronchium

Ectopia - A morbid displacement of parts, especially such as is congenial; as, ectopia of the heart, or of the bladder.

Ectoprocta - An order of Bryozoa in which the anus lies outside the circle of tentacles.

Ectozoa - of Ectozoon

Eczema - An inflammatory disease of the skin, characterized by the presence of redness and itching, an eruption of small vesicles, and the discharge of a watery exudation, which often dries up, leaving the skin covered with crusts; -- called also tetter, milk crust, and salt rheum.

Edda - The religious or mythological book of the old Scandinavian tribes of German origin, containing two collections of Sagas (legends, myths) of the old northern gods and heroes.

Edema - Same as oedema.

Edentata - An order of mammals including the armadillos, sloths, and anteaters; -- called also Bruta. The incisor teeth are rarely developed, and in some groups all the teeth are lacking.

Edriophthalma - A group of Crustacea in which the eyes are without stalks; the Arthrostraca.

Effluvia - of Effluvium

Egesta - That which is egested or thrown off from the body by the various excretory channels; excrements; -- opposed to ingesta.

E-la - Originally, the highest note in the scale of Guido; hence, proverbially, any extravagant saying.

Elasipoda - An order of holothurians mostly found in the deep sea. They are remarkable for their bilateral symmetry and curious forms.

Elcaja - An Arabian tree (Trichilia emetica). The fruit, which is emetic, is sometimes employed in the composition of an ointment for the cure of the itch.

Eleutheromania - A mania or frantic zeal for freedom.

Elysia - of Elysium

Elytra - of Elytrum

Emgalla - The South African wart hog. See Wart hog.

Emmetropia - That refractive condition of the eye in which the rays of light are all brought accurately and without undue effort to a focus upon the retina; -- opposed to hypermetropia, myopia, an astigmatism.

Emphysema - A swelling produced by gas or air diffused in the cellular tissue.

Emporia - of Emporium

Empyema - A collection of blood, pus, or other fluid, in some cavity of the body, especially that of the pleura.

Empyreuma - The peculiar smell and taste arising from products of decomposition of animal or vegetable substances when burnt in close vessels.

Emydea - A group of chelonians which comprises many species of fresh-water tortoises and terrapins.

Enaliosauria - An extinct group of marine reptiles, embracing both the Ichthyosauria and the Plesiosauria, now regarded as distinct orders.

Enarthrodia - See Enarthrosis.

Encauma - An ulcer in the eye, upon the cornea, which causes the loss of the humors.

Encenia - A festival commemorative of the founding of a city or the consecration of a church; also, the ceremonies (as at Oxford and Cambridge, England) commemorative of founders or benefactors.

Enchondroma - A cartilaginous tumor growing from the interior of a bone.

Enchylemma - The basal substance of the cell nucleus; a hyaline or granular substance, more or less fluid during life, in which the other parts of the nucleus are imbedded.

Enchyma - The primitive formative juice, from which the tissues, particularly the cellular tissue, are formed.

Encrinoidea - That order of the Crinoidea which includes most of the living and many fossil forms, having jointed arms around the margin of the oral disk; -- also called Brachiata and Articulata. See Illusts. under Comatula and Crinoidea.

Encyclopedia - Alt. of Encyclopaedia

Encyclopaedia - The circle of arts and sciences; a comprehensive summary of knowledge, or of a branch of knowledge; esp., a work in which the various branches of science or art are discussed separately, and usually in alphabetical order; a cyclopedia.

Endophragma - A chitinous structure above the nervous cord in the thorax of certain Crustacea.

Endoplasma - Same as Entoplasm and Endosarc.

Endoplastica - A group of Rhizopoda having a distinct nucleus, as the am/ba.

Endopleura - The inner coating of a seed. See Tegmen.

Endorhiza - Any monocotyledonous plant; -- so named because many monocotyledons have an endorhizal embryo.

Endostoma - A plate which supports the labrum in certain Crustacea.

Endotheca - The tissue which partially fills the interior of the interseptal chambers of most madreporarian corals. It usually consists of a series of oblique tranverse septa, one above another.

Endothelia - of Endothelium

Endozoa - See Entozoa.

Endyma - See Ependyma.

Enemata - of Enema

Enema - An injection, or clyster, thrown into the rectum as a medicine, or to impart nourishment.

Enigma - A dark, obscure, or inexplicable saying; a riddle; a statement, the hidden meaning of which is to be discovered or guessed.

Enigma - An action, mode of action, or thing, which cannot be satisfactorily explained; a puzzle; as, his conduct is an enigma.

Enheahedria - Alt. of Enheahedron

Enneandria - A Linnaean class of plants having nine stamens.

Enopla - One of the orders of Nemertina, characterized by the presence of a peculiar armature of spines or plates in the proboscis.

Entasia - Tonic spasm; -- applied generically to denote any disease characterized by tonic spasms, as tetanus, trismus, etc.

Enteralgia - Pain in the intestines; colic.

Enteropneusta - A group of wormlike invertebrates having, along the sides of the body, branchial openings for the branchial sacs, which are formed by diverticula of the alimentary canal. Balanoglossus is the only known genus. See Illustration in Appendix.

Enthelmintha - Alt. of Enthelminthes

Entobronchia - of Entobronchium

Entomophaga - One of a group of hymenopterous insects whose larvae feed parasitically upon living insects. See Ichneumon, 2.

Entomophaga - A group of marsupials which are partly insectivorous, as the opossum.

Entomophaga - A group of edentates, including the ant-eaters.

Entomostraca - One of the subclasses of Crustacea, including a large number of species, many of them minute. The group embraces several orders; as the Phyllopoda, Ostracoda, Copepoda, and Pectostraca. See Copepoda, Phyllopoda, and Cladocera.

Entoplastra - of Entoplastron

Entoprocta - A group of Bryozoa in which the anus is within the circle of tentacles. See Pedicellina.

Entosterna - of Entosternum

Entozoa - A group of worms, including the tapeworms, flukes, roundworms, etc., most of which live parasitically in the interior of other animals; the Helminthes.

Entozoa - An artificial group, including all kinds of animals living parasitically in others.

Entozoa - of Entozoon

Eozoa - of Eozoon

Epanaphora - Same as Anaphora.

Epeira - A genus of spiders, including the common garden spider (E. diadema). They spin geometrical webs. See Garden spider.

Ependyma - The epithelial lining of the ventricles of the brain and the canal of the spinal cord; endyma; ependymis.

Epha - A Hebrew dry measure, supposed to be equal to two pecks and five quarts. ten ephahs make one homer.

Ephemera - A fever of one day's continuance only.

Ephemera - A genus of insects including the day flies, or ephemeral flies. See Ephemeral fly, under Ephemeral.

Ephemera - of Ephemeron

Ephyra - A stage in the development of discophorous medusae, when they first begin to swim about after being detached from the strobila. See Strobila.

Epiblema - The epidermal cells of rootlets, specially adapted to absorb liquids.

Epichiremata - of Epichirema

Epichirema - A syllogism in which the proof of the major or minor premise, or both, is introduced with the premises themselves, and the conclusion is derived in the ordinary manner.

Epigaea - An American genus of plants, containing but a single species (E. repens), the trailing arbutus.

Epimera - See Epimeron.

Epimera - of Epimeron

Epiphonema - An exclamatory sentence, or striking reflection, which sums up or concludes a discourse.

Epiphora - The watery eye; a disease in which the tears accumulate in the eye, and trickle over the cheek.

Epiphora - The emphatic repetition of a word or phrase, at the end of several sentences or stanzas.

Epiplastra - of Epiplastron

Epiploa - of Epiploon

Epipodialia - of Epipodiale

Epipodia - of Epipodium

Episterna - of Episternum

Epistoma - Alt. of Epistome

Epithalamia - of Epithalamium

Epitheca - A continuous and, usually, structureless layer which covers more or less of the exterior of many corals.

Epithelioma - A malignant growth containing epithelial cells; -- called also epithelial cancer.

Epithelia - of Epithelium

Epithema - A horny excrescence upon the beak of birds.

Epitrochlea - A projection on the outer side of the distal end of the humerus; the external condyle.

Epizoa - of Epizoon

Epocha - See Epoch.

Epopoeia - An epic poem; epic poetry.

Equiseta - of Equisetum

Era - A fixed point of time, usually an epoch, from which a series of years is reckoned.

Era - A period of time reckoned from some particular date or epoch; a succession of years dating from some important event; as, the era of Alexander; the era of Christ, or the Christian era (see under Christian).

Era - A period of time in which a new order of things prevails; a signal stage of history; an epoch.

Erica - A genus of shrubby plants, including the heaths, many of them producing beautiful flowers.

Errantia - A group of chaetopod annelids, including those that are not confined to tubes. See Chaetopoda.

Errata - See Erratum.

Errata - of Erratum

Eruca - An insect in the larval state; a caterpillar; a larva.

Erythema - A disease of the skin, in which a diffused inflammation forms rose-colored patches of variable size.

Erythrina - A genus of leguminous plants growing in the tropics; coral tree; -- so called from its red flowers.

Eschara - A genus of Bryozoa which produce delicate corals, often incrusting like lichens, but sometimes branched.

Eschscholtzia - A genus of papaveraceous plants, found in California and upon the west coast of North America, some species of which produce beautiful yellow, orange, rose-colored, or white flowers; the California poppy.

Estufa - An assembly room in dwelling of the Pueblo Indians.

Et cetera - Alt. of Et caetera

Et caetera - Others of the like kind; and the rest; and so on; -- used to point out that other things which could be mentioned are to be understood. Usually abbreviated into etc. or &c. (&c).

Etna - A kind of small, portable, cooking apparatus for which heat is furnished by a spirit lamp.

Etyma - of Etymon

Eucopepoda - A group which includes the typical copepods and the lerneans.

Eudipleura - The fundamental forms of organic life, that are composed of two equal and symmetrical halves.

Eugenia - A genus of myrtaceous plants, mostly of tropical countries, and including several aromatic trees and shrubs, among which are the trees which produce allspice and cloves of commerce.

Euisopoda - A group which includes the typical Isopoda.

Eupepsia - Alt. of Eupepsy

Euphorbia - Spurge, or bastard spurge, a genus of plants of many species, mostly shrubby, herbaceous succulents, affording an acrid, milky juice. Some of them are armed with thorns. Most of them yield powerful emetic and cathartic products.

Euplectella - A genus of elegant, glassy sponges, consisting of interwoven siliceous fibers, and growing in the form of a cornucopia; -- called also Venus's flower-basket.

Euplexoptera - An order of insects, including the earwig. The anterior wings are short, in the form of elytra, while the posterior wings fold up beneath them. See Earwig.

Eupnaea - Normal breathing where arterialization of the blood is normal, in distinction from dyspnaea, in which the blood is insufficiently arterialized.

Eureka - The exclamation attributed to Archimedes, who is said to have cried out "Eureka! eureka!" (I have found it! I have found it!), upon suddenly discovering a method of finding out how much the gold of King Hiero's crown had been alloyed. Hence, an expression of triumph concerning a discovery.

Euryalida - A tribe of Ophiuroidea, including the genera Euryale, Astrophyton, etc. They generally have the arms branched. See Astrophyton.

Eurypteroidea - An extinct order of Merostomata, of which the genus Eurypterus is the type. They are found only in Paleozoic rocks.

Euthanasia - An easy death; a mode of dying to be desired.

Euthyneura - A large division of gastropod molluske, including the Pulmonifera and Opisthobranchiata.

Exanthemata - of Exanthema

Exanthema - An efflorescence or discoloration of the skin; an eruption or breaking out, as in measles, smallpox, scarlatina, and the like diseases; -- sometimes limited to eruptions attended with fever.

Excreta - Matters to be excreted.

Exedra - A room in a public building, furnished with seats.

Exedra - The projection of any part of a building in a rounded form.

Exedra - Any out-of-door seat in stone, large enough for several persons; esp., one of curved form.

Exhedra - See Exedra.

Exogyra - A genus of Cretaceous fossil shells allied to oysters.

Exophthalmia - The protrusion of the eyeball so that the eyelids will not cover it, in consequence of disease.

Exordia - of Exordium

Exorhiza - A plant Whose radicle is not inclosed or sheathed by the cotyledons or plumule.

Exotheca - The tissue which fills the interspaces between the costae of many madreporarian corals, usually consisting of small transverse or oblique septa.

Extra - Beyond what is due, usual, expected, or necessary; additional; supernumerary; also, extraordinarily good; superior; as, extra work; extra pay.

Extra - Something in addition to what is due, expected, or customary; something in addition to the regular charge or compensation, or for which an additional charge is made; as, at European hotels lights are extras.

Extravaganza - A composition, as in music, or in the drama, designed to produce effect by its wild irregularity; esp., a musical caricature.

Extravaganza - An extravagant flight of sentiment or language.

Exuvia - n. sing. of Exuviae.

Eyra - A wild cat (Felis eyra) ranging from southern Brazil to Texas. It is reddish yellow and about the size of the domestic cat, but with a more slender body and shorter legs.

Fa - A syllable applied to the fourth tone of the diatonic scale in solmization.

Fa - The tone F.

Fabella - One of the small sesamoid bones situated behind the condyles of the femur, in some mammals.

Facia - See Fascia.

Facta - of Factum

Faecula - See Fecula.

Falanaka - A viverrine mammal of Madagascar (Eupleres Goudotii), allied to the civet; -- called also Falanouc.

Falcula - A curved and sharp-pointed claw.

Fanega - A dry measure in Spain and Spanish America, varying from 1/ to 2/ bushels; also, a measure of land.

Fantasia - A continuous composition, not divided into what are called movements, or governed by the ordinary rules of musical design, but in which the author's fancy roves unrestricted by set form.

Farina - A fine flour or meal made from cereal grains or from the starch or fecula of vegetables, extracted by various processes, and used in cookery.

Farina - Pollen.

Fascia - A band, sash, or fillet; especially, in surgery, a bandage or roller.

Fascia - A flat member of an order or building, like a flat band or broad fillet; especially, one of the three bands which make up the architrave, in the Ionic order. See Illust. of Column.

Fascia - The layer of loose tissue, often containing fat, immediately beneath the skin; the stronger layer of connective tissue covering and investing all muscles; an aponeurosis.

Fascia - A broad well-defined band of color.

Fasciola - A band of gray matter bordering the fimbria in the brain; the dentate convolution.

Fata Morgana - A kind of mirage by which distant objects appear inverted, distorted, displaced, or multiplied. It is noticed particularly at the Straits of Messina, between Calabria and Sicily.

Fauna - The animals of any given area or epoch; as, the fauna of America; fossil fauna; recent fauna.

Favella - A group of spores arranged without order and covered with a thin gelatinous envelope, as in certain delicate red algae.

Fecula - Any pulverulent matter obtained from plants by simply breaking down the texture, washing with water, and subsidence.

Fecula - The nutritious part of wheat; starch or farina; -- called also amylaceous fecula.

Fecula - The green matter of plants; chlorophyll.

Felucca - A small, swift-sailing vessel, propelled by oars and lateen sails, -- once common in the Mediterranean.

Femora - of Femur

Fenes-tella - Any small windowlike opening or recess, esp. one to show the relics within an altar, or the like.

Fenestra - A small opening; esp., one of the apertures, closed by membranes, between the tympanum and internal ear.

Feria - A week day, esp. a day which is neither a festival nor a fast.

Ferrara - A sword bearing the mark of one of the Ferrara family of Italy. These swords were highly esteemed in England and Scotland in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Ferula - A ferule.

Ferula - The imperial scepter in the Byzantine or Eastern Empire.

Fibrilla - A minute thread of fiber, as one of the fibrous elements of a muscular fiber; a fibril.

Fibroma - A tumor consisting mainly of fibrous tissue, or of same modification of such tissue.

Fibula - A brooch, clasp, or buckle.

Fibula - The outer and usually the smaller of the two bones of the leg, or hind limb, below the knee.

Fibula - A needle for sewing up wounds.

Fibularia - of Fibulare

Fidia - A genus of small beetles, of which one species (the grapevine Fidia, F. longipes) is very injurious to vines in America.

Filaria - A genus of slender, nematode worms of many species, parasitic in various animals. See Guinea worm.

Fimbria - A fringe, or fringed border.

Fimbria - A band of white matter bordering the hippocampus in the brain.

Fissilinguia - A group of Lacertilia having the tongue forked, including the common lizards.

Fissipara - Animals which reproduce by fission.

Fissipedia - A division of the Carnivora, including the dogs, cats, and bears, in which the feet are not webbed; -- opposed to Pinnipedia.

Fissurella - A genus of marine gastropod mollusks, having a conical or limpetlike shell, with an opening at the apex; -- called also keyhole limpet.

Fistuca - An instrument used by the ancients in driving piles.

Fistula - A reed; a pipe.

Fistula - A pipe for convejing water.

Fistula - A permanent abnormal opening into the soft parts with a constant discharge; a deep, narrow, chronic abscess; an abnormal opening between an internal cavity and another cavity or the surface; as, a salivary fistula; an anal fistula; a recto-vaginal fistula.

Fistularia - A genus of fishes, having the head prolonged into a tube, with the mouth at the extremity.

Flagellata - An order of Infusoria, having one or two long, whiplike cilia, at the anterior end. It includes monads. See Infusoria, and Monad.

Flagella - of Flagellum

Flea - To flay.

Flea - An insect belonging to the genus Pulex, of the order Aphaniptera. Fleas are destitute of wings, but have the power of leaping energetically. The bite is poisonous to most persons. The human flea (Pulex irritans), abundant in Europe, is rare in America, where the dog flea (P. canis) takes its place. See Aphaniptera, and Dog flea. See Illustration in Appendix.

Flora - The goddess of flowers and spring.

Flora - The complete system of vegetable species growing without cultivation in a given locality, region, or period; a list or description of, or treatise on, such plants.

Flota - A fleet; especially, a /eet of Spanish ships which formerly sailed every year from Cadiz to Vera Cruz, in Mexico, to transport to Spain the production of Spanish America.

Flotilla - A little fleet, or a fleet of small vessels.

Fodientia - A group of African edentates including the aard-vark.

Folia - of Folium

Foramina - of Foramen

Foraminifera - An extensive order of rhizopods which generally have a chambered calcareous shell formed by several united zooids. Many of them have perforated walls, whence the name. Some species are covered with sand. See Rhizophoda.

Forficula - A genus of insects including the earwigs. See Earwig, 1.

Formica - A Linnaean genus of hymenopterous insects, including the common ants. See Ant.

Formula - A prescribed or set form; an established rule; a fixed or conventional method in which anything is to be done, arranged, or said.

Formula - A written confession of faith; a formal statement of foctrines.

Formula - A rule or principle expressed in algebraic language; as, the binominal formula.

Formula - A prescription or recipe for the preparation of a medicinal compound.

Formula - A symbolic expression (by means of letters, figures, etc.) of the constituents or constitution of a compound.

Forsythia - A shrub of the Olive family, with yellow blossoms.

Fora - of Forum

Fossa - A pit, groove, cavity, or depression, of greater or less depth; as, the temporal fossa on the side of the skull; the nasal fossae containing the nostrils in most birds.

Fossoria - See Fossores.

Foussa - A viverrine animal of Madagascar (Cryptoprocta ferox). It resembles a cat in size and form, and has retractile claws.

Foutra - A fig; -- a word of contempt.

Fovea - A slight depression or pit; a fossa.

Foveola - A small depression or pit; a fovea.

Fovilla - One of the fine granules contained in the protoplasm of a pollen grain.

Fra - Fro.

Fra - Brother; -- a title of a monk of friar; as, Fra Angelo.

Fraenula - of Fraenulum

Fraena - of Frenum

Frambaesia - The yaws. See Yaws.

Frena - of Frenum

Freta - of Fretum

Freya - The daughter of Njord, and goddess of love and beauty; the Scandinavian Venus; -- in Teutonic myths confounded with Frigga, but in Scandinavian, distinct.

Frigga - The wife of Odin and mother of the gods; the supreme goddess; the Juno of the Valhalla. Cf. Freya.

Frigidaria - of Frigidarium

Fringilla - A genus of birds, with a short, conical, pointed bill. It formerly included all the sparrows and finches, but is now restricted to certain European finches, like the chaffinch and brambling.

Fritillaria - A genus of liliaceous plants, of which the crown-imperial (Fritillaria imperialis) is one species, and the Guinea-hen flower (F. Meleagris) another. See Crown-imperial.

Frugivora - The fruit bate; a group of the Cheiroptera, comprising the bats which live on fruits. See Eruit bat, under Fruit.

Frusta - of Frustum

Fuchsia - A genus of flowering plants having elegant drooping flowers, with four sepals, four petals, eight stamens, and a single pistil. They are natives of Mexico and South America. Double-flowered varieties are now common in cultivation.

Fuga - A fugue.

Fughetta - a short, condensed fugue.

Fulcra - See Fulcrum.

Fulcra - of Fulcrum

Fulgurata - A spectro-electric tube in which the decomposition of a liquid by the passage of an electric spark is observed.

Fungia - A genus of simple, stony corals; -- so called because they are usually flat and circular, with radiating plates, like the gills of a mushroom. Some of them are eighteen inches in diameter.

Furcula - A forked process; the wishbone or furculum.

Gadolinia - A rare earth, regarded by some as an oxide of the supposed element gadolinium, by others as only a mixture of the oxides of yttrium, erbium, ytterbium, etc.

Gala - Pomp, show, or festivity.

Galanga - Alt. of Galangal

Galea - The upper lip or helmet-shaped part of a labiate flower.

Galea - A kind of bandage for the head.

Galea - Headache extending all over the head.

Galea - A genus of fossil echini, having a vaulted, helmet-shaped shell.

Galea - The anterior, outer process of the second joint of the maxillae in certain insects.

Galena - A remedy or antidose for poison; theriaca.

Galena - Lead sulphide; the principal ore of lead. It is of a bluish gray color and metallic luster, and is cubic in crystallization and cleavage.

Gallimatia - Senseless talk. [Obs. or R.] See Galimatias.

Gallomania - An excessive admiration of what is French.

Gamba - A viola da gamba.

Gamma - The third letter (/, / = Eng. G) of the Greek alphabet.

Ganesa - The Hindoo god of wisdom or prudence.

Ganglia - of Ganglion

Grossularia - Same as Grossular.

Gymnasia - of Gymnasium

Gymnoblastea - The Athecata; -- so called because the medusoid buds are not inclosed in a capsule.

Gymnochroa - A division of Hydroidea including the hydra. See Hydra.

Gymnocopa - A group of transparent, free-swimming Annelida, having setae only in the cephalic appendages.

Gymnoglossa - A division of gastropods in which the odontophore is without teeth.

Gymnolaema - Alt. of Gymnolaemata

Gymnolaemata - An order of Bryozoa, having no epistome.

Gymnophiona - An order of Amphibia, having a long, annulated, snakelike body. See Ophiomorpha.

Gymnophthalmata - A group of acalephs, including the naked-eyed medusae; the hydromedusae. Most of them are known to be the free-swimming progeny (gonophores) of hydroids.

Gymnosomata - One of the orders of Pteropoda. They have no shell.

Gymnotoka - The Athecata.

Homoeomeria - The state or quality of being homogeneous in elements or first principles; likeness or identity of parts.

Ganja - The dried hemp plant, used in India for smoking. It is extremely narcotic and intoxicating.

Ganocephala - A group of fossil amphibians allied to the labyrinthodonts, having the head defended by bony, sculptured plates, as in some ganoid fishes.

Gansa - Same as Ganza.

Ganza - A kind of wild goose, by a flock of which a virtuoso was fabled to be carried to the lunar world.

Garcinia - A genus of plants, including the mangosteen tree (Garcinia Mangostana), found in the islands of the Indian Archipelago; -- so called in honor of Dr. Garcin.

Gardenia - A genus of plants, some species of which produce beautiful and fragrant flowers; Cape jasmine; -- so called in honor of Dr. Alexander Garden.

Garrupa - One of several species of California market fishes, of the genus Sebastichthys; -- called also rockfish. See Rockfish.

Gasteropoda - Same as Gastropoda.

Gastraea - A primeval larval form; a double-walled sac from which, according to the hypothesis of Haeckel, man and all other animals, that in the first stages of their individual evolution pass through a two-layered structural stage, or gastrula form, must have descended. This idea constitutes the Gastraea theory of Haeckel. See Gastrula.

Gastralgia - Pain in the stomach or epigastrium, as in gastric disorders.

Gastromalacia - A softening of the coats of the stomach; -- usually a post-morten change.

Gastropoda - One of the classes of Mollusca, of great extent. It includes most of the marine spiral shells, and the land and fresh-water snails. They generally creep by means of a flat, muscular disk, or foot, on the ventral side of the body. The head usually bears one or two pairs of tentacles. See Mollusca.

Gastrotricha - A group of small wormlike animals, having cilia on the ventral side. The group is regarded as an ancestral or synthetic one, related to rotifers and annelids.

Gastrotrocha - A form of annelid larva having cilia on the ventral side.

Gastrula - An embryonic form having its origin in the invagination or pushing in of the wall of the planula or blastula (the blastosphere) on one side, thus giving rise to a double-walled sac, with one opening or mouth (the blastopore) which leads into the cavity (the archenteron) lined by the inner wall (the hypoblast). See Illust. under Invagination. In a more general sense, an ideal stage in embryonic development. See Gastraea.

Gastrula - Of or pertaining to a gastrula.

Gastrura - See Stomatopoda.

Gaultheria - A genus of ericaceous shrubs with evergreen foliage, and, often, edible berries. It includes the American winter-green (Gaultheria procumbens), and the larger-fruited salal of Northwestern America (Gaultheria Shallon).

Gehenna - The valley of Hinnom, near Jerusalem, where some of the Israelites sacrificed their children to Moloch, which, on this account, was afterward regarded as a place of abomination, and made a receptacle for all the refuse of the city, perpetual fires being kept up in order to prevent pestilential effluvia. In the New Testament the name is transferred, by an easy metaphor, to Hell.

Gelada - A baboon (Gelada Ruppelli) of Abyssinia, remarkable for the length of the hair on the neck and shoulders of the adult male.

Gemara - The second part of the Talmud, or the commentary on the Mishna (which forms the first part or text).

Gemma - A leaf bud, as distinguished from a flower bud.

Gemma - A bud spore; one of the small spores or buds in the reproduction of certain Protozoa, which separate one at a time from the parent cell.

Gemmipara - Alt. of Gemmipares

Gena - The cheek; the feathered side of the under mandible of a bird.

Gena - The part of the head to which the jaws of an insect are attached.

Genera - See Genus.

Generalia - Generalities; general terms.

Geneva - The chief city of Switzerland.

Geneva - A strongly alcoholic liquor, flavored with juniper berries; -- made in Holland; Holland gin; Hollands.

Genista - A genus of plants including the common broom of Western Europe.

Gentianella - A kind of blue color.

Genua - of Genu

Genera - of Genus

Geophila - The division of Mollusca which includes the land snails and slugs.

Georama - A hollow globe on the inner surface of which a map of the world is depicted, to be examined by one standing inside.

Gephyrea - An order of marine Annelida, in which the body is imperfectly, or not at all, annulated externally, and is mostly without setae.

Gerboa - The jerboa.

Germina - of Germen

Gerocomia - See Gerocomy.

Geropigia - A mixture composed of unfermented grape juice, brandy, sugar, etc., for adulteration of wines.

Gigeria - of Gigerium

Glabella - The space between the eyebrows, also including the corresponding part of the frontal bone; the mesophryon.

Glabella - of Glabellum

Glama - A copious gummy secretion of the humor of the eyelids, in consequence of some disorder; blearedness; lippitude.

Glaucoma - Dimness or abolition of sight, with a diminution of transparency, a bluish or greenish tinge of the refracting media of the eye, and a hard inelastic condition of the eyeball, with marked increase of tension within the eyeball.

Glioma - A tumor springing from the neuroglia or connective tissue of the brain, spinal cord, or other portions of the nervous system.

Globigerina - A genus of small Foraminifera, which live abundantly at or near the surface of the sea. Their dead shells, falling to the bottom, make up a large part of the soft mud, generally found in depths below 3,000 feet, and called globigerina ooze. See Illust. of Foraminifera.

Glochidia - of Glochidium

Gloria - A doxology (beginning Gloria Patri, Glory be to the Father), sung or said at the end of the Psalms in the service of the Roman Catholic and other churches.

Gloria - A portion of the Mass (Gloria in Excelsis Deo, Glory be to God on high), and also of the communion service in some churches. In the Episcopal Church the version in English is used.

Gloria - The musical setting of a gloria.

Gloriosa - A genus of climbing plants with very showy lilylike blossoms, natives of India.

Glossa - The tongue, or lingua, of an insect. See Hymenoptera.

Glossata - The Lepidoptera.

Glossolalia - Alt. of Glossolaly

Gloxinia - American genus of herbaceous plants with very handsome bell-shaped blossoms; -- named after B. P. Gloxin, a German botanist.

Glucina - A white or gray tasteless powder, the oxide of the element glucinum; -- formerly called glucine.

Glucosuria - A condition in which glucose is discharged in the urine; diabetes mellitus.

Glumella - Alt. of Glumelle

Glycosuria - Same as Glucosuria.

Glycyrrhiza - A genus of papilionaceous herbaceous plants, one species of which (G. glabra), is the licorice plant, the roots of which have a bittersweet mucilaginous taste.

Glycyrrhiza - The root of Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice root), used as a demulcent, etc.

Glyptotheca - A building or room devoted to works of sculpture.

Gnathidia - of Gnathidium

Gnathostoma - A comprehensive division of vertebrates, including all that have distinct jaws, in contrast with the leptocardians and marsipobranchs (Cyclostoma), which lack them.

Gnathotheca - The horney covering of the lower mandible of a bird.

Goa - A species of antelope (Procapra picticauda), inhabiting Thibet.

Golgotha - Calvary. See the Note under Calvary.

Gonangia - of Gonangium

Gondola - A long, narrow boat with a high prow and stern, used in the canals of Venice. A gondola is usually propelled by one or two oarsmen who stand facing the prow, or by poling. A gondola for passengers has a small open cabin amidships, for their protection against the sun or rain. A sumptuary law of Venice required that gondolas should be painted black, and they are customarily so painted now.

Gondola - A flat-bottomed boat for freight.

Gondola - A long platform car, either having no sides or with very low sides, used on railroads.

Gonidia - of Gonidium

Gonimia - Bluish green granules which occur in certain lichens, as Collema, Peltigera, etc., and which replace the more usual gonidia.

Gonoblastidia - of Gonoblastidium

Gonorrhea - Alt. of Gonorrhoea

Gonorrhoea - A contagious inflammatory disease of the genitourinary tract, affecting especially the urethra and vagina, and characterized by a mucopurulent discharge, pain in urination, and chordee; clap.

Gonotheca - A capsule developed on certain hydroids (Thecaphora), inclosing the blastostyle upon which the medusoid buds or gonophores are developed; -- called also gonangium, and teleophore. See Hydroidea, and Illust. of Campanularian.

Gordiacea - A division of nematoid worms, including the hairworms or hair eels (Gordius and Mermis). See Gordius, and Illustration in Appendix.

Gorgonacea - See Gorgoniacea.

Gorgoneia - of Gorgoneion

Gorgonia - A genus of Gorgoniacea, formerly very extensive, but now restricted to such species as the West Indian sea fan (Gorgonia flabellum), sea plume (G. setosa), and other allied species having a flexible, horny axis.

Gorgonia - Any slender branched gorgonian.

Gorgoniacea - One of the principal divisions of Alcyonaria, including those forms which have a firm and usually branched axis, covered with a porous crust, or c/nenchyma, in which the polyp cells are situated.

Gorilla - A large, arboreal, anthropoid ape of West Africa. It is larger than a man, and is remarkable for its massive skeleton and powerful muscles, which give it enormous strength. In some respects its anatomy, more than that of any other ape, except the chimpanzee, resembles that of man.

Gorma - The European cormorant.

Goura - One of several species of large, crested ground pigeons of the genus Goura, inhabiting New Guinea and adjacent islands. The Queen Victoria pigeon (Goura Victoria) and the crowned pigeon (G. coronata) are among the beat known species.

Granadilla - The fruit of certain species of passion flower (esp. Passiflora quadrangularis) found in Brazil and the West Indies. It is as large as a child's head, and is a good dessert fruit. The fruit of Passiflora edulis is used for flavoring ices.

Grandma - Alt. of Grandmamma

Grandmamma - A grandmother.

Grandpa - Alt. of Grandpapa

Grandpapa - A grandfather.

Granilla - Small grains or dust of cochineal or the coccus insect.

Gravamina - of Gravamen

\d8Gregarinida - Gregarinae.

Grindelia - The dried stems and leaves of tarweed (Grindelia), used as a remedy in asthma and bronchitis.

Grubbla - To feel or grope in the dark.

Gryphaea - A genus of cretaceous fossil shells allied to the oyster.

Guana - See Iguana.

Guara - The scarlet ibis. See Ibis.

Guara - A large-maned wild dog of South America (Canis jubatus) -- named from its cry.

Guarana - A preparation from the seeds of Paullinia sorbilis, a woody climber of Brazil, used in making an astringent drink, and also in the cure of headache.

Guava - A tropical tree, or its fruit, of the genus Psidium. Two varieties are well known, the P. pyriferum, or white guava, and P. pomiferum, or red guava. The fruit or berry is shaped like a pomegranate, but is much smaller. It is somewhat astringent, but makes a delicious jelly.

Guereza - A beautiful Abyssinian monkey (Colobus guereza), having the body black, with a fringe of long, silky, white hair along the sides, and a tuft of the same at the end of the tail. The frontal band, cheeks, and chin are white.

Guerilla - See Guerrilla.

Guerrilla - An irregular mode of carrying on war, by the constant attacks of independent bands, adopted in the north of Spain during the Peninsular war.

Guerrilla - One who carries on, or assists in carrying on, irregular warfare; especially, a member of an independent band engaged in predatory excursions in war time.

Guerrilla - Pertaining to, or engaged in, warfare carried on irregularly and by independent bands; as, a guerrilla party; guerrilla warfare.

Guinea - A district on the west coast of Africa (formerly noted for its export of gold and slaves) after which the Guinea fowl, Guinea grass, Guinea peach, etc., are named.

Guinea - A gold coin of England current for twenty-one shillings sterling, or about five dollars, but not coined since the issue of sovereigns in 1817.

Gula - The upper front of the neck, next to the chin; the upper throat.

Gula - A plate which in most insects supports the submentum.

Gula - A capping molding. Same as Cymatium.

Gummata - of Gumma

Gumma - A kind of soft tumor, usually of syphilitic origin.

Guna - In Sanskrit grammar, a lengthening of the simple vowels a, i, e, by prefixing an a element. The term is sometimes used to denote the same vowel change in other languages.

Gutta - A drop.

Gutta - One of a series of ornaments, in the form of a frustum of a cone, attached to the lower part of the triglyphs, and also to the lower faces of the mutules, in the Doric order; -- called also campana, and drop.

Gutta-percha - A concrete juice produced by various trees found in the Malayan archipelago, especially by the Isonandra, / Dichopsis, Gutta. It becomes soft, and unpressible at the tamperature of boiling water, and, on cooling, retains its new shape. It dissolves in oils and ethers, but not in water. In many of its properties it resembles caoutchouc, and it is extensively used for many economical purposes. The Mimusops globosa of Guiana also yields this material.

Gynandria - A class of plants in the Linnaean system, whose stamens grow out of, or are united with, the pistil.

Gynephobia - Hatred of women; repugnance to the society of women.

Gyrencephala - The higher orders of Mammalia, in which the cerebrum is convoluted.

Gyroma - A turning round.

Ha - An exclamation denoting surprise, joy, or grief. Both as uttered and as written, it expresses a great variety of emotions, determined by the tone or the context. When repeated, ha, ha, it is an expression of laughter, satisfaction, or triumph, sometimes of derisive laughter; or sometimes it is equivalent to "Well, it is so."

Hacienda - A large estate where work of any kind is done, as agriculture, manufacturing, mining, or raising of animals; a cultivated farm, with a good house, in distinction from a farming establishment with rude huts for herdsmen, etc.; -- a word used in Spanish-American regions.

Haematocrya - The cold-blooded vertebrates. Same as Hematocrya.

Haematophlina - A division of Cheiroptera, including the bloodsucking bats. See Vampire.

Haematotherma - Same as Hematotherma.

Haematozoa - of Haematozoon

Haggada - A story, anecdote, or legend in the Talmud, to explain or illustrate the text of the Old Testament.

Hagiographa - The last of the three Jewish divisions of the Old Testament, or that portion not contained in the Law and the Prophets. It comprises Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Canticles, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles.

Hagiographa - The lives of the saints.

Ha-ha - A sunk fence; a fence, wall, or ditch, not visible till one is close upon it.

Halacha - The general term for the Hebrew oral or traditional law; one of two branches of exposition in the Midrash. See Midrash.

Halesia - A genus of American shrubs containing several species, called snowdrop trees, or silver-bell trees. They have showy, white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels.

Halisauria - The Enaliosauria.

Halloa - See Halloo.

Halma - The long jump, with weights in the hands, -- the most important of the exercises of the Pentathlon.

Haminura - A large edible river fish (Erythrinus macrodon) of Guiana.

Han sa - See 2d Hanse.

Harmonica - A musical instrument, consisting of a series of hemispherical glasses which, by touching the edges with the dampened finger, give forth the tones.

Harmonica - A toy instrument of strips of glass or metal hung on two tapes, and struck with hammers.

Harpa - A genus of marine univalve shells; the harp shells; -- so called from the form of the shells, and their ornamental ribs.

Hatteria - A New Zealand lizard, which, in anatomical character, differs widely from all other existing lizards. It is the only living representative of the order Rhynchocephala, of which many Mesozoic fossil species are known; -- called also Sphenodon, and Tuatera.

Haustellata - An artificial division of insects, including all those with a sucking proboscis.

Haustella - of Haustellum

Haustoria - of Haustorium

Havana - Of or pertaining to Havana, the capital of the island of Cuba; as, an Havana cigar

Havana - An Havana cigar.

Heartpea - Same as Heartseed.

Hegira - The flight of Mohammed from Mecca, September 13, A. D. 622 (subsequently established as the first year of the Moslem era); hence, any flight or exodus regarded as like that of Mohammed.

Hejira - See Hegira.

Helena - See St. Elmo's fire, under Saint.

Helianthoidea - An order of Anthozoa; the Actinaria.

Heliconia - One of numerous species of Heliconius, a genus of tropical American butterflies. The wings are usually black, marked with green, crimson, and white.

Helicotrema - The opening by which the two scalae communicate at the top of the cochlea of the ear.

Heliopora - An East Indian stony coral now known to belong to the Alcyonaria; -- called also blue coral.

Heliozoa - An order of fresh-water rhizopods having a more or less globular form, with slender radiating pseudopodia; the sun animalcule.

Hematocrya - The cold-blooded vertebrates, that is, all but the mammals and birds; -- the antithesis to Hematotherma.

Hematoma - A circumscribed swelling produced by an effusion of blood beneath the skin.

Hematophilia - A condition characterized by a tendency to profuse and uncontrollable hemorrhage from the slightest wounds.

Hematotherma - The warm-blooded vertebrates, comprising the mammals and birds; -- the antithesis to hematocrya.

Hematuria - Passage of urine mingled with blood.

Hemelytra - of Hemelytrum

Hemeralopia - A disease of the eyes, in consequence of which a person can see clearly or without pain only by daylight or a strong artificial light; day sight.

Hemianaesthesia - Anaesthesia upon one side of the body.

Hemicardia - A lateral half of the heart, either the right or left.

Hemicrania - A pain that affects only one side of the head.

Hemimetabola - Those insects which have an incomplete metamorphosis.

Hemina - A measure of half a sextary.

Hemina - A measure equal to about ten fluid ounces.

Hemiopia - Alt. of Hemiopsia

Hemiopsia - A defect of vision in consequence of which a person sees but half of an object looked at.

Hemiplegia - A palsy that affects one side only of the body.

Hemiptera - An order of hexapod insects having a jointed proboscis, including four sharp stylets (mandibles and maxillae), for piercing. In many of the species (Heteroptera) the front wings are partially coriaceous, and different from the others.

Hemophilia - See Hematophilia.

Henna - A thorny tree or shrub of the genus Lawsonia (L. alba). The fragrant white blossoms are used by the Buddhists in religious ceremonies. The powdered leaves furnish a red coloring matter used in the East to stain the hails and fingers, the manes of horses, etc.

Henna - The leaves of the henna plant, or a preparation or dyestuff made from them.

Hepatica - A genus of pretty spring flowers closely related to Anemone; squirrel cup.

Hepatica - Any plant, usually procumbent and mosslike, of the cryptogamous class Hepaticae; -- called also scale moss and liverwort. See Hepaticae, in the Supplement.

Hepta - A combining form from Gr. "epta`, seven.

Heptagynia - A Linnaean order of plants having seven pistils.

Heptandria - A Linnaean class of plants having seven stamens.

Herbaria - of Herbarium

Herbivora - An extensive division of Mammalia. It formerly included the Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla, but by later writers it is generally restricted to the two latter groups (Ungulata). They feed almost exclusively upon vegetation.

Herma - See Hermes, 2.

Hernia - A protrusion, consisting of an organ or part which has escaped from its natural cavity, and projects through some natural or accidental opening in the walls of the latter; as, hernia of the brain, of the lung, or of the bowels. Hernia of the abdominal viscera in most common. Called also rupture.

Heterocera - A division of Lepidoptera, including the moths, and hawk moths, which have the antennae variable in form.

Heteromera - A division of Coleoptera, having heteromerous tarsi.

Heteromyaria - A division of bivalve shells, including the marine mussels, in which the two adductor muscles are very unequal. See Dreissena, and Illust. under Byssus.

Heteropoda - An order of pelagic Gastropoda, having the foot developed into a median fin. Some of the species are naked; others, as Carinaria and Atlanta, have thin glassy shells.

Heteroptera - A suborder of Hemiptera, in which the base of the anterior wings is thickened. See Hemiptera.

Heterotricha - A division of ciliated Infusoria, having fine cilia all over the body, and a circle of larger ones around the anterior end.

Hexa - A prefix or combining form, used to denote six, sixth, etc.; as, hexatomic, hexabasic.

Hexactinia - The Anthozoa.

Hexagynia - A Linnaean order of plants having six pistils.

Hexahedra - of Hexahedron

Hexandria - A Linnaean class of plants having six stamens.

Hexapla - A collection of the Holy Scriptures in six languages or six versions in parallel columns; particularly, the edition of the Old Testament published by Origen, in the 3d century.

Hexapoda - The true, or six-legged, insects; insects other than myriapods and arachnids.

Hierapicra - A warming cathartic medicine, made of aloes and canella bark.

Hierotheca - A receptacle for sacred objects.

Hijera - Alt. of Hijra

Hijra - See Hegira.

Hippa - Alt. of Hippe

Hippobosca - A genus of dipterous insects including the horsefly or horse tick.

Hirudinea - An order of Annelida, including the leeches; -- called also Hirudinei.

Hoa - A stop; a halt; a moderation of pace.

Hoa - Halloo! attend! -- a call to excite attention, or to give notice of approach.

Hoa - Stop! stand still! hold! -- a word now used by teamsters, but formerly to order the cessation of anything.

Holla - Hollo.

Holla - See Hollo, v. i.

Holloa - Same as Hollo.

Holmia - An oxide of holmium.

Holometabola - Those insects which have a complete metamorphosis; metabola.

Holostomata - An artificial division of gastropods, including those that have an entire aperture.

Holostraca - A division of phyllopod Crustacea, including those that are entirely covered by a bivalve shell.

Holothurioidea - One of the classes of echinoderms.

Holotricha - A group of ciliated Infusoria, having cilia all over the body.

Homologoumena - Those books of the New Testament which were acknowledged as canonical by the early church; -- distinguished from antilegomena.

Homoptera - A suborder of Hemiptera, in which both pairs of wings are similar in texture, and do not overlap when folded, as in the cicada. See Hemiptera.

Homotaxia - Same as Homotaxis.

Hosanna - A Hebrew exclamation of praise to the Lord, or an invocation of blessings.

Hurra - A word used as a shout of joy, triumph, applause, encouragement, or welcome.

Huzza - A word used as a shout of joy, exultation, approbation, or encouragement.

Huzza - A shout of huzza; a cheer; a hurrah.

Huzza - To shout huzza; to cheer.

Huzza - To receive or attend with huzzas.

Hyaena - Same as Hyena.

Hyalea - A pteroid of the genus Cavolina. See Pteropoda, and Illustration in Appendix.

Hyalonema - A genus of hexactinelline sponges, having a long stem composed of very long, slender, transparent, siliceous fibres twisted together like the strands of a color. The stem of the Japanese species (H. Sieboldii), called glass-rope, has long been in use as an ornament. See Glass-rope.

Hyalospongia - An order of vitreous sponges, having glassy six-rayed, siliceous spicules; -- called also Hexactinellinae.

Hydra - A serpent or monster in the lake or marsh of Lerna, in the Peloponnesus, represented as having many heads, one of which, when cut off, was immediately succeeded by two others, unless the wound was cauterized. It was slain by Hercules. Hence, a terrible monster.

Hydra - Hence: A multifarious evil, or an evil having many sources; not to be overcome by a single effort.

Hydra - Any small fresh-water hydroid of the genus Hydra, usually found attached to sticks, stones, etc., by a basal sucker.

Hydra - A southern constellation of great length lying southerly from Cancer, Leo, and Virgo.

Hydraemia - An abnormally watery state of the blood; anaemia.

Hydrangea - A genus of shrubby plants bearing opposite leaves and large heads of showy flowers, white, or of various colors. H. hortensis, the common garden species, is a native of China or Japan.

Hydria - A water jar; esp., one with a large rounded body, a small neck, and three handles. Some of the most beautiful Greek vases are of this form.

Hydrina - The group of hydroids to which the fresh-water hydras belong.

Hydrobranchiata - An extensive artificial division of gastropod mollusks, including those that breathe by gills, as contrasted with the Pulmonifera.

Hydrocorallia - A division of Hydroidea, including those genera that secrete a stony coral, as Millepora and Stylaster. Two forms of zooids in life project from small pores in the coral and resemble those of other hydroids. See Millepora.

Hydroidea - An extensive order of Hydrozoa or Acalephae.

Hydromedusa - Any medusa or jellyfish which is produced by budding from a hydroid. They are called also Craspedota, and naked-eyed medusae.

Hydromica - A variety of potash mica containing water. It is less elastic than ordinary muscovite.

Hydrophobia - An abnormal dread of water, said to be a symptom of canine madness; hence:

Hydrophobia - The disease caused by a bite form, or inoculation with the saliva of, a rabid creature, of which the chief symptoms are, a sense of dryness and construction in the throat, causing difficulty in deglutition, and a marked heightening of reflex excitability, producing convulsions whenever the patient attempts to swallow, or is disturbed in any way, as by the sight or sound of water; rabies; canine madness.

Hydrophora - The Hydroidea.

Hydrophyllia - of Hydrophyllium

Hydrorhiza - The rootstock or decumbent stem by which a hydroid is attached to other objects. See Illust. under Hydroidea.

Hydrosoma - All the zooids of a hydroid colony collectively, including the nutritive and reproductive zooids, and often other kinds.

Hydrotheca - One of the calicles which, in some Hydroidea (Thecaphora), protect the hydrants. See Illust. of Hydroidea, and Campanularian.

Hydrozoa - The Acalephae; one of the classes of coelenterates, including the Hydroidea, Discophora, and Siphonophora.

Hydrozoa - of Hydrozoon

Hyena - Any carnivorous mammal of the family Hyaenidae, of which three living species are known. They are large and strong, but cowardly. They feed chiefly on carrion, and are nocturnal in their habits.

Hygeia - The goddess of health, daughter of Esculapius.

Hymenia - of Hymenium

Hymenoptera - An extensive order of insects, including the bees, ants, ichneumons, sawflies, etc.

Hypanthia - of Hypanthium

Hyperaemia - A superabundance or congestion of blood in an organ or part of the body.

Hyperaesthesia - A state of exalted or morbidly increased sensibility of the body, or of a part of it.

Hyperbola - A curve formed by a section of a cone, when the cutting plane makes a greater angle with the base than the side of the cone makes. It is a plane curve such that the difference of the distances from any point of it to two fixed points, called foci, is equal to a given distance. See Focus. If the cutting plane be produced so as to cut the opposite cone, another curve will be formed, which is also an hyperbola. Both curves are regarded as branches of the same hyperbola. See Illust. of Conic section, and Focus.

Hyperdulia - Veneration or worship given to the Virgin Mary as the most exalted of mere creatures; higher veneration than dulia.

Hyperesthesia - Same as Hyperaesthesia.

Hypermetropia - Alt. of Hypermetropy

Hypermyriorama - A show or exhibition having a great number of scenes or views.

Hyperoartia - An order of marsipobranchs including the lampreys. The suckerlike moth contains numerous teeth; the nasal opening is in the middle of the head above, but it does not connect with the mouth. See Cyclostoma, and Lamprey.

Hyperopia - Hypermetropia.

Hyperotreta - An order of marsipobranchs, including the Myxine or hagfish and the genus Bdellostoma. They have barbels around the mouth, one tooth on the plate, and a communication between the nasal aperture and the throat. See Hagfish.

Hyperplasia - An increase in, or excessive growth of, the normal elements of any part.

Hypernoea - Abnormal breathing, due to slightly deficient arterialization of the blood; -- in distinction from eupnoea. See Eupnoea, and Dispnoea.

Hyperpyrexia - A condition of excessive fever; an elevation of temperature in a disease, in excess of the limit usually observed in that disease.

Hypoaria - of Hypoarion

Hypochondria - Hypochondriasis; melancholy; the blues.

Hypochondria - of Hypochondrium

Hypocleida - of Hypocleidium

Hypoderma - A layer of tissue beneath the epidermis in plants, and performing the physiological function of strengthening the epidermal tissue. In phanerogamous plants it is developed as collenchyma.

Hypoderma - An inner cellular layer which lies beneath the chitinous cuticle of arthropods, annelids, and some other invertebrates.

Hypogea - of Hypogeum

Hypoplastra - of Hypoplastron

Hypoptila - of Hypoptilum

Hyposterna - of Hyposternum

Hypostoma - The lower lip of trilobites, crustaceans, etc.

Hypotheca - An obligation by which property of a debtor was made over to his creditor in security of his debt.

Hypotricha - A division of ciliated Infusoria in which the cilia cover only the under side of the body.

Hyracoidea - An order of small hoofed mammals, comprising the single living genus Hyrax.

Hysteria - A nervous affection, occurring almost exclusively in women, in which the emotional and reflex excitability is exaggerated, and the will power correspondingly diminished, so that the patient loses control over the emotions, becomes the victim of imaginary sensations, and often falls into paroxism or fits.

Ianthina - Any gastropod of the genus Ianthina, of which various species are found living in mid ocean; -- called also purple shell, and violet snail.

Ichorhaemia - Infection of the blood with ichorous or putrid substances.

Ichthyocolla - Fish glue; isinglass; a glue prepared from the sounds of certain fishes.

Ichthyomorpha - The Urodela.

Ichthyophthira - A division of copepod crustaceans, including numerous species parasitic on fishes.

Ichthyopsida - A grand division of the Vertebrata, including the Amphibia and Fishes.

Ichthyopterygia - See Ichthyosauria.

Ichthyosauria - An extinct order of marine reptiles, including Ichthyosaurus and allied forms; -- called also Ichthyopterygia. They have not been found later than the Cretaceous period.

Icosandria - A Linnaean class of plants, having twenty or more stamens inserted in the calyx.

Idea - The transcript, image, or picture of a visible object, that is formed by the mind; also, a similar image of any object whatever, whether sensible or spiritual.

Idea - A general notion, or a conception formed by generalization.

Idea - Hence: Any object apprehended, conceived, or thought of, by the mind; a notion, conception, or thought; the real object that is conceived or thought of.

Idea - A belief, option, or doctrine; a characteristic or controlling principle; as, an essential idea; the idea of development.

Idea - A plan or purpose of action; intention; design.

Idea - A rational conception; the complete conception of an object when thought of in all its essential elements or constituents; the necessary metaphysical or constituent attributes and relations, when conceived in the abstract.

Idea - A fiction object or picture created by the imagination; the same when proposed as a pattern to be copied, or a standard to be reached; one of the archetypes or patterns of created things, conceived by the Platonists to have excited objectively from eternity in the mind of the Deity.

Idioplasma - That portion of the cell protoplasm which is the seat of all active changes, and which carries on the function of hereditary transmission; -- distinguished from the other portion, which is termed nutritive plasma. See Hygroplasm.

Iguana - Any species of the genus Iguana, a genus of large American lizards of the family Iguanidae. They are arboreal in their habits, usually green in color, and feed chiefly upon fruits.

Imbrocata - Alt. of Imbroccata

Imbroccata - A hit or thrust.

Impalla - The pallah deer of South Africa.

Imperforata - A division of Foraminifera, including those in which the shell is not porous.

Implacentalia - A primary division of the Mammalia, including the monotremes and marsupials, in which no placenta is formed.

Impresa - A device on a shield or seal, or used as a bookplate or the like.

Improperia - A series of antiphons and responses, expressing the sorrowful remonstrance of our Lord with his people; -- sung on the morning of the Good Friday in place of the usual daily Mass of the Roman ritual.

Inamorata - A woman in love; a mistress.

Inca - An emperor or monarch of Peru before, or at the time of, the Spanish conquest; any member of this royal dynasty, reputed to have been descendants of the sun.

Inca - The people governed by the Incas, now represented by the Quichua tribe.

Inclusa - A tribe of bivalve mollusks, characterized by the closed state of the mantle which envelops the body. The ship borer (Teredo navalis) is an example.

Incognita - A woman who is unknown or in disguise.

Incognita - The state of being in disguise; -- said of a woman.

Incunabula - of Incunabulum

India - A country in Southern Asia; the two peninsulas of Hither and Farther India; in a restricted sense, Hither India, or Hindostan.

Indicia - Discriminating marks; signs; tokens; indications; appearances.

Indigofera - A genus of leguminous plants having many species, mostly in tropical countries, several of them yielding indigo, esp. Indigofera tinctoria, and I. Anil.

Individua - of Individuate

Inductoria - of Inductorium

Indusia - of Indusium

Inertia - That property of matter by which it tends when at rest to remain so, and when in motion to continue in motion, and in the same straight line or direction, unless acted on by some external force; -- sometimes called vis inertiae.

Inertia - Inertness; indisposition to motion, exertion, or action; want of energy; sluggishness.

Inertia - Want of activity; sluggishness; -- said especially of the uterus, when, in labor, its contractions have nearly or wholly ceased.

Infanta - A title borne by every one of the daughters of the kings of Spain and Portugal, except the eldest.

Inferobranchiata - A suborder of marine gastropod mollusks, in which the gills are between the foot and the mantle.

Influenza - An epidemic affection characterized by acute nasal catarrh, or by inflammation of the throat or the bronchi, and usually accompanied by fever.

Infra - Below; beneath; under; after; -- often used as a prefix.

Infula - A sort of fillet worn by dignitaries, priests, and others among the ancient Romans. It was generally white.

Infundibula - of Infundibulum

Infusoria - One of the classes of Protozoa, including a large number of species, all of minute size.

Ingena - The gorilla.

Ingesta - That which is introduced into the body by the stomach or alimentary canal; -- opposed to egesta.

Inghalla - The reedbuck of South Africa.

Inia - A South American freshwater dolphin (Inia Boliviensis). It is ten or twelve feet long, and has a hairy snout.

Injuria - Injury; invasion of another's rights.

Insecta - One of the classes of Arthropoda, including those that have one pair of antennae, three pairs of mouth organs, and breathe air by means of tracheae, opening by spiracles along the sides of the body. In this sense it includes the Hexapoda, or six-legged insects and the Myriapoda, with numerous legs. See Insect, n.

Insecta - In a more restricted sense, the Hexapoda alone. See Hexapoda.

Insecta - In the most general sense, the Hexapoda, Myriapoda, and Arachnoidea, combined.

Insectivora - An order of mammals which feed principally upon insects.

Insectivora - A division of the Cheiroptera, including the common or insect-eating bats.

Insignia - Distinguishing marks of authority, office, or honor; badges; tokens; decorations; as, the insignia of royalty or of an order.

Insignia - Typical and characteristic marks or signs, by which anything is known or distinguished; as, the insignia of a trade.

Insomnia - Want of sleep; inability to sleep; wakefulness; sleeplessness.

Lira - An Italian coin equivalent in value to the French franc.

Lirella - A linear apothecium furrowed along the middle; the fruit of certain lichens.

Liriodendra - of Liriodendron

Loca - of Locus

Locusta - The spikelet or flower cluster of grasses.

Locustella - The European cricket warbler.

Loeven's larva - The peculiar larva of Polygordius. See Polygordius.

Interambulacra - of Interambulacrum

Intercentra - of Intercentrum

Intermaxilla - See Premaxilla.

Intermedia - of Intermedium

Intervalla - of Intervallum

Invertebrata - A comprehensive division of the animal kingdom, including all except the Vertebrata.

Involucella - of Involucellum

Involucra - of Involucrum

Iota - The ninth letter of the Greek alphabet (/) corresponding with the English i.

Iota - A very small quantity or degree; a jot; a particle.

Ipecacuanha - The root of a Brazilian rubiaceous herb (Cephaelis Ipecacuanha), largely employed as an emetic; also, the plant itself; also, a medicinal extract of the root. Many other plants are used as a substitutes; among them are the black or Peruvian ipecac (Psychotria emetica), the white ipecac (Ionidium Ipecacuanha), the bastard or wild ipecac (Asclepias Curassavica), and the undulated ipecac (Richardsonia scabra).

Ipomoea - A genus of twining plants with showy monopetalous flowers, including the morning-glory, the sweet potato, and the cypress vine.

Isabella - Alt. of Isabella color

Isonandra - A genus of sapotaceous trees of India. Isonandra Gutta is the principal source of gutta-percha.

Isopleura - A subclass of Gastropoda, in which the body is symmetrical, the right and left sides being equal.

Isopoda - An order of sessile-eyed Crustacea, usually having seven pairs of legs, which are all similar in structure.

Itala - An early Latin version of the Scriptures (the Old Testament was translated from the Septuagint, and was also called the Italic version).

Ittria - See Yttria.

Ixia - A South African bulbous plant of the Iris family, remarkable for the brilliancy of its flowers.

Jacana - Any of several wading birds belonging to the genus Jacana and several allied genera, all of which have spurs on the wings. They are able to run about over floating water weeds by means of their very long, spreading toes. Called also surgeon bird.

Jacaranda - The native Brazilian name for certain leguminous trees, which produce the beautiful woods called king wood, tiger wood, and violet wood.

Jacaranda - A genus of bignoniaceous Brazilian trees with showy trumpet-shaped flowers.

Jaganatha - Alt. of Jaganatha

Jaganatha - See Juggernaut.

Jaina - One of a numerous sect in British India, holding the tenets of Jainism.

Jamacina - Jamaicine.

Jamaica - One of the West India is islands.

Jambolana - A myrtaceous tree of the West Indies and tropical America (Calyptranthes Jambolana), with astringent bark, used for dyeing. It bears an edible fruit.

Janthina - See Ianthina.

Japonica - A species of Camellia (Camellia Japonica), a native of Japan, bearing beautiful red or white flowers. Many other genera have species of the same name.

Jararaca - A poisonous serpent of Brazil (Bothrops jararaca), about eighteen inches long, and of a dusky, brownish color, variegated with red and black spots.

Java - One of the islands of the Malay Archipelago belonging to the Netherlands.

Java - Java coffee, a kind of coffee brought from Java.

Jeffersonia - An American herb with a pretty, white, solitary blossom, and deeply two-cleft leaves (Jeffersonia diphylla); twinleaf.

Jerboa - Any small jumping rodent of the genus Dipus, esp. D. Aegyptius, which is common in Egypt and the adjacent countries. The jerboas have very long hind legs and a long tail.

Jeropigia - See Geropigia.

Jinrikisha - A small, two-wheeled, hooded vehicle drawn by one more men.

Jossa - A command to a horse, probably meaning "stand still."

Juba - The mane of an animal.

Juba - A loose panicle, the axis of which falls to pieces, as in certain grasses.

Jugata - The figures of two heads on a medal or coin, either side by side or joined.

Jugula - of Jugulum

Juga - of Jugum

Jungermannia - A genus of hepatic mosses, now much circumscribed, but formerly comprising most plants of the order, which is sometimes therefore called Jungermanniaceae.

Junta - A council; a convention; a tribunal; an assembly; esp., the grand council of state in Spain.

Jura - 1. A range of mountains between France and Switzerland.

Jura - The Jurassic period. See Jurassic.

Juramenta - of Juramentum

Juvia - A Brazilian name for the lofty myrtaceous tree (Bertholetia excelsa) which produces the large seeds known as Brazil nuts.

Juwansa - The camel's thorn. See under Camel.

Kaama - The hartbeest.

Kabala - See Cabala.

Kaka - A New Zealand parrot of the genus Nestor, especially the brown parrot (Nestor meridionalis).

Kalmia - A genus of North American shrubs with poisonous evergreen foliage and corymbs of showy flowers. Called also mountain laurel, ivy bush, lamb kill, calico bush, etc.

Kalpa - One of the Brahmanic eons, a period of 4,320,000,000 years. At the end of each Kalpa the world is annihilated.

Kama - The Hindoo Cupid. He is represented as a beautiful youth, with a bow of sugar cane or flowers.

Kamala - The red dusty hairs of the capsules of an East Indian tree (Mallotus Philippinensis) used for dyeing silk. It is violently emetic, and is used in the treatment of tapeworm.

Kanacka - Alt. of Kanaka

Kanaka - A native of the Sandwich Islands.

Kapia - The fossil resin of the kauri tree of New Zealand.

Karma - One's acts considered as fixing one's lot in the future existence. (Theos.) The doctrine of fate as the inflexible result of cause and effect; the theory of inevitable consequence.

Karyoplasma - The protoplasmic substance of the nucleus of a cell: nucleoplasm; -- in opposition to kytoplasma, the protoplasm of the cell.

Kava - A species of Macropiper (M. methysticum), the long pepper, from the root of which an intoxicating beverage is made by the Polynesians, by a process of mastication; also, the beverage itself.

Kawaka - a New Zealand tree, the Cypress cedar (Libocedrus Doniana), having a valuable, fine-grained, reddish wood.

Keitloa - A black, two-horned, African rhinoceros (Atelodus keitloa). It has the posterior horn about as long as the anterior one, or even longer.

Kerana - A kind of long trumpet, used among the Persians.

Keratoidea - Same as Keratosa.

Keratosa - An order of sponges having a skeleton composed of hornlike fibers. It includes the commercial sponges.

Khaya - A lofty West African tree (Khaya Senegalensis), related to the mahogany, which it resembles in the quality of the wood. The bark is used as a febrifuge.

Khenna - See Henna.

Kibitka - A tent used by the Kirghiz Tartars.

Kibitka - A rude kind of Russian vehicle, on wheels or on runners, sometimes covered with cloth or leather, and often used as a movable habitation.

Kithara - See Cithara.

Kleptomania - A propensity to steal, claimed to be irresistible. This does not constitute legal irresponsibility.

Klopemania - See Kleptomania.

Koaita - Same as Coaita.

Koala - A tailless marsupial (Phascolarctos cinereus), found in Australia. The female carries her young on the back of her neck. Called also Australian bear, native bear, and native sloth.

Koba - Any one of several species of African antelopes of the genus Kobus, esp. the species Kobus sing-sing.

Kokama - The gemsbok.

Koolokamba - A west African anthropoid ape (Troglodytes koolokamba, or T. Aubryi), allied to the chimpanzee and gorilla, and, in some respects, intermediate between them.

Koolslaa - See Coleslaw.

Kra - A long-tailed ape (Macacus cynomolgus) of India and Sumatra. It is reddish olive, spotted with black, and has a black tail.

Krameria - A genus of spreading shrubs with many stems, from one species of which (K. triandra), found in Peru, rhatany root, used as a medicine, is obtained.

Krishna - The most popular of the Hindoo divinities, usually held to be the eighth incarnation of the god Vishnu.

Kshatriya - Alt. of Kshatruya

Kshatruya - The military caste, the second of the four great Hindoo castes; also, a member of that caste. See Caste.

Kuda - The East Indian tapir. See Tapir.

Kytoplasma - See Karyoplasma. L () L is the twelfth letter of the English alphabet, and a vocal consonant. It is usually called a semivowel or liquid. Its form and value are from the Greek, through the Latin, the form of the Greek letter being from the Phoenician, and the ultimate origin prob. Egyptian. Etymologically, it is most closely related to r and u; as in pilgrim, peregrine, couch (fr. collocare), aubura (fr. LL. alburnus).

La - A syllable applied to the sixth tone of the scale in music in solmization.

La - The tone A; -- so called among the French and Italians.

La - Look; see; behold; -- sometimes followed by you.

La - An exclamation of surprise; -- commonly followed by me; as, La me!

Labara - of Labarum

Labella - of Labellum

Labia - See Labium.

Labia - of Labium

Labra - of Labrum

Labyrinthodonta - An extinct order of Amphibia, including the typical genus Labyrinthodon, and many other allied forms, from the Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic formations. By recent writers they are divided into two or more orders. See Stegocephala.

Lacerta - A fathom.

Lacerta - A genus of lizards. See Lizard.

Lacerta - The Lizard, a northern constellation.

Lacertilia - An order of Reptilia, which includes the lizards.

Lacinia - One of the narrow, jagged, irregular pieces or divisions which form a sort of fringe on the borders of the petals of some flowers.

Lacinia - A narrow, slender portion of the edge of a monophyllous calyx, or of any irregularly incised leaf.

Lacinia - The posterior, inner process of the stipes on the maxillae of insects.

Lacinula - A diminutive lacinia.

Lactuca - A genus of composite herbs, several of which are cultivated foe salad; lettuce.

Lacuna - A small opening; a small pit or depression; a small blank space; a gap or vacancy; a hiatus.

Lacuna - A small opening; a small depression or cavity; a space, as a vacant space between the cells of plants, or one of the spaces left among the tissues of the lower animals, which serve in place of vessels for the circulation of the body fluids, or the cavity or sac, usually of very small size, in a mucous membrane.

Lacunaria - of Lacunar

Laemodipoda - A division of amphipod Crustacea, in which the abdomen is small or rudimentary and the legs are often reduced to five pairs. The whale louse, or Cyamus, and Caprella are examples.

Lagena - The terminal part of the cochlea in birds and most reptiles; an appendage of the sacculus, corresponding to the cochlea, in fishes and amphibians.

Lagemorpha - A group of rodents, including the hares. They have four incisors in the upper jaw. Called also Duplicidentata.

Lagophthalmia - Alt. of Lagophthalmos

Lama - See Llama.

Lama - In Thibet, Mongolia, etc., a priest or monk of the belief called Lamaism.

Lambda - The name of the Greek letter /, /, corresponding with the English letter L, l.

Lambda - The point of junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures of the skull.

Lamella - a thin plate or scale of anything, as a thin scale growing from the petals of certain flowers; or one of the thin plates or scales of which certain shells are composed.

Lamellibranchia - Alt. of Lamellibranchiata

Lamellibranchiata - A class of Mollusca including all those that have bivalve shells, as the clams, oysters, mussels, etc.

Lamellicornia - A group of lamellicorn, plant-eating beetles; -- called also Lamellicornes.

Lametta - Foil or wire made of gold, silver, or brass.

Lamia - A monster capable of assuming a woman's form, who was said to devour human beings or suck their blood; a vampire; a sorceress; a witch.

Lamina - A thin plate or scale; a layer or coat lying over another; -- said of thin plates or platelike substances, as of bone or minerals.

Lamina - The blade of a leaf; the broad, expanded portion of a petal or sepal of a flower.

Lamina - A thin plate or scale; specif., one of the thin, flat processes composing the vane of a feather.

Laminaria - A genus of great seaweeds with long and broad fronds; kelp, or devil's apron. The fronds commonly grow in clusters, and are sometimes from thirty to fifty feet in length. See Illust. of Kelp.

Lamnunguia - Same as Hyracoidea.

Langaha - A curious colubriform snake of the genus Xyphorhynchus, from Madagascar. It is brownish red, and its nose is prolonged in the form of a sharp blade.

Langya - One of several species of East Indian and Asiatic fresh-water fishes of the genus Ophiocephalus, remarkable for their power of living out of water, and for their tenacity of life; -- called also walking fishes.

Laquearia - of Laquear

Larva - Any young insect from the time that it hatches from the egg until it becomes a pupa, or chrysalis. During this time it usually molts several times, and may change its form or color each time. The larvae of many insects are much like the adults in form and habits, but have no trace of wings, the rudimentary wings appearing only in the pupa stage. In other groups of insects the larvae are totally unlike the parents in structure and habits, and are called caterpillars, grubs, maggots, etc.

Larva - The early, immature form of any animal when more or less of a metamorphosis takes place, before the assumption of the mature shape.

Larvalia - An order of Tunicata, including Appendicularia, and allied genera; -- so called because certain larval features are retained by them through life. Called also Copelata. See Appendicularia.

Latakia - A superior quality of Turkish smoking tobacco, so called from the place where produced, the ancient Laodicea.

Latibula - of Latibulum

Latria - The highest kind of worship, or that paid to God; -- distinguished by the Roman Catholics from dulia, or the inferior worship paid to saints.

Laura - A number of hermitages or cells in the same neighborhood occupied by anchorites who were under the same superior.

Lava - The melted rock ejected by a volcano from its top or fissured sides. It flows out in streams sometimes miles in length. It also issues from fissures in the earth's surface, and forms beds covering many square miles, as in the Northwestern United States.

Lavolta - An old dance, for two persons, being a kind of waltz, in which the woman made a high spring or bound.

Lawsonia - An Asiatic and North African shrub (Lawsonia inermis), with smooth oval leaves, and fragrant white flowers. Henna is prepared from the leaves and twigs. In England the shrub is called Egyptian privet, and in the West Indies, Jamaica mignonette.

Lea - A measure of yarn; for linen, 300 yards; for cotton, 120 yards; a lay.

Lea - A set of warp threads carried by a loop of the heddle.

Lea - A meadow or sward land; a grassy field.

Lecama - The hartbeest.

Lectica - A kind of litter or portable couch.

Legatura - A tie or brace; a syncopation.

Legumina - of Legumen

Leipoa - A genus of Australian gallinaceous birds including but a single species (Leipoa ocellata), about the size of a turkey. Its color is variegated, brown, black, white, and gray. Called also native pheasant.

Lemmata - of Lemma

Lemma - A preliminary or auxiliary proposition demonstrated or accepted for immediate use in the demonstration of some other proposition, as in mathematics or logic.

Lemniscata - Alt. of Lemniscate

Lemuria - A hypothetical land, or continent, supposed by some to have existed formerly in the Indian Ocean, of which Madagascar is a remnant.

Lemuroidea - A suborder of primates, including the lemurs, the aye-aye, and allied species.

Lena - A procuress.

Lenticula - A kind of eruption upon the skin; lentigo; freckle.

Lenticula - A lens of small size.

Lenticula - A lenticel.

Lepidoptera - An order of insects, which includes the butterflies and moths. They have broad wings, covered with minute overlapping scales, usually brightly colored.

Lepidosauria - A division of reptiles, including the serpents and lizards; the Plagiotremata.

Lepisma - A genus of wingless thysanurous insects having an elongated flattened body, covered with shining scales and terminated by seven unequal bristles. A common species (Lepisma saccharina) is found in houses, and often injures books and furniture. Called also shiner, silver witch, silver moth, and furniture bug.

Lepra - Leprosy.

Leptocardia - The lowest class of Vertebrata, including only the Amphioxus. The heart is represented only by a simple pulsating vessel. The blood is colorless; the brain, renal organs, and limbs are wanting, and the backbone is represented only by a simple, unsegmented notochord. See Amphioxus.

Leptostraca - An order of Crustacea, including Nebalia and allied forms.

Lernaea - A Linnaean genus of parasitic Entomostraca, -- the same as the family Lernaeidae.

Lernaeacea - A suborder of copepod Crustacea, including a large number of remarkable forms, mostly parasitic on fishes. The young, however, are active and swim freely. See Illustration in Appendix.

Leuchaemia - See Leucocythaemia.

Leucocythaemia - Alt. of Leucocythemia

Leucocythemia - A disease in which the white corpuscles of the blood are largely increased in number, and there is enlargement of the spleen, or the lymphatic glands; leuchaemia.

Leucoma - A white opacity in the cornea of the eye; -- called also albugo.

Leucorrhoea - A discharge of a white, yellowish, or greenish, viscid mucus, resulting from inflammation or irritation of the membrane lining the genital organs of the female; the whites.

Leukaemia - Leucocythaemia.

Levana - A goddess who protected newborn infants.

Liana - A luxuriant woody plant, climbing high trees and having ropelike stems. The grapevine often has the habit of a liane. Lianes are abundant in the forests of the Amazon region.

Li bella - A small balance.

Li bella - A level, or leveling instrument.

Libra - The Balance; the seventh sign in the zodiac, which the sun enters at the autumnal equinox in September, marked thus / in almanacs, etc.

Libra - A southern constellation between Virgo and Scorpio.

Ligula - See Ligule.

Ligula - The central process, or front edge, of the labium of insects. It sometimes serves as a tongue or proboscis, as in bees.

Ligula - A tongue-shaped lobe of the parapodia of annelids. See Parapodium.

Lima - The capital city of Peru, in South America.

Limacina - A genus of small spiral pteropods, common in the Arctic and Antarctic seas. It contributes to the food of the right whales.

Lim naea - A genus of fresh-water air-breathing mollusks, abundant in ponds and streams; -- called also pond snail.

Limuloidea - An order of Merostomata, including among living animals the genus Limulus, with various allied fossil genera, mostly of the Carboniferous period. Called also Xiphosura.

Lindia - A peculiar genus of rotifers, remarkable for the absence of ciliated disks. By some zoologists it is thought to be like the ancestral form of the Arthropoda.

Linga - Alt. of Lingam

Lingua - A tongue.

Lingua - A median process of the labium, at the under side of the mouth in insects, and serving as a tongue.

Lingua Franca - The commercial language of the Levant, -- a mixture of the languages of the people of the region and of foreign traders.

Linguatulida - Same as Linguatulina.

Linguatulina - An order of wormlike, degraded, parasitic arachnids. They have two pairs of retractile hooks, near the mouth. Called also Pentastomida.

Lingula - A tonguelike process or part.

Lingula - Any one of numerous species of brachiopod shells belonging to the genus Lingula, and related genera. See Brachiopoda, and Illustration in Appendix.

Lipaemia - A condition in which fat occurs in the blood.

Lipocephala - Same as Lamellibranchia.

Lipoma - A tumor consisting of fat or adipose tissue.

Lissencephala - A general name for all those placental mammals that have a brain with few or no cerebral convolutions, as Rodentia, Insectivora, etc.

Lithaemia - A condition in which uric (lithic) acid is present in the blood.

Lithia - The oxide of lithium; a strong alkaline caustic similar to potash and soda, but weaker. See Lithium.

Littorina - A genus of small pectinibranch mollusks, having thick spiral shells, abundant between tides on nearly all rocky seacoasts. They feed on seaweeds. The common periwinkle is a well-known example. See Periwinkle.

Liza - The American white mullet (Mugil curema).

Llama - A South American ruminant (Auchenia llama), allied to the camels, but much smaller and without a hump. It is supposed to be a domesticated variety of the guanaco. It was formerly much used as a beast of burden in the Andes.

Lobelia - A genus of plants, including a great number of species. Lobelia inflata, or Indian tobacco, is an annual plant of North America, whose leaves contain a poisonous white viscid juice, of an acrid taste. It has often been used in medicine as an emetic, expectorant, etc. L. cardinalis is the cardinal flower, remarkable for the deep and vivid red color of its flowers.

Lobosa - An order of Rhizopoda, in which the pseudopodia are thick and irregular in form, as in the Amoeba.

Lochia - The discharge from the womb and vagina which follows childbirth.

Loggia - A roofed open gallery. It differs from a veranda in being more architectural, and in forming more decidedly a part of the main edifice to which it is attached; from a porch, in being intended not for entrance but for an out-of-door sitting-room.

Lomata - of Loma

Loma - A lobe; a membranous fringe or flap.

Longicornia - A division of beetles, including a large number of species, in which the antennae are very long. Most of them, while in the larval state, bore into the wood or beneath the bark of trees, and some species are very destructive to fruit and shade trees. See Apple borer, under Apple, and Locust beetle, under Locust.

Lophopoda - Same as Phylactolemata.

Lophostea - of Lophosteon

Lorcha - A kind of light vessel used on the coast of China, having the hull built on a European model, and the rigging like that of a Chinese junk.

Lorica - A cuirass, originally of leather, afterward of plates of metal or horn sewed on linen or the like.

Lorica - Lute for protecting vessels from the fire.

Lorica - The protective case or shell of an infusorian or rotifer.

Loricata - A suborder of edentates, covered with bony plates, including the armadillos.

Loricata - The crocodilia.

Lucernaria - A genus of acalephs, having a bell-shaped body with eight groups of short tentacles around the margin. It attaches itself by a sucker at the base of the pedicel.

Lucernarida - A division of acalephs, including Lucernaria and allied genera; -- called also Calycozoa.

Lucernarida - A more extensive group of acalephs, including both the true lucernarida and the Discophora.

Lucuma - An American genus of sapotaceous trees bearing sweet and edible fruits.

Lumachella - A grayish brown limestone, containing fossil shells, which reflect a beautiful play of colors. It is also called fire marble, from its fiery reflections.

Luna - The moon.

Luna - Silver.

Lunula - Same as Lunule.

Lupercalia - A feast of the Romans in honor of Lupercus, or Pan.

Lustra - of Lustrum

Lycanthropia - See Lycanthropy, 2.

Lycea - of Lyceum

Lyencephala - A group of Mammalia, including the marsupials and monotremes; -- so called because the corpus callosum is rudimentary.

Lymphadenoma - See Lymphoma.

Lymphoma - A tumor having a structure resembling that of a lymphatic gland; -- called also lymphadenoma.

Lyopomata - An order of brachiopods, in which the valves of shell are not articulated by a hinge. It includes the Lingula, Discina, and allied forms.

Lyra - A northern constellation, the Harp, containing a white star of the first magnitude, called Alpha Lyrae, or Vega.

Lyra - The middle portion of the ventral surface of the fornix of the brain; -- so called from the arrangement of the lines with which it is marked in the human brain.

Lyssa - Hydrophobia.

Lytta - A fibrous and muscular band lying within the longitudinal axis of the tongue in many mammals, as the dog. M () M, the thirteenth letter of the English alphabet, is a vocal consonant, and from the manner of its formation, is called the labio-nasal consonant. See Guide to Pronunciation, // 178-180, 242.

Ma - A child's word for mother.

Ma - In Oriental countries, a respectful form of address given to a woman; mother.

Ma - But; -- used in cautionary phrases; as, "Vivace, ma non troppo presto" (i. e., lively, but not too quick).

Maa - The common European gull (Larus canus); -- called also mar. See New, a gull.

Maasha - An East Indian coin, of about one tenth of the weight of a rupee.

Maclurea - A genus of spiral gastropod shells, often of large size, characteristic of the lower Silurian rocks.

Macroglossia - Enlargement or hypertrophy of the tongue.

Macroura - Alt. of Macroural

Macrura - A subdivision of decapod Crustacea, having the abdomen largely developed. It includes the lobster, prawn, shrimp, and many similar forms. Cf. Decapoda.

Mactra - Any marine bivalve shell of the genus Mactra, and allied genera. Many species are known. Some of them are used as food, as Mactra stultorum, of Europe. See Surf clam, under Surf.

Macula - A spot, as on the skin, or on the surface of the sun or of some other luminous orb.

Macula - A rather large spot or blotch of color.

Madeira - A rich wine made on the Island of Madeira.

Madia - A genus of composite plants, of which one species (Madia sativa) is cultivated for the oil yielded from its seeds by pressure. This oil is sometimes used instead of olive oil for the table.

Madonna - My lady; -- a term of address in Italian formerly used as the equivalent of Madame, but for which Signora is now substituted. Sometimes introduced into English.

Madonna - A picture of the Virgin Mary (usually with the babe).

Madoqua - A small Abyssinian antelope (Neotragus Saltiana), about the size of a hare.

Madrepora - A genus of reef corals abundant in tropical seas. It includes than one hundred and fifty species, most of which are elegantly branched.

Madreporaria - An extensive division of Anthozoa, including most of the species that produce stony corals. See Illust. of Anthozoa.

Madrina - An animal (usually an old mare), wearing a bell and acting as the leader of a troop of pack mules.

Madroa - A small evergreen tree or shrub (Arbutus Menziesii), of California, having a smooth bark, thick shining leaves, and edible red berries, which are often called madroa apples.

Magdala - Designating an orange-red dyestuff obtained from naphthylamine, and called magdala red, naphthalene red, etc.

Magenta - An aniline dye obtained as an amorphous substance having a green bronze surface color, which dissolves to a shade of red; also, the color; -- so called from Magenta, in Italy, in allusion to the battle fought there about the time the dye was discovered. Called also fuchsine, roseine, etc.

Magma - Any crude mixture of mineral or organic matters in the state of a thin paste.

Magma - A thick residuum obtained from certain substances after the fluid parts are expressed from them; the grounds which remain after treating a substance with any menstruum, as water or alcohol.

Magma - A salve or confection of thick consistency.

Magma - The molten matter within the earth, the source of the material of lava flows, dikes of eruptive rocks, etc.

Magma - The glassy base of an eruptive rock.

Magma - The amorphous or homogenous matrix or ground mass, as distinguished from well-defined crystals; as, the magma of porphyry.

Magna Charta - The great Charter, so called, obtained by the English barons from King John, A. D. 1215. This name is also given to the charter granted to the people of England in the ninth year of Henry III., and confirmed by Edward I.

Magna Charta - Hence, a fundamental constitution which guaranties rights and privileges.

Magnesia - A light earthy white substance, consisting of magnesium oxide, and obtained by heating magnesium hydrate or carbonate, or by burning magnesium. It has a slightly alkaline reaction, and is used in medicine as a mild antacid laxative. See Magnesium.

Magnolia - A genus of American and Asiatic trees, with aromatic bark and large sweet-scented whitish or reddish flowers.

Maha - A kind of baboon; the wanderoo.

Mahabarata - Alt. of Mahabharatam

Mahonia - The Oregon grape, a species of barberry (Berberis Aquifolium), often cultivated for its hollylike foliage.

Mahratta - One of a numerous people inhabiting the southwestern part of India. Also, the language of the Mahrattas; Mahrati. It is closely allied to Sanskrit.

Mahratta - Of or pertaining to the Mahrattas.

Maia - A genus of spider crabs, including the common European species (Maia squinado).

Maia - A beautiful American bombycid moth (Eucronia maia).

Majolica - A kind of pottery, with opaque glazing and showy, which reached its greatest perfection in Italy in the 16th century.

Mala - Evils; wrongs; offenses against right and law.

Malacca - A town and district upon the seacoast of the Malay Peninsula.

Malacobdella - A genus of nemertean worms, parasitic in the gill cavity of clams and other bivalves. They have a large posterior sucker, like that of a leech. See Illust. of Bdellomorpha.

Malacopoda - A class of air-breathing Arthropoda; -- called also Protracheata, and Onychophora.

Malacostraca - A subclass of Crustacea, including Arthrostraca and Thoracostraca, or all those higher than the Entomostraca.

Malacozoa - An extensive group of Invertebrata, including the Mollusca, Brachiopoda, and Bryozoa. Called also Malacozoaria.

Miliaria - A fever accompanied by an eruption of small, isolated, red pimples, resembling a millet seed in form or size; miliary fever.

Miliola - A genus of Foraminifera, having a porcelanous shell with several longitudinal chambers.

Militia - In the widest sense, the whole military force of a nation, including both those engaged in military service as a business, and those competent and available for such service; specifically, the body of citizens enrolled for military instruction and discipline, but not subject to be called into actual service except in emergencies.

Militia - Military service; warfare.

Moira - The deity who assigns to every man his lot.

Mola - See Sunfish, 1.

Ochrea - A greave or legging.

Ochrea - A kind of sheath formed by two stipules united round a stem.

Ocra - See Okra.

Ocrea - See Ochrea.

Opuscula - of Opusculum

Oquassa - A small, handsome trout (Salvelinus oquassa), found in some of the lakes in Maine; -- called also blueback trout.

Ora - A money of account among the Anglo-Saxons, valued, in the Domesday Book, at twenty pence sterling.

Malaga - A city and a province of Spain, on the Mediterranean. Hence, Malaga grapes, Malaga raisins, Malaga wines.

Malaria - Air infected with some noxious substance capable of engendering disease; esp., an unhealthy exhalation from certain soils, as marshy or wet lands, producing fevers; miasma.

Malaria - A morbid condition produced by exhalations from decaying vegetable matter in contact with moisture, giving rise to fever and ague and many other symptoms characterized by their tendency to recur at definite and usually uniform intervals.

Mallophaga - An extensive group of insects which are parasitic on birds and mammals, and feed on the feathers and hair; -- called also bird lice. See Bird louse, under Bird.

Malma - A spotted trout (Salvelinus malma), inhabiting Northern America, west of the Rocky Mountains; -- called also Dolly Varden trout, bull trout, red-spotted trout, and golet.

Malpighia - A genus of tropical American shrubs with opposite leaves and small white or reddish flowers. The drupes of Malpighia urens are eaten under the name of Barbadoes cherries.

Maltha - A variety of bitumen, viscid and tenacious, like pitch, unctuous to the touch, and exhaling a bituminous odor.

Maltha - Mortar.

Mala - of Malum

Mama - See Mamma.

Mamma - Mother; -- word of tenderness and familiarity.

Mamma - A glandular organ for secreting milk, characteristic of all mammals, but usually rudimentary in the male; a mammary gland; a breast; under; bag.

Mammalia - The highest class of Vertebrata. The young are nourished for a time by milk, or an analogous fluid, secreted by the mammary glands of the mother.

Mammilla - The nipple.

Manca - See Mancus.

Mandioca - See Manioc.

Mandragora - A genus of plants; the mandrake. See Mandrake, 1.

Mania - Violent derangement of mind; madness; insanity. Cf. Delirium.

Mania - Excessive or unreasonable desire; insane passion affecting one or many people; as, the tulip mania.

Manila - Alt. of Manilla

Manilla - Of or pertaining to Manila or Manilla, the capital of the Philippine Islands; made in, or exported from, that city.

Manilla - A ring worn upon the arm or leg as an ornament, especially among the tribes of Africa.

Manilla - A piece of copper of the shape of a horseshoe, used as money by certain tribes of the west coast of Africa.

Manilla - Same as Manila.

Manna - The food supplied to the Israelites in their journey through the wilderness of Arabia; hence, divinely supplied food.

Manna - A name given to lichens of the genus Lecanora, sometimes blown into heaps in the deserts of Arabia and Africa, and gathered and used as food.

Manna - A sweetish exudation in the form of pale yellow friable flakes, coming from several trees and shrubs and used in medicine as a gentle laxative, as the secretion of Fraxinus Ornus, and F. rotundifolia, the manna ashes of Southern Europe.

Manta - See Coleoptera and Sea devil.

Mantilla - A lady's light cloak of cape of silk, velvet, lace, or the like.

Mantilla - A kind of veil, covering the head and falling down upon the shoulders; -- worn in Spain, Mexico, etc.

Mantissa - The decimal part of a logarithm, as distinguished from the integral part, or characteristic.

Mantra - A prayer; an invocation; a religious formula; a charm.

Mantua - A superior kind of rich silk formerly exported from Mantua in Italy.

Mantua - A woman's cloak or mantle; also, a woman's gown.

Manubria - of Manubrium

Manzanita - A name given to several species of Arctostaphylos, but mostly to A. glauca and A. pungens, shrubs of California, Oregon, etc., with reddish smooth bark, ovate or oval coriaceous evergreen leaves, and bearing clusters of red berries, which are said to be a favorite food of the grizzly bear.

Mara - The principal or ruling evil spirit.

Mara - A female demon who torments people in sleep by crouching on their chests or stomachs, or by causing terrifying visions.

Mara - The Patagonian cavy (Dolichotis Patagonicus).

Maranatha - "Our Lord cometh;" -- an expression used by St. Paul at the conclusion of his first Epistle to the Corinthians (xvi. 22). This word has been used in anathematizing persons for great crimes; as much as to say, "May the Lord come quickly to take vengeance of thy crimes." See Anathema maranatha, under Anathema.

Maranta - A genus of endogenous plants found in tropical America, and some species also in India. They have tuberous roots containing a large amount of starch, and from one species (Maranta arundinacea) arrowroot is obtained. Many kinds are cultivated for ornament.

Marena - A European whitefish of the genus Coregonus.

Marginalia - Marginal notes.

Marginella - A genus of small, polished, marine univalve shells, native of all warm seas.

Margosa - A large tree of genus Melia (M. Azadirachta) found in India. Its bark is bitter, and used as a tonic. A valuable oil is expressed from its seeds, and a tenacious gum exudes from its trunk. The M. Azedarach is a much more showy tree, and is cultivated in the Southern United States, where it is known as Pride of India, Pride of China, or bead tree. Various parts of the tree are considered anthelmintic.

Marikina - A small marmoset (Midas rosalia); the silky tamarin.

Marimba - A musical istrument of percussion, consisting of bars yielding musical tones when struck.

Marimonda - A spider monkey (Ateles belzebuth) of Central and South America.

Marinorama - A representation of a sea view.

Marsala - A kind of wine exported from Marsala in Sicily.

Marsdenia - A genus of plants of the Milkweed family, mostly woody climbers with fragrant flowers, several species of which furnish valuable fiber, and one species (Marsdenia tinctoria) affords indigo.

Marshalsea - The court or seat of a marshal; hence, the prison in Southwark, belonging to the marshal of the king's household.

Marsipobranchia - A class of Vertebrata, lower than fishes, characterized by their purselike gill cavities, cartilaginous skeletons, absence of limbs, and a suckerlike mouth destitute of jaws. It includes the lampreys and hagfishes. See Cyclostoma, and Lamprey. Called also Marsipobranchiata, and Marsipobranchii.

Marsupialia - A subclass of Mammalia, including nearly all the mammals of Australia and the adjacent islands, together with the opossums of America. They differ from ordinary mammals in having the corpus callosum very small, in being implacental, and in having their young born while very immature. The female generally carries the young for some time after birth in an external pouch, or marsupium. Called also Marsupiata.

Marsupia - of Marsupium

Martineta - A species of tinamou (Calopezus elegans), having a long slender crest.

Masora - A Jewish critical work on the text of the Hebrew Scriptures, composed by several learned rabbis of the school of Tiberias, in the eighth and ninth centuries.

Massasauga - The black rattlesnake (Crotalus, / Caudisona, tergemina), found in the Mississippi Valley.

Massora - Same as Masora.

Mastigopoda - The Infusoria.

Mastodynia - Alt. of Mastodyny

Matamata - The bearded tortoise (Chelys fimbriata) of South American rivers.

Matanza - A place where animals are slaughtered for their hides and tallow.

Materia medica - Material or substance used in the composition of remedies; -- a general term for all substances used as curative agents in medicine.

Materia medica - That branch of medical science which treats of the nature and properties of all the substances that are employed for the cure of diseases.

Mattowacca - An American clupeoid fish (Clupea mediocris), similar to the shad in habits and appearance, but smaller and less esteemed for food; -- called also hickory shad, tailor shad, fall herring, and shad herring.

Maxilla - The bone of either the upper or the under jaw.

Maxilla - The bone, or principal bone, of the upper jaw, the bone of the lower jaw being the mandible.

Maxilla - One of the lower or outer jaws of arthropods.

Maxima - of Maximum

Maya - The name for the doctrine of the unreality of matter, called, in English, idealism; hence, nothingness; vanity; illusion.

Mazama - Alt. of Mazame

Mazourka - Alt. of Mazurka

Mazurka - A Polish dance, or the music which accompanies it, usually in 3-4 or 3-8 measure, with a strong accent on the second beat.

Meandrina - A genus of corals with meandering grooves and ridges, including the brain corals.

Media - pl. of Medium.

Media - One of the sonant mutes /, /, / (b, d, g), in Greek, or of their equivalents in other languages, so named as intermediate between the tenues, /, /, / (p, t, k), and the aspiratae (aspirates) /, /, / (ph or f, th, ch). Also called middle mute, or medial, and sometimes soft mute.

Medialuna - See Half-moon.

Medicornua - of Medicornu

Media - of Medium

Medulla - Marrow; pith; hence, essence.

Medulla - The marrow of bones; the deep or inner portion of an organ or part; as, the medulla, or medullary substance, of the kidney; specifically, the medula oblongata.

Medulla - A soft tissue, occupying the center of the stem or branch of a plant; pith.

Medusa - The Gorgon; or one of the Gorgons whose hair was changed into serpents, after which all who looked upon her were turned into stone.

Medusa - Any free swimming acaleph; a jellyfish.

Mega - Alt. of Megalo-

Megalomania - A form of mental alienation in which the patient has grandiose delusions.

Melada - Alt. of Melado

Melaena - A discharge from the bowels of black matter, consisting of altered blood.

Melanaemia - A morbid condition in which the blood contains black pigment either floating freely or imbedded in the white blood corpuscles.

Melancholia - A kind of mental unsoundness characterized by extreme depression of spirits, ill-grounded fears, delusions, and brooding over one particular subject or train of ideas.

Melanorrhoea - An East Indian genus of large trees. Melanorrh/a usitatissima is the lignum-vitae of Pegu, and yelds a valuable black varnish.

Melasma - A dark discoloration of the skin, usually local; as, Addison's melasma, or Addison's disease.

Melastoma - A genus of evergreen tropical shrubs; -- so called from the black berries of some species, which stain the mouth.

Melena - See Melaena.

Melismata - of Melisma

Melisma - A piece of melody; a song or tune, -- as opposed to recitative or musical declamation.

Melisma - A grace or embellishment.

Melissa - A genus of labiate herbs, including the balm, or bee balm (Melissa officinalis).

Melodrama - Formerly, a kind of drama having a musical accompaniment to intensify the effect of certain scenes. Now, a drama abounding in romantic sentiment and agonizing situations, with a musical accompaniment only in parts which are especially thrilling or pathetic. In opera, a passage in which the orchestra plays a somewhat descriptive accompaniment, while the actor speaks; as, the melodrama in the gravedigging scene of Beethoven's "Fidelio".

Melop/ia - The art of forming melody; melody; -- now often used for a melodic passage, rather than a complete melody.

Meminna - A small deerlet, or chevrotain, of India.

Memorabilia - Things remarkable and worthy of remembrance or record; also, the record of them.

Memoranda - of Memorandum

Memoria - Memory.

Menaia - of Menaion

Menologia - of Menology

Menopoma - Alt. of Menopome

Menorrhagia - Profuse menstruation.

Menorrhagia - Any profuse bleeding from the uterus; Metrorrhagia.

Menstrua - of Menstruum

Mentagra - Sycosis.

Mentha - A widely distributed genus of fragrant herbs, including the peppermint, spearmint, etc. The plants have small flowers, usually arranged in dense axillary clusters.

Mercenaria - The quahog.

Merenchyma - Tissue composed of spheroidal cells.

Merostomata - A class of Arthropoda, allied to the Crustacea. It includes the trilobites, Eurypteroidea, and Limuloidea. All are extinct except the horseshoe crabs of the last group. See Limulus.

Mesa - A high tableland; a plateau on a hill.

Mesenchyma - The part of the mesoblast which gives rise to the connective tissues and blood.

Mesobronchia - of Mesobronchium

Mesocoelia - The cavity of the mesencephalon; the iter.

Mesogl/a - A thin gelatinous tissue separating the ectoderm and endoderm in certain coelenterates.

Mesopodialia - of Mesopodiale

Mesosauria - Same as Mosasauria.

Mesoscapula - A process from the middle of the scapula in some animals; the spine of the scapula.

Mesotheca - The middle layer of the gonophore in the Hydrozoa.

Mesozoa - A group of very lowly organized, wormlike parasites, including the Dicyemata. They are found in cephalopods. See Dicyemata.

Metabola - Alt. of Metabole

Metabola - Alt. of Metabolia

Metabolia - A comprehensive group of insects, including those that undegro a metamorphosis.

Metapodialia - of Metapodiale

Metapodia - of Metapodium

Metastoma - Alt. of Metastome

Metazoa - Those animals in which the protoplasmic mass, constituting the egg, is converted into a multitude of cells, which are metamorphosed into the tissues of the body. A central cavity is commonly developed, and the cells around it are at first arranged in two layers, -- the ectoderm and endoderm. The group comprises nearly all animals except the Protozoa.

Metromania - A mania for writing verses.

Metrorrhagia - Profuse bleeding from the womb, esp. such as does not occur at the menstrual period.

Mezquita - A mosque.

Miasmata - of Miasma

Miasma - Infectious particles or germs floating in the air; air made noxious by the presence of such particles or germs; noxious effluvia; malaria.

Mica - The name of a group of minerals characterized by highly perfect cleavage, so that they readily separate into very thin leaves, more or less elastic. They differ widely in composition, and vary in color from pale brown or yellow to green or black. The transparent forms are used in lanterns, the doors of stoves, etc., being popularly called isinglass. Formerly called also cat-silver, and glimmer.

Micella - A theoretical aggregation of molecules constituting a structural particle of protoplasm, capable of increase or diminution without change in chemical nature.

Microbacteria - In the classification of Cohn, one of the four tribes of Bacteria.

Microlepidoptera - A tribe of Lepidoptera, including a vast number of minute species, as the plume moth, clothes moth, etc.

Microphthalmia - Alt. of Microphthalmy

Microzoa - The Infusoria.

Mida - The larva of the bean fly.

Mid sea - Alt. of Mid-sea

Mid-sea - The middle part of the sea or ocean.

Millepora - A genus of Hydrocorallia, which includes the millipores.

Millrea - Alt. of Millreis

Mimosa - A genus of leguminous plants, containing many species, and including the sensitive plants (Mimosa sensitiva, and M. pudica).

Mina - An ancient weight or denomination of money, of varying value. The Attic mina was valued at a hundred drachmas.

Mina - See Myna.

Minerva - The goddess of wisdom, of war, of the arts and sciences, of poetry, and of spinning and weaving; -- identified with the Grecian Pallas Athene.

Minima - of Minimum

Minutia - A minute particular; a small or minor detail; -- used chiefly in the plural.

Mira - A remarkable variable star in the constellation Cetus (/ Ceti).

Mirza - The common title of honor in Persia, prefixed to the surname of an individual. When appended to the surname, it signifies Prince.

Miscellanea - A collection of miscellaneous matters; matters of various kinds.

Mischna - See Mishna.

Misericordia - An amercement.

Misericordia - A thin-bladed dagger; so called, in the Middle Ages, because used to give the death wound or "mercy" stroke to a fallen adversary.

Misericordia - An indulgence as to food or dress granted to a member of a religious order.

Mishna - A collection or digest of Jewish traditions and explanations of Scripture, forming the text of the Talmud.

Missa - The service or sacrifice of the Mass.

Mistura - A mingled compound in which different ingredients are contained in a liquid state; a mixture. See Mixture, n., 4.

Mistura - Sometimes, a liquid medicine containing very active substances, and which can only be administered by drops.

Moa - Any one of several very large extinct species of wingless birds belonging to Dinornis, and other related genera, of the suborder Dinornithes, found in New Zealand. They are allied to the apteryx and the ostrich. They were probably exterminated by the natives before New Zealand was discovered by Europeans. Some species were much larger than the ostrich.

Mocha - A seaport town of Arabia, on the Red Sea.

Mocha - A variety of coffee brought from Mocha.

Mocha - An Abyssinian weight, equivalent to a Troy grain.

Mochila - A large leather flap which covers the saddletree.

Modena - A certain crimsonlike color.

Moha - A kind of millet (Setaria Italica); German millet.

Mollusca - One of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom, including the classes Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, PteropodaScaphopoda, and Lamellibranchiata, or Conchifera. These animals have an unsegmented bilateral body, with most of the organs and parts paired, but not repeated longitudinally. Most of them develop a mantle, which incloses either a branchial or a pulmonary cavity. They are generally more or less covered and protected by a calcareous shell, which may be univalve, bivalve, or multivalve.

Molluscoidea - A division of Invertebrata which includes the classes Brachiopoda and Bryozoa; -- called also Anthoid Mollusca.

Molybdena - See Molybdenite.

Momenta - of Momentum

Mona - A small, handsome, long-tailed West American monkey (Cercopithecus mona). The body is dark olive, with a spot of white on the haunches.

Monadaria - The Infusoria.

Monadelphia - A Linnaean class of plants having the stamens united into a tube, or ring, by the filaments, as in the Mallow family.

Monandria - A Linnaean class of plants embracing those having but a single stamen.

Monera - The lowest division of rhizopods, including those which resemble the amoebas, but are destitute of a nucleus.

Monera - of Moneron

Monerula - A germ in that stage of development in which its form is simply that of a non-nucleated mass of protoplasm. It precedes the one-celled germ. So called from its likeness to a moner.

Monesia - The bark, or a vegetable extract brought in solid cakes from South America and believed to be derived from the bark, of the tree Chrysophyllum glycyphloeum. It is used as an alterative and astringent.

Monocondyla - A group of vertebrates, including the birds and reptiles, or those that have only one occipital condyle; the Sauropsida.

Monodelphia - The group that includes all ordinary or placental mammals; the Placentalia. See Mammalia.

Monodrama - Alt. of Monodrame

Monoecia - A Linnaean class of plants, whose stamens and pistils are in distinct flowers in the same plant.

Monogamia - A Linnaean order of plants, having solitary flowers with united anthers, as in the genus Lobelia.

Monogynia - A Linnaean order of plants, including those which have only one style or stigma.

Monomachia - Alt. of Monomachy

Monomania - Derangement of the mind in regard of a single subject only; also, such a concentration of interest upon one particular subject or train of ideas to show mental derangement.

Monomya - Alt. of Monomyaria

Monomyaria - An order of lamellibranchs having but one muscle for closing the shell, as the oyster.

Monoplegia - Paralysis affecting a single limb.

Monopneumona - A suborder of Dipnoi, including the Ceratodus.

Monopodia - of Monopodium

Monoptera - of Monopteron

Monorhina - The Marsipobranchiata.

Monothalama - A division of Foraminifera including those that have only one chamber.

Monotremata - A subclass of Mammalia, having a cloaca in which the ducts of the urinary, genital, and alimentary systems terminate, as in birds. The female lays eggs like a bird. See Duck mole, under Duck, and Echidna.

Monotropa - A genus of parasitic or saprophytic plants including the Indian pipe and pine sap. The name alludes to the dropping end of the stem.

Monozoa - A division of Radiolaria; -- called also Monocyttaria.

Mora - A game of guessing the number of fingers extended in a quick movement of the hand, -- much played by Italians of the lower classes.

Mora - A leguminous tree of Guiana and Trinidad (Dimorphandra excelsa); also, its timber, used in shipbuilding and making furniture.

Mora - Delay; esp., culpable delay; postponement.

Morbidezza - Delicacy or softness in the representation of flesh.

Morbidezza - A term used as a direction in execution, signifying, with extreme delicacy.

Moria - Idiocy; imbecility; fatuity; foolishness.

Morinda - A genus of rubiaceous trees and shrubs, mostly East Indian, many species of which yield valuable red and yellow dyes. The wood is hard and beautiful, and used for gunstocks.

Moringa - A genus of trees of Southern India and Northern Africa. One species (Moringa pterygosperma) is the horse-radish tree, and its seeds, as well as those of M. aptera, are known in commerce as ben or ben nuts, and yield the oil called oil of ben.

Morphia - Morphine.

Morula - The sphere or globular mass of cells (blastomeres), formed by the clevage of the ovum or egg in the first stages of its development; -- called also mulberry mass, segmentation sphere, and blastosphere. See Segmentation.

Mosasauria - An order of large, extinct, marine reptiles, found in the Cretaceous rocks, especially in America. They were serpentlike in form and in having loosely articulated and dilatable jaws, with large recurved tteth, but they had paddlelike feet. Some of them were over fifty feet long. They are, essentially, fossil sea serpents with paddles. Called also Pythonomarpha, and Mosasauria.

Mostahiba - See Mustaiba.

Mostra - See Direct, n.

Moxa - A soft woolly mass prepared from the young leaves of Artemisia Chinensis, and used as a cautery by burning it on the skin; hence, any substance used in a like manner, as cotton impregnated with niter, amadou.

Moxa - A plant from which this substance is obtained, esp. Artemisia Chinensis, and A. moxa.

Moya - Mud poured out from volcanoes during eruptions; -- so called in South America.

Mozetta - Alt. of Mozzetta

Mozzetta - A cape, with a small hood; -- worn by the pope and other dignitaries of the Roman Catholic Church.

Mulada - A moor.

Mulada - A drove of mules.

Mulla - Same as Mollah.

Munga - See Bonnet monkey, under Bonnet.

Muraena - A genus of large eels of the family Miraenidae. They differ from the common eel in lacking pectoral fins and in having the dorsal and anal fins continuous. The murry (Muraena Helenae) of Southern Europe was the muraena of the Romans. It is highly valued as a food fish.

Murza - One of the hereditary nobility among the Tatars, esp. one of the second class.

Musa - A genus of perennial, herbaceous, endogenous plants of great size, including the banana (Musa sapientum), the plantain (M. paradisiaca of Linnaeus, but probably not a distinct species), the Abyssinian (M. Ensete), the Philippine Island (M. textilis, which yields Manila hemp), and about eighteen other species. See Illust. of Banana and Plantain.

Musca - A genus of dipterous insects, including the common house fly, and numerous allied species.

Musca - A small constellation situated between the Southern Cross and the Pole.

Musicomania - A kind of monomania in which the passion for music becomes so strong as to derange the intellectual faculties.

Musomania - See Musicomania.

Mustaiba - A close-grained, neavy wood of a brownish color, brought from Brazil, and used in turning, for making the handles of tools, and the like.

Mutanda - of Mutandum

Mya - A genus of bivalve mollusks, including the common long, or soft-shelled, clam.

Myalgia - Pain in the muscles; muscular rheumatism or neuralgia.

Myaria - A division of bivalve mollusks of which the common clam (Mya) is the type.

Mycoderma - One of the forms in which bacteria group themselves; a more or less thick layer of motionless but living bacteria, formed by the bacteria uniting on the surface of the fluid in which they are developed. This production differs from the zooloea stage of bacteria by not having the intermediary mucous substance.

Mycoderma - A genus of microorganisms of which the acetic ferment (Mycoderma aceti), which converts alcoholic fluids into vinegar, is a representative. Cf. Mother.

Myelencephala - Same as Vertebrata.

Myeloneura - The Vertebrata.

Myna - Any one of numerous species of Asiatic starlings of the genera Acridotheres, Sturnopastor, Sturnia, Gracula, and allied genera. In habits they resemble the European starlings, and like them are often caged and taught to talk. See Hill myna, under Hill, and Mino bird.

Myocommata - of Myocomma

Myocomma - A myotome.

Myolemma - Sarcolemma.

Myoma - A tumor consisting of muscular tissue.

Myomorpha - An extensive group of rodents which includes the rats, mice, jerboas, and many allied forms.

Myopathia - Any affection of the muscles or muscular system.

Myopia - Nearsightedness; shortsightedness; a condition of the eye in which the rays from distant object are brought to a focus before they reach the retina, and hence form an indistinct image; while the rays from very near objects are normally converged so as to produce a distinct image. It is corrected by the use of a concave lens.

Myrcia - A large genus of tropical American trees and shrubs, nearly related to the true myrtles (Myrtus), from which they differ in having very few seeds in each berry.

Myriapoda - A class, or subclass, of arthropods, related to the hexapod insects, from which they differ in having the body made up of numerous similar segments, nearly all of which bear true jointed legs. They have one pair of antennae, three pairs of mouth organs, and numerous trachaae, similar to those of true insects. The larvae, when first hatched, often have but three pairs of legs. See Centiped, Galleyworm, Milliped.

Myrica - A widely dispersed genus of shrubs and trees, usually with aromatic foliage. It includes the bayberry or wax myrtle, the sweet gale, and the North American sweet fern, so called.

Myriopoda - See Myriapoda.

Myriorama - A picture made up of several smaller pictures, drawn upon separate pieces in such a manner as to admit of combination in many different ways, thus producing a great variety of scenes or landscapes.

Myxa - The distal end of the mandibles of a bird.

Myxocystodea - A division of Infusoria including the Noctiluca. See Noctiluca.

Myxomata - of Myxoma

Myxoma - A tumor made up of a gelatinous tissue resembling that found in the umbilical cord.

Myzostomata - An order of curious parasitic worms found on crinoids. The body is short and disklike, with four pairs of suckers and five pairs of hook-bearing parapodia on the under side. N () the fourteenth letter of English alphabet, is a vocal consonent, and, in allusion to its mode of formation, is called the dentinasal or linguanasal consonent. Its commoner sound is that heard in ran, done; but when immediately followed in the same word by the sound of g hard or k (as in single, sink, conquer), it usually represents the same sound as the digraph ng in sing, bring, etc. This is a simple but related sound, and is called the gutturo-nasal consonent. See Guide to Pronunciation, // 243-246.

Na - No, not. See No.

Naenia - See Nenia.

Naphtha - The complex mixture of volatile, liquid, inflammable hydrocarbons, occurring naturally, and usually called crude petroleum, mineral oil, or rock oil. Specifically: That portion of the distillate obtained in the refinement of petroleum which is intermediate between the lighter gasoline and the heavier benzine, and has a specific gravity of about 0.7, -- used as a solvent for varnishes, as a carburetant, illuminant, etc.

Naphtha - One of several volatile inflammable liquids obtained by the distillation of certain carbonaceous materials and resembling the naphtha from petroleum; as, Boghead naphtha, from Boghead coal (obtained at Boghead, Scotland); crude naphtha, or light oil, from coal tar; wood naphtha, from wood, etc.

Narica - The brown coati. See Coati.

Nassa - Any species of marine gastropods, of the genera Nassa, Tritia, and other allied genera of the family Nassidae; a dog whelk. See Illust. under Gastropoda.

Natica - Any one of numerous species of marine gastropods belonging to Natica, Lunatia, Neverita, and other allied genera (family Naticidae.) They burrow beneath the sand, or mud, and drill other shells.

Natka - A species of shrike.

Nausea - Seasickness; hence, any similar sickness of the stomach accompanied with a propensity to vomit; qualm; squeamishness of the stomach; loathing.

Nebalia - A genus of small marine Crustacea, considered the type of a distinct order (Nebaloidea, or Phyllocarida.)

Nebula - A faint, cloudlike, self-luminous mass of matter situated beyond the solar system among the stars. True nebulae are gaseous; but very distant star clusters often appear like them in the telescope.

Nebula - A white spot or a slight opacity of the cornea.

Nebula - A cloudy appearance in the urine.

Necrophobia - An exaggerated fear of death or horror of dead bodies.

Negrita - A blackish fish (Hypoplectrus nigricans), of the Sea-bass family. It is a native of the West Indies and Florida.

Nematelmia - Same as Nemathelminthes.

Nemathecia - of Nemathecium

Nematocera - A suborder of dipterous insects, having long antennae, as the mosquito, gnat, and crane fly; -- called also Nemocera.

Nematoidea - An order of worms, having a long, round, and generally smooth body; the roundworms. they are mostly parasites. Called also Nematodea, and Nematoda.

Nematophora - Same as Coelenterata.

Nemertida - Nemertina.

Nemertina - An order of helminths usually having a long, slender, smooth, often bright-colored body, covered with minute vibrating cilia; -- called also Nemertea, Nemertida, and Rhynchocoela.

Nenia - A funeral song; an elegy.

Neocarida - The modern, or true, Crustacea, as distinguished from the Merostomata.

Neomenia - The time of the new moon; the beginning of the month in the lunar calendar.

Neomenoidea - A division of vermiform gastropod mollusks, without a shell, belonging to the Isopleura.

Neoplasia - Growth or development of new material; neoplasty.

Neorama - A panorama of the interior of a building, seen from within.

Nepa - A genus of aquatic hemipterus insects. The species feed upon other insects and are noted for their voracity; -- called also scorpion bug and water scorpion.

Nepeta - A genus of labiate plants, including the catnip and ground ivy.

Nephralgia - Alt. of Nephralgy

Nephridia - of Nephridium

Nerita - A genus of marine gastropods, mostly natives of warm climates.

Neritina - A genus including numerous species of shells resembling Nerita in form. They mostly inhabit brackish water, and are often delicately tinted.

Neuralgia - A disease, the chief symptom of which is a very acute pain, exacerbating or intermitting, which follows the course of a nervous branch, extends to its ramifications, and seems therefore to be seated in the nerve. It seems to be independent of any structural lesion.

Neurasthenia - A condition of nervous debility supposed to be dependent upon impairment in the functions of the spinal cord.

Neurilemma - The delicate outer sheath of a nerve fiber; the primitive sheath.

Neurilemma - The perineurium.

Neuroglia - The delicate connective tissue framework which supports the nervous matter and blood vessels of the brain and spinal cord.

Neuroma - A tumor developed on, or connected with, a nerve, esp. one consisting of new-formed nerve fibers.

Neura - of Neuron

Neuroptera - An order of hexapod insects having two pairs of large, membranous, net-veined wings. The mouth organs are adapted for chewing. They feed upon other insects, and undergo a complete metamorphosis. The ant-lion, hellgamite, and lacewing fly are examples. Formerly, the name was given to a much more extensive group, including the true Neuroptera and the Pseudoneuroptera.

Neurula - An embryo or certain invertebrates in the stage when the primitive band is first developed.

Ngina - The gorilla.

Nicagua - The laughing falcon. See under laughing.

Nicotiana - A genus of American and Asiatic solanaceous herbs, with viscid foliage and funnel-shaped blossoms. Several species yield tobacco. See Tobacco.

Nigua - The chigoe.

Nirvana - In the Buddhist system of religion, the final emancipation of the soul from transmigration, and consequently a beatific enfrachisement from the evils of wordly existence, as by annihilation or absorption into the divine. See Buddhism.

Noctiluca - That which shines at night; -- a fanciful name for phosphorus.

Noctiluca - A genus of marine flagellate Infusoria, remarkable for their unusually large size and complex structure, as well as for their phosphorescence. The brilliant diffuse phosphorescence of the sea is often due to myriads of Noctilucae.

Noma - See Canker, n., 1.

Nonda - The edible plumlike fruit of the Australian tree, Parinarium Nonda.

Noria - A large water wheel, turned by the action of a stream against its floats, and carrying at its circumference buckets, by which water is raised and discharged into a trough; used in Arabia, China, and elsewhere for irrigating land; a Persian wheel.

Norma - A norm; a principle or rule; a model; a standard.

Norma - A mason's or a carpenter's square or rule.

Norma - A templet or gauge.

Norna - One of the three Fates, Past, Present, and Future. Their names were Urd, Verdandi, and Skuld.

Norna - A tutelary deity; a genius.

Nostalgia - Homesickness; esp., a severe and sometimes fatal form of melancholia, due to homesickness.

Notabilia - Things worthy of notice.

Notanda - of Notandum

Notobranchiata - A division of nudibranchiate mollusks having gills upon the back.

Notobranchiata - The Dorsibranchiata.

Notopodia - of Notopodium

Nototrema - The pouched, or marsupial, frog of South America.

Nota - of Notum

Nubecula - A nebula.

Nubecula - Specifically, the Magellanic clouds.

Nubecula - A slight spot on the cornea.

Nubecula - A cloudy object or appearance in urine.

Nubia - A light fabric of wool, worn on the head by women; a cloud.

Nucha - The back or upper part of the neck; the nape.

Nucleobranchiata - See Heteropoda.

Nucleoidioplasma - Hyaline plasma contained in the nucleus of vegetable cells.

Nucula - A genus of small marine bivalve shells, having a pearly interior.

Nudibranchiata - A division of opisthobranchiate mollusks, having no shell except while very young. The gills are naked and situated upon the back or sides. See Ceratobranchia.

Nutria - The fur of the coypu. See Coypu.

Nux vomica - The seed of Strychnos Nuxvomica, a tree which abounds on the Malabar and Coromandel coasts of the East Indies. From this seed the deadly poisons known as strychnine and brucine are obtained. The seeds are sometimes called Quaker buttons.

Nyctalopia - A disease of the eye, in consequence of which the patient can see well in a faint light or at twilight, but is unable to see during the day or in a strong light; day blindness.

Nyctalopia - See Moonblink.

Nympha - Same as Nymph, 3.

Nympha - Two folds of mucous membrane, within the labia, at the opening of the vulva.

Nymphaea - A genus of aquatic plants having showy flowers (white, blue, pink, or yellow, often fragrant), including the white water lily and the Egyptia lotus.

Nymphomania - Morbid and uncontrollable sexual desire in women, constituting a true disease.

Nyula - A species of ichneumon (Herpestes nyula). Its fur is beautifully variegated by closely set zigzag markings. O () O, the fifteenth letter of the English alphabet, derives its form, value, and name from the Greek O, through the Latin. The letter came into the Greek from the Ph/nician, which possibly derived it ultimately from the Egyptian. Etymologically, the letter o is most closely related to a, e, and u; as in E. bone, AS. ban; E. stone, AS. stan; E. broke, AS. brecan to break; E. bore, AS. beran to bear; E. dove, AS. d/fe; E. toft, tuft; tone, tune; number, F. nombre.

Oblata - of Oblatum

Oblongata - The medulla oblongata.

Oblonga - of Oblongum

Observanda - of Observandum

Oca - A Peruvian name for certain species of Oxalis (O. crenata, and O. tuberosa) which bear edible tubers.

Occipita - of Occiput

Octandria - A Linnaean class of plants, in which the flowers have eight stamens not united to one another or to the pistil.

Octapla - A portion of the Old Testament prepared by Origen in the 3d century, containing the Hebrew text and seven Greek versions of it, arranged in eight parallel columns.

Octocera - Octocerata.

Octocerata - A suborder of Cephalopoda including Octopus, Argonauta, and allied genera, having eight arms around the head; -- called also Octopoda.

Octogynia - A Linnaean order of plants having eight pistils.

Octopoda - Same as Octocerata.

Octopoda - Same as Arachnida.

Octopodia - Same as Octocerata.

Oculina - A genus of tropical corals, usually branched, and having a very volid texture.

Oculinacea - A suborder of corals including many reef-building species, having round, starlike calicles.

Odonata - The division of insects that includes the dragon flies.

Odontalgia - Toothache.

Odontophora - Same as Cephalophora.

Oedema - A swelling from effusion of watery fluid in the cellular tissue beneath the skin or mucous membrance; dropsy of the subcutaneous cellular tissue.

Oenomania - Delirium tremens.

Oenomania - Dipsomania.

Oinomania - See oenomania.

Okra - An annual plant (Abelmoschus, / Hibiscus, esculentus), whose green pods, abounding in nutritious mucilage, are much used for soups, stews, or pickles; gumbo.

Olea - A genus of trees including the olive.

Oligochaeta - An order of Annelida which includes the earthworms and related species.

Oliva - A genus of polished marine gastropod shells, chiefly tropical, and often beautifully colored.

Olla - A pot or jar having a wide mouth; a cinerary urn, especially one of baked clay.

Olla - A dish of stewed meat; an olio; an olla-podrida.

Olla-podrida - A favorite Spanish dish, consisting of a mixture of several kinds of meat chopped fine, and stewed with vegetables.

Olla-podrida - Any incongruous mixture or miscellaneous collection; an olio.

Omagra - Gout in the shoulder.

Omega - The last letter of the Greek alphabet. See Alpha.

Omega - The last; the end; hence, death.

Omenta - of Omentum

Ommatea - of Ommateum

Ommatidia - of Ommatidium

Omnivora - A group of ungulate mammals including the hog and the hippopotamus. The term is also sometimes applied to the bears, and to certain passerine birds.

Onagga - The dauw.

Onomatopoeia - The formation of words in imitation of sounds; a figure of speech in which the sound of a word is imitative of the sound of the thing which the word represents; as, the buzz of bees; the hiss of a goose; the crackle of fire.

Onycha - An ingredient of the Mosaic incense, probably the operculum of some kind of strombus.

Onycha - The precious stone called onyx.

Onychia - A whitlow.

Onychia - An affection of a finger or toe, attended with ulceration at the base of the nail, and terminating in the destruction of the nail.

Onychophora - Malacopoda.

Ooecia - of Ooecium

Oogonia - of Oogonium

Oophorida - of Oophoridium

Oosporangia - of Oosporangium

Ootheca - An egg case, especially those of many kinds of mollusks, and of some insects, as the cockroach. Cf. Ooecium.

Oozoa - Same as Acrita.

Opera - A drama, either tragic or comic, of which music forms an essential part; a drama wholly or mostly sung, consisting of recitative, arials, choruses, duets, trios, etc., with orchestral accompaniment, preludes, and interludes, together with appropriate costumes, scenery, and action; a lyric drama.

Opera - The score of a musical drama, either written or in print; a play set to music.

Opera - The house where operas are exhibited.

Opercula - See Operculum.

Opercula - of Operculum

Operetta - A short, light, musical drama.

Ophidia - The order of reptiles which includes the serpents.

Ophidia - of Ophidion

Ophiomorpha - An order of tailless amphibians having a slender, wormlike body with regular annulations, and usually with minute scales imbedded in the skin. The limbs are rudimentary or wanting. It includes the caecilians. Called also Gymnophiona and Ophidobatrachia.

Ophiura - A genus of ophiurioid starfishes.

Ophiurida - Same as Ophiurioidea.

Ophiurioidea - Alt. of Ophiuroidea

Ophiuroidea - A class of star-shaped echinoderms having a disklike body, with slender, articulated arms, which are not grooved beneath and are often very fragile; -- called also Ophiuroida and Ophiuridea. See Illust. under Brittle star.

Ophthalmia - An inflammation of the membranes or coats of the eye or of the eyeball.

Opisthobranchia - Alt. of Opisthobranchiata

Opisthobranchiata - A division of gastropod Mollusca, in which the breathing organs are usually situated behind the heart. It includes the tectibranchs and nudibranchs.

Opisthoglypha - A division of serpents which have some of the posterior maxillary teeth grooved for fangs.

Optocoelia - The cavity of one of the optic lobes of the brain in many animals.

Opuntia - A genus of cactaceous plants; the prickly pear, or Indian fig.

Opera - of Opus

Orbicula - Same as Discina.

Orbulina - A genus of minute living Foraminifera having a globular shell.

Orchestra - The space in a theater between the stage and the audience; -- originally appropriated by the Greeks to the chorus and its evolutions, afterward by the Romans to persons of distinction, and by the moderns to a band of instrumental musicians.

Orchestra - The place in any public hall appropriated to a band of instrumental musicians.

Orchestra - Loosely: A band of instrumental musicians performing in a theater, concert hall, or other place of public amusement.

Orchestra - Strictly: A band suitable for the performance of symphonies, overtures, etc., as well as for the accompaniment of operas, oratorios, cantatas, masses, and the like, or of vocal and instrumental solos.

Orchestra - A band composed, for the largest part, of players of the various viol instruments, many of each kind, together with a proper complement of wind instruments of wood and brass; -- as distinguished from a military or street band of players on wind instruments, and from an assemblage of solo players for the rendering of concerted pieces, such as septets, octets, and the like.

Orchestra - The instruments employed by a full band, collectively; as, an orchestra of forty stringed instruments, with proper complement of wind instruments.

Oreosoma - A genus of small oceanic fishes, remarkable for the large conical tubercles which cover the under surface.

Organista - Any one of several South American wrens, noted for the sweetness of their song.

Orgyia - A genus of bombycid moths whose caterpillars (esp. those of Orgyia leucostigma) are often very injurious to fruit trees and shade trees. The female is wingless. Called also vaporer moth.

Ornithodelphia - Same as Monotremata.

Ornithopoda - An order of herbivorous dinosaurs with birdlike characteristics in the skeleton, esp. in the pelvis and hind legs, which in some genera had only three functional toes, and supported the body in walking as in Iguanodon. See Illust. in Appendix.

Ornithosauria - An order of extinct flying reptiles; -- called also Pterosauria.

Ornithoscelida - A group of extinct Reptilia, intermediate in structure (especially with regard to the pelvis) between reptiles and birds.

Orthopn/a - Alt. of Orthopny

Orthopoda - An extinct order of reptiles which stood erect on the hind legs, and resembled birds in the structure of the feet, pelvis, and other parts.

Orthoptera - An order of mandibulate insects including grasshoppers, locusts, cockroaches, etc. See Illust. under Insect.

Oryza - A genus of grasses including the rice plant; rice.

Ossa - of Os

Ora - of Os

Oscillaria - A genus of dark green, or purplish black, filamentous, fresh-water algae, the threads of which have an automatic swaying or crawling motion. Called also Oscillatoria.

Oscillatoria - Same as Oscillaria.

Oscula - of Osculum

Osmateria - of Osmaterium

Osphradia - of Osphradium

Ossicula - of Ossiculum

Osteocolla - A kind of glue obtained from bones.

Osteocolla - A cellular calc tufa, which in some places forms incrustations on the stems of plants, -- formerly supposed to have the quality of uniting fractured bones.

Osteocommata - of Osteocomma

Osteocomma - A metamere of the vertebrate skeleton; an osteomere; a vertebra.

Osteomata - of Osteoma

Osteoma - A tumor composed mainly of bone; a tumor of a bone.

Osteomalacia - A disease of the bones, in which they lose their earthy material, and become soft, flexible, and distorted. Also called malacia.

Osteosarcomata - of Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma - A tumor having the structure of a sacroma in which there is a deposit of bone; sarcoma connected with bone.

Osteozoa - Same as Vertebrata.

Ostia - of Ostium

Ostracea - A division of bivalve mollusks including the oysters and allied shells.

Ostracoda - Ostracoidea.

Ostracoidea - An order of Entomostraca possessing hard bivalve shells. They are of small size, and swim freely about.

Ostrea - A genus of bivalve Mollusca which includes the true oysters.

Oswego tea - An American aromatic herb (Monarda didyma), with showy, bright red, labiate flowers.

Otalgia - Pain in the ear; earache.

Otorrh/a - A flow or running from the ear, esp. a purulent discharge.

Ova - See Ovum.

Ovaria - of Ovarium

Oversea - Beyond the sea; foreign.

Oversea - Alt. of Overseas

Ovipara - An artifical division of vertebrates, including those that lay eggs; -- opposed to Vivipara.

Ovoplasma - Yolk; egg yolk.

Ovula - of Ovulum

Ova - of Ovum

Oxyammonia - Same as Hydroxylamine.

Oxyopia - Alt. of Oxyopy

Oxyrhyncha - The maioid crabs.

Ozena - A discharge of fetid matter from the nostril, particularly if associated with ulceration of the soft parts and disease of the bones of the nose.

Pa - A shortened form of Papa.

Paca - A small South American rodent (Coelogenys paca), having blackish brown fur, with four parallel rows of white spots along its sides; the spotted cavy. It is nearly allied to the agouti and the Guinea pig.

Pacha - See Pasha.

Pachonta - A substance resembling gutta-percha, and used to adulterate it, obtained from the East Indian tree Isonandra acuminata.

Pachydermata - A group of hoofed mammals distinguished for the thickness of their skins, including the elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, tapir, horse, and hog. It is now considered an artificial group.

Padella - A large cup or deep saucer, containing fatty matter in which a wick is placed, -- used for public illuminations, as at St. Peter's, in Rome. Called also padelle.

Pagina - The surface of a leaf or of a flattened thallus.

Pagoda - A term by which Europeans designate religious temples and tower-like buildings of the Hindoos and Buddhists of India, Farther India, China, and Japan, -- usually but not always, devoted to idol worship.

Pagoda - An idol.

Pagoda - A gold or silver coin, of various kinds and values, formerly current in India. The Madras gold pagoda was worth about three and a half rupees.

Paguma - Any one of several species of East Indian viverrine mammals of the genus Paguma. They resemble a weasel in form.

Paijama - Pyjama.

Palaestra - See Palestra.

Palama - A membrane extending between the toes of a bird, and uniting them more or less closely together.

Palanka - A camp permanently intrenched, attached to Turkish frontier fortresses.

Palea - The interior chaff or husk of grasses.

Palea - One of the chaffy scales or bractlets growing on the receptacle of many compound flowers, as the Coreopsis, the sunflower, etc.

Palea - A pendulous process of the skin on the throat of a bird, as in the turkey; a dewlap.

Paleechinoidea - An extinct order of sea urchins found in the Paleozoic rocks. They had more than twenty vertical rows of plates. Called also Palaeechini.

Paleocarida - Same as Merostomata.

Paleocrinoidea - A suborder of Crinoidea found chiefly in the Paleozoic rocks.

Paleola - A diminutive or secondary palea; a lodicule.

Palestra - A wrestling school; hence, a gymnasium, or place for athletic exercise in general.

Palestra - A wrestling; the exercise of wrestling.

Palingenesia - See Palingenesis.

Palla - An oblong rectangular piece of cloth, worn by Roman ladies, and fastened with brooches.

Palliobranchiata - Same as Brachiopoda.

Pallia - of Pallium

Palmaria - of Palmarium

Palmyra - A species of palm (Borassus flabelliformis) having a straight, black, upright trunk, with palmate leaves. It is found native along the entire northern shores of the Indian Ocean, from the mouth of the Tigris to New Guinea. More than eight hundred uses to which it is put are enumerated by native writers. Its wood is largely used for building purposes; its fruit and roots serve for food, its sap for making toddy, and its leaves for thatching huts.

Palola - An annelid (Palola viridis) which, at certain seasons of the year, swarms at the surface of the sea about some of the Pacific Islands, where it is collected for food.

Pallometa - A pompano.

Palpebra - The eyelid.

Paladumenta - of Paludamentum

Paludina - Any one of numerous species of freshwater pectinibranchiate mollusks, belonging to Paludina, Melantho, and allied genera. They have an operculated shell which is usually green, often with brown bands. See Illust. of Pond snail, under Pond.

Panacea - A remedy for all diseases; a universal medicine; a cure-all; catholicon; hence, a relief or solace for affliction.

Panacea - The herb allheal.

Panada - Alt. of Panade

Panda - A small Asiatic mammal (Ailurus fulgens) having fine soft fur. It is related to the bears, and inhabits the mountains of Northern India.

Pandora - A beautiful woman (all-gifted), whom Jupiter caused Vulcan to make out of clay in order to punish the human race, because Prometheus had stolen the fire from heaven. Jupiter gave Pandora a box containing all human ills, which, when the box was opened, escaped and spread over the earth. Hope alone remained in the box. Another version makes the box contain all the blessings of the gods, which were lost to men when Pandora opened it.

Pandora - A genus of marine bivalves, in which one valve is flat, the other convex.

Panorama - A complete view in every direction.

Panorama - A picture presenting a view of objects in every direction, as from a central point.

Panorama - A picture representing scenes too extended to be beheld at once, and so exhibited a part at a time, by being unrolled, and made to pass continuously before the spectator.

Panstereorama - A model of a town or country, in relief, executed in wood, cork, pasteboard, or the like.

Pantastomata - One of the divisions of Flagellata, including the monads and allied forms.

Pantopoda - Same as Pycnogonida.

Papa - A child's word for father.

Papa - A parish priest in the Greek Church.

Papaphobia - Intense fear or dread of the pope, or of the Roman Catholic Church.

Papilla - Any minute nipplelike projection; as, the papillae of the tongue.

Papillomata - of Papilloma

Papilloma - A tumor formed by hypertrophy of the papillae of the skin or mucous membrane, as a corn or a wart.

Papula - A pimple; a small, usually conical, elevation of the cuticle, produced by congestion, accumulated secretion, or hypertrophy of tissue; a papule.

Papula - One of the numerous small hollow processes of the integument between the plates of starfishes.

Para - A piece of Turkish money, usually copper, the fortieth part of a piaster, or about one ninth of a cent.

Parabola - A kind of curve; one of the conic sections formed by the intersection of the surface of a cone with a plane parallel to one of its sides. It is a curve, any point of which is equally distant from a fixed point, called the focus, and a fixed straight line, called the directrix. See Focus.

Parabola - One of a group of curves defined by the equation y = axn where n is a positive whole number or a positive fraction. For the cubical parabola n = 3; for the semicubical parabola n = /. See under Cubical, and Semicubical. The parabolas have infinite branches, but no rectilineal asymptotes.

Parabronchia - of Parabronchium

Paracorolla - A secondary or inner corolla; a corona, as of the Narcissus.

Paradactyla - of Paradactylum

Paraglossa - One of a pair of small appendages of the lingua or labium of certain insects. See Illust. under Hymenoptera.

Paraguay tea - See Mate, the leaf of the Brazilian holly.

Paramatta - A light fabric of cotton and worsted, resembling bombazine or merino.

Paranoia - Mental derangement; insanity.

Parapherna - The property of a woman which, on her marriage, was not made a part of her dower, but remained her own.

Paraphernalia - Something reserved to a wife, over and above her dower, being chiefly apparel and ornaments suited to her degree.

Paraphernalia - Appendages; ornaments; finery; equipments.

Paraphragmata - of Paraphagma

Paraphagma - One of the outer divisions of an endosternite of Crustacea.

Paraplegia - Alt. of Paraplegy

Parapleura - A chitinous piece between the metasternum and the pleuron of certain insects.

Parapodia - of Parapodium

Paraptera - of Parapterum

Parascenia - of Parascenium

Parasita - An artificial group formerly made for parasitic insects, as lice, ticks, mites, etc.

Parasita - A division of copepod Crustacea, having a sucking mouth, as the lerneans. They are mostly parasites on fishes. Called also Siphonostomata.

Parella - Alt. of Parelle

Parenchyma - The soft celluar substance of the tissues of plants and animals, like the pulp of leaves, to soft tissue of glands, and the like.

Parhelia - of Parhelion

Paridigitata - Same as Artiodactyla.

Parkeria - A genus of large arenaceous fossil Foraminifera found in the Cretaceous rocks. The species are globular, or nearly so, and are of all sizes up to that of a tennis ball.

Parnassia - A genus of herbs growing in wet places, and having white flowers; grass of Parnassus.

Paronomasia - A play upon words; a figure by which the same word is used in different senses, or words similar in sound are set in opposition to each other, so as to give antithetical force to the sentence; punning.

Paronychia - A whitlow, or felon.

Parousia - The nativity of our Lord.

Parousia - The last day.

Parraqua - A curassow of the genus Ortalida, allied to the guan.

Parrhesia - Boldness or freedom of speech.

Partita - A suite; a set of variations.

Parusia - A figure of speech by which the present tense is used instead of the past or the future, as in the animated narration of past, or in the prediction of future, events.

Pascha - The passover; the feast of Easter.

Pasha - An honorary title given to officers of high rank in Turkey, as to governers of provinces, military commanders, etc. The earlier form was bashaw.

Passacaglia - Alt. of Passacaglio

Passiflora - A genus of plants, including the passion flower. It is the type of the order Passifloreae, which includes about nineteen genera and two hundred and fifty species.

Pataca - The Spanish dollar; -- called also patacoon.

Patagia - of Patagium

Patela - A large flat-bottomed trading boat peculiar to the river Ganges; -- called also puteli.

Patella - A small dish, pan, or vase.

Patella - The kneepan; the cap of the knee.

Patella - A genus of marine gastropods, including many species of limpets. The shell has the form of a flattened cone. The common European limpet (Patella vulgata) is largely used for food.

Patella - A kind of apothecium in lichens, which is orbicular, flat, and sessile, and has a special rim not a part of the thallus.

Patellula - A cuplike sucker on the feet of certain insects.

Patena - A paten.

Patena - A grassy expanse in the hill region of Ceylon.

Patera - A saucerlike vessel of earthenware or metal, used by the Greeks and Romans in libations and sacrificies.

Patera - A circular ornament, resembling a dish, often worked in relief on friezes, and the like.

Pathopoela - A speech, or figure of speech, designed to move the passion.

Patina - A dish or plate of metal or earthenware; a patella.

Patina - The color or incrustation which age gives to works of art; especially, the green rust which covers ancient bronzes, coins, and medals.

Paulownia - A genus of trees of the order Scrophulariaceae, consisting of one species, Paulownia imperialis.

Pauropoda - An order of small myriapods having only nine pairs of legs and destitute of tracheae.

Pea - The sliding weight on a steelyard.

Pea - See Peak, n., 3.

Pea - A plant, and its fruit, of the genus Pisum, of many varieties, much cultivated for food. It has a papilionaceous flower, and the pericarp is a legume, popularly called a pod.

Pea - A name given, especially in the Southern States, to the seed of several leguminous plants (species of Dolichos, Cicer, Abrus, etc.) esp. those having a scar (hilum) of a different color from the rest of the seed.

Peba - An armadillo (Tatusia novemcincta) which is found from Texas to Paraguay; -- called also tatouhou.

Pecora - An extensive division of ruminants, including the antelopes, deer, and cattle.

Pectinibranchiata - A division of Gastropoda, including those that have a comblike gill upon the neck.

Pectostraca - A degenerate order of Crustacea, including the Rhizocephala and Cirripedia.

Pectora - of Pectus

Pedata - An order of holothurians, including those that have ambulacral suckers, or feet, and an internal gill.

Pedicellaria - A peculiar forcepslike organ which occurs in large numbers upon starfishes and echini. Those of starfishes have two movable jaws, or blades, and are usually nearly, or quite, sessile; those of echini usually have three jaws and a pedicel. See Illustration in Appendix.

Pedicellina - A genus of Bryozoa, of the order Entoprocta, having a bell-shaped body supported on a slender pedicel. See Illust. under Entoprocta.

Pediculina - A division of parasitic hemipterous insects, including the true lice. See Illust. in Appendix.

Pedimana - A division of marsupials, including the opossums.

Pedunculata - A division of Cirripedia, including the stalked or goose barnacles.

Pela - See Wax insect, under Wax.

Phytolacca - A genus of herbaceous plants, some of them having berries which abound in intensely red juice; poke, or pokeweed.

Phytophaga - A division of Hymenoptera; the sawflies.

Phytozoaria - Same as Infusoria.

Phytozoa - of Phytozoon

Piacaba - See Piassava.

Piassava - A fibrous product of two Brazilian palm trees (Attalea funifera and Leopoldinia Piassaba), -- used in making brooms, and for other purposes. Called also piacaba and piasaba.

Piazza - An open square in a European town, especially an Italian town; hence (Arch.), an arcaded and roofed gallery; a portico. In the United States the word is popularly applied to a veranda.

Pica - The genus that includes the magpies.

Pica - A vitiated appetite that craves what is unfit for food, as chalk, ashes, coal, etc.; chthonophagia.

Planipennia - A suborder of Neuroptera, including those that have broad, flat wings, as the ant-lion, lacewing, etc. Called also Planipennes.

Prunella - Angina, or angina pectoris.

Prunella - Thrush.

Prunella - Alt. of Prunello

Pyromania - An insane disposition to incendiarism.

Pelecypoda - Same as Lamellibranchia.

Pelicosauria - A suborder of Theromorpha, including terrestrial reptiles from the Permian formation.

Pelioma - A livid ecchymosis.

Pelioma - See Peliom.

Pellagra - An erythematous affection of the skin, with severe constitutional and nervous symptoms, endemic in Northern Italy.

Pellibranchiata - A division of Nudibranchiata, in which the mantle itself serves as a gill.

Pelmata - of Pelma

Pelma - The under surface of the foot.

Peloria - Abnormal regularity; the state of certain flowers, which, being naturally irregular, have become regular through a symmetrical repetition of the special irregularity.

Pelta - A small shield, especially one of an approximately elliptic form, or crescent-shaped.

Pelta - A flat apothecium having no rim.

Penetralia - The recesses, or innermost parts, of any thing or place, especially of a temple or palace.

Penetralia - Hidden things or secrets; privacy; sanctuary; as, the sacred penetralia of the home.

Peninsula - A portion of land nearly surrounded by water, and connected with a larger body by a neck, or isthmus.

Penna - A perfect, or normal, feather.

Pennatula - Any one of numerous species of Pennatula, Pteroides, and allied genera of Alcyonaria, having a featherlike form; a sea-pen. The zooids are situated along one edge of the side branches.

Pennatulacea - A division of alcyonoid corals, including the seapens and related kinds. They are able to move about by means of the hollow muscular peduncle, which also serves to support them upright in the mud. See Pennatula, and Illust. under Alcyonaria.

Pentacra - of Pentacron

Pentagynia - A Linnaean order of plants, having five styles or pistils.

Pentalpha - A five-pointed star, resembling five alphas joined at their bases; -- used as a symbol.

Pentamera - An extensive division of Coleoptera, including those that normally have five-jointed tarsi. It embraces about half of all the known species of the Coleoptera.

Pentandria - A Linnaean class of plants having five separate stamens.

Pentastomida - Same as Linguatulina.

Penultima - Same as Penult.

Penumbra - An incomplete or partial shadow.

Penumbra - The shadow cast, in an eclipse, where the light is partly, but not wholly, cut off by the intervening body; the space of partial illumination between the umbra, or perfect shadow, on all sides, and the full light.

Penumbra - The part of a picture where the shade imperceptibly blends with the light.

Penumbrala - Of or pertaining to a penumbra; resembling a penumbra; partially illuminated.

Peptonuria - The presence of peptone, or a peptonelike body, in the urine.

Perca - A genus of fishes, including the fresh-water perch.

Percoidea - Same as Perciformes.

Perennibranchiata - Those Batrachia which retain their gills through life, as the menobranchus.

Perforata - A division of corals including those that have a porous texture, as Porites and Madrepora; -- opposed to Aporosa.

Perforata - A division of Foraminifera, including those having perforated shells.

Periagua - See Pirogue.

Perichaetia - of Perichaetium

Periclinia - of Periclinium

Pericula - of Periculum

Peridia - of Peridium

Perigonia - of Perigonium

Perigynia - of Perigynium

Perihelia - of Perihelium

Perilla - A genus of labiate herbs, of which one species (Perilla ocimoides, or P. Nankinensis) is often cultivated for its purple or variegated foliage.

Periostraca - of Periostracum

Peripneumonia - Alt. of Peripneumony

Perisomata - of Perisoma

Perisoma - Same as Perisome.

Perispomena - of Perispomenon

Perissodactyla - A division of ungulate mammals, including those that have an odd number of toes, as the horse, tapir, and rhinoceros; -- opposed to Artiodactyla.

Peristeria - A genus of orchidaceous plants. See Dove plant.

Peristomata - of Peristoma

Peristoma - Same as Peristome.

Peritricha - A division of ciliated Infusoria having a circle of cilia around the oral disk and sometimes another around the body. It includes the vorticellas. See Vorticella.

Persicaria - See Lady's thumb.

Persona - Same as Person, n., 8.

Perula - One of the scales of a leaf bud.

Perula - A pouchlike portion of the perianth in certain orchides.

Peseta - A Spanish silver coin, and money of account, equal to about nineteen cents, and divided into 100 centesimos.

Petalosticha - An order of Echini, including the irregular sea urchins, as the spatangoids. See Spatangoid.

Petala - of Petalum

Petunia - A genus of solanaceous herbs with funnelform or salver-shaped corollas. Two species are common in cultivation, Petunia violacera, with reddish purple flowers, and P. nyctaginiflora, with white flowers. There are also many hybrid forms with variegated corollas.

Peziza - A genus of fungi embracing a great number of species, some of which are remarkable for their regular cuplike form and deep colors.

Phaenogamia - The class of flowering plants including all which have true flowers with distinct floral organs; phanerogamia.

Phagedena - A canine appetite; bulimia.

Phagedena - Spreading, obstinate ulceration.

Phainopepla - A small crested passerine bird (Phainopepla nitens), native of Mexico and the Southern United States. The adult male is of a uniform glossy blue-black; the female is brownish. Called also black flycatcher.

Phalaena - A linnaean genus which included the moths in general.

Phalangoidea - A division of Arachnoidea, including the daddy longlegs or harvestman (Phalangium) and many similar kinds. They have long, slender, many-jointed legs; usually a rounded, segmented abdomen; and chelate jaws. They breathe by tracheae. Called also Phalangides, Phalangidea, Phalangiida, and Opilionea.

Phanerodactyla - Same as Saururae.

Phanerogamia - That one of the two primary divisions of the vegetable kingdom which contains the phanerogamic, or flowering, plants.

Phantasma - A phantasm.

Phantasmagoria - An optical effect produced by a magic lantern. The figures are painted in transparent colors, and all the rest of the glass is opaque black. The screen is between the spectators and the instrument, and the figures are often made to appear as in motion, or to merge into one another.

Phantasmagoria - The apparatus by which such an effect is produced.

Phantasmagoria - Fig.: A medley of figures; illusive images.

Pharmacopoeia - A book or treatise describing the drugs, preparations, etc., used in medicine; especially, one that is issued by official authority and considered as an authoritative standard.

Pharmacopoeia - A chemical laboratory.

Pharyngopneusta - A group of invertebrates including the Tunicata and Enteropneusta.

Phasma - An apparition; a phantom; an appearance.

Phenogamia - Same as Phaenogamia.

Phenomena - of Phenomenon

Phillyrea - A genus of evergreen plants growing along the shores of the Mediterranean, and breading a fruit resembling that of the olive.

Philomela - The nightingale; philomel.

Philomela - A genus of birds including the nightingales.

Philopena - A present or gift which is made as a forfeit in a social game that is played in various ways; also, the game itself.

Phlegmasia - An inflammation; more particularly, an inflammation of the internal organs.

Phoca - A genus of seals. It includes the common harbor seal and allied species. See Seal.

Phocodontia - A group of extinct carnivorous whales. Their teeth had compressed and serrated crowns. It includes Squalodon and allied genera.

Phoronomia - See Phoronomics.

Phosphaturia - The excessive discharge of phosphates in the urine.

Photophobia - A dread or intolerance of light.

Photopsia - An affection of the eye, in which the patient perceives luminous rays, flashes, coruscations, etc. See phosphene.

Phthisipneumonia - Alt. of Phthisipneumony

Phylactolaema - Alt. of Phylactolaemata

Phylactolaemata - An order of fresh-water Bryozoa in which the tentacles are arranged on a horseshoe-shaped lophophore, and the mouth is covered by an epistome. Called also Lophopoda, and hippocrepians.

Phylactolema - Alt. of Phylactolemata

Phylactolemata - Same as Phylactolaema.

Phyllobranchia - A crustacean gill composed of lamellae.

Phyllocladia - of Phyllocladium

Phyllodia - of Phyllodium

Phyllomania - An abnormal or excessive production of leaves.

Phyllopoda - An order of Entomostraca including a large number of species, most of which live in fresh water. They have flattened or leaflike legs, often very numerous, which they use in swimming. Called also Branchiopoda.

Phyllosoma - The larva of the spiny lobsters (Palinurus and allied genera). Its body is remarkably thin, flat, and transparent; the legs are very long. Called also glass-crab, and glass-shrimp.

Phylloxera - A small hemipterous insect (Phylloxera vastatrix) allied to the aphids. It attacks the roots and leaves of the grapevine, doing great damage, especially in Europe.

Phylloxera - The diseased condition of a vine caused by the insect just described.

Phyla - of Phylon

Phyla - of Phylum

Phymata - of Phyma

Phyma - A tubercle on any external part of the body.

Physa - A genus of fresh-water Pulmonifera, having reversed spiral shells. See Pond snail, under Pond.

Physalia - A genus of large oceanic Siphonophora which includes the Portuguese man-of-war.

Physemaria - A group of simple marine organisms, usually classed as the lowest of the sponges. They have inflated hollow bodies.

Physopoda - Same as Thysanoptera.

Pica - A service-book. See Pie.

Pica - A size of type next larger than small pica, and smaller than English.

Picea - A genus of coniferous trees of the northen hemisphere, including the Norway spruce and the American black and white spruces. These trees have pendent cones, which do not readily fall to pieces, in this and other respects differing from the firs.

Picra - The powder of aloes with canella, formerly officinal, employed as a cathartic.

Pictura - Pattern of coloration.

Pieta - A representation of the dead Christ, attended by the Virgin Mary or by holy women and angels.

Pietra dura - Hard and fine stones in general, such as are used for inlay and the like, as distinguished from the softer stones used in building; thus, a Florentine mosaic is a familiar instance of work in pietra dura, though the ground may be soft marble.

Piffara - A fife; also, a rude kind of oboe or a bagpipe with an inflated skin for reservoir.

Pignora - of Pignus

Pika - Any one of several species of rodents of the genus Lagomys, resembling small tailless rabbits. They inhabit the high mountains of Asia and America. Called also calling hare, and crying hare. See Chief hare.

Pilenta - of Pilentum

Pileorhiza - A cap of cells which covers the growing extremity of a root; a rootcap.

Pildia - of Pilidium

Pilifera - Same as Mammalia.

Pimenta - Same as Pimento.

Pinacotheca - A picture gallery.

Pinenchyma - Tabular parenchyma, a form of cellular tissue in which the cells are broad and flat, as in some kinds of epidermis.

Pinguicula - See Butterwort.

Pinna - A leaflet of a pinnate leaf. See Illust. of Bipinnate leaf, under Bipinnate.

Pinna - One of the primary divisions of a decompound leaf.

Pinna - One of the divisions of a pinnate part or organ.

Pinna - Any species of Pinna, a genus of large bivalve mollusks found in all warm seas. The byssus consists of a large number of long, silky fibers, which have been used in manufacturing woven fabrics, as a curiosity.

Pinna - The auricle of the ear. See Ear.

Pinnigrada - Same as Pinnipedia.

Pinnipedia - A suborder of aquatic carnivorous mammals including the seals and walruses; -- opposed to Fissipedia.

Pinnula - Same as Pinnule.

Pipa - The Surinam toad (Pipa Americana), noted for its peculiar breeding habits.

Pipra - Any one of numerous species of small clamatorial birds belonging to Pipra and allied genera, of the family Pipridae. The male is usually glossy black, varied with scarlet, yellow, or sky blue. They chiefly inhabit South America.

Pipsissewa - A low evergreen plant (Chimaphila umbellata), with narrow, wedge-lanceolate leaves, and an umbel of pretty nodding fragrant blossoms. It has been used in nephritic diseases. Called also prince's pine.

Piragua - See Pirogue.

Piraya - A large voracious fresh-water fish (Serrasalmo piraya) of South America, having lancet-shaped teeth.

Piririgua - A South American bird (Guira guira) allied to the cuckoos.

Piscina - A niche near the altar in a church, containing a small basin for rinsing altar vessels.

Pistacia - The name of a genus of trees, including the tree which bears the pistachio, the Mediterranean mastic tree (Pistacia Lentiscus), and the species (P. Terebinthus) which yields Chian or Cyprus turpentine.

Pistillida - of Pistillidium

Pita - A fiber obtained from the Agave Americana and other related species, -- used for making cordage and paper. Called also pita fiber, and pita thread.

Pita - The plant which yields the fiber.

Pitahaya - A cactaceous shrub (Cereus Pitajaya) of tropical America, which yields a delicious fruit.

Pitta - Any one of a large group of bright-colored clamatorial birds belonging to Pitta, and allied genera of the family Pittidae. Most of the species are varied with three or more colors, such as blue, green, crimson, yellow, purple, and black. They are called also ground thrushes, and Old World ant thrushes; but they are not related to the true thrushes.

Placenta - The vascular appendage which connects the fetus with the parent, and is cast off in parturition with the afterbirth.

Placenta - The part of a pistil or fruit to which the ovules or seeds are attached.

Placentalia - A division of Mammalia including those that have a placenta, or all the orders above the marsupials.

Placita - of Placitum

Placodermata - Same as Placodermi.

Placophora - A division of gastropod Mollusca, including the chitons. The back is covered by eight shelly plates. Called also Polyplacophora. See Illust. under Chiton, and Isopleura.

Plaga - A stripe of color.

Plagiotremata - Same as Lepidosauria.

Planaria - Any species of turbellarian worms belonging to Planaria, and many allied genera. The body is usually flat, thin, and smooth. Some species, in warm countries, are terrestrial.

Planarida - A division of Turbellaria; the Dendrocoela.

Plantigrada - A subdivision of Carnivora having plantigrade feet. It includes the bears, raccoons, and allied species.

Planula - In embryonic development, a vesicle filled with fluid, formed from the morula by the divergence of its cells in such a manner as to give rise to a central space, around which the cells arrange themselves as an envelope; an embryonic form intermediate between the morula and gastrula. Sometimes used as synonymous with gastrula.

Planula - The very young, free-swimming larva of the coelenterates. It usually has a flattened oval or oblong form, and is entirely covered with cilia.

Plasma - A variety of quartz, of a color between grass green and leek green, which is found associated with common chalcedony. It was much esteemed by the ancients for making engraved ornaments.

Plasma - The viscous material of an animal or vegetable cell, out of which the various tissues are formed by a process of differentiation; protoplasm.

Plasma - Unorganized material; elementary matter.

Plasma - A mixture of starch and glycerin, used as a substitute for ointments.

Plasmodia - of Plasmodium

Plastidozoa - Same as Protoza.

Platina - Platinum.

Platyhelmia - Same as Platyelminthes.

Platypoda - Same as Prosobranchiata.

Platyptera - A division of Pseudoneuroptera including the species which have four broad, flat wings, as the termites, or white-ants, and the stone flies (Perla).

Playa - A beach; a strand; in the plains and deserts of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, a broad, level spot, on which subsequently becomes dry by evaporation.

Plaza - A public square in a city or town.

Plea - That which is alleged by a party in support of his cause; in a stricter sense, an allegation of fact in a cause, as distinguished from a demurrer; in a still more limited sense, and in modern practice, the defendant's answer to the plaintiff's declaration and demand. That which the plaintiff alleges in his declaration is answered and repelled or justified by the defendant's plea. In chancery practice, a plea is a special answer showing or relying upon one or more things as a cause why the suit should be either dismissed, delayed, or barred. In criminal practice, the plea is the defendant's formal answer to the indictment or information presented against him.

Plea - A cause in court; a lawsuit; as, the Court of Common Pleas. See under Common.

Plea - That which is alleged or pleaded, in defense or in justification; an excuse; an apology.

Plea - An urgent prayer or entreaty.

Plectra - of Plectrum

Plegepoda - Same as Infusoria.

Pleopoda - of Pleopod

Plesiosauria - An extinct order of Mesozoic marine reptiles including the genera Plesiosaurus, and allied forms; -- called also Sauropterygia.

Plethora - Overfullness; especially, excessive fullness of the blood vessels; repletion; that state of the blood vessels or of the system when the blood exceeds a healthy standard in quantity; hyperaemia; -- opposed to anaemia.

Plethora - State of being overfull; excess; superabundance.

Plethra - of Plethrum

Pleura - pl. of Pleuron.

Pleura - The smooth serous membrane which closely covers the lungs and the adjacent surfaces of the thorax; the pleural membrane.

Pleura - The closed sac formed by the pleural membrane about each lung, or the fold of membrane connecting each lung with the body wall.

Pleura - Same as Pleuron.

Pleuralgia - Pain in the side or region of the ribs.

Pleurenchyma - A tissue consisting of long and slender tubular cells, of which wood is mainly composed.

Pleurobrachia - A genus of ctenophores having an ovate body and two long plumose tentacles.

Pleurobranchia - Same as Pleurobranch.

Pleurodynia - A painful affection of the side, simulating pleurisy, usually due to rheumatism.

Pleura - of Pleuron

Pleuropneumonia - Inflammation of the pleura and lungs; a combination of pleurisy and pneumonia, esp. a kind of contagions and fatal lung plague of cattle.

Pleuroptera - A group of Isectivora, including the colugo.

Pleurosigma - A genus of diatoms of elongated elliptical shape, but having the sides slightly curved in the form of a letter S. Pleurosigma angulatum has very fine striations, and is a favorite object for testing the high powers of microscopes.

Pleurostea - of Pleurosteon

Pleurotoma - Any marine gastropod belonging to Pleurotoma, and ether allied genera of the family Pleurotmidae. The species are very numerous, especially in tropical seas. The outer lip has usually a posterior notch or slit.

Plica - A disease of the hair (Plica polonica), in which it becomes twisted and matted together. The disease is of Polish origin, and is hence called also Polish plait.

Plica - A diseased state in plants in which there is an excessive development of small entangled twigs, instead of ordinary branches.

Plica - The bend of the wing of a bird.

Pluma - A feather.

Plumula - A plumule.

Plumula - A down feather.

Plumularia - Any hydroid belonging to Plumularia and other genera of the family Plumularidae. They generally grow in plumelike forms.

Pneumonia - Inflammation of the lungs.

Pneumonophora - The division of Siphonophora which includes the Physalia and allied genera; -- called also Pneumatophorae.

Pneumootoka - Same as Sauropsida.

Pneumophora - A division of holothurians having an internal gill, or respiratory tree.

Poa - A genus of grasses, including a great number of species, as the kinds called meadow grass, Kentucky blue grass, June grass, and spear grass (which see).

Podagra - Gout in the joints of the foot; -- applied also to gout in other parts of body.

Podalgia - pain in the foot, due to gout, rheumatism, etc.

Podarthra - of Podarthrum

Podesta - One of the chief magistrates of the Italian republics in the Middle Ages.

Podesta - A mayor, alderman, or other magistrate, in some towns of Italy.

Podetia - of Podetium

Podia - of Podium

Podobranchia - Same as Podobranch.

Podophthalmia - The stalk-eyed Crustacea, -- an order of Crustacea having the eyes supported on movable stalks. It includes the crabs, lobsters, and prawns. Called also Podophthalmata, and Decapoda.

Podostomata - An order of Bryozoa of which Rhabdopleura is the type. See Rhabdopleura.

Podotheca - The scaly covering of the foot of a bird or reptile.

Podrida - A miscellaneous dish of meats. See Olla-podrida.

Podura - Any small leaping thysanurous insect of the genus Podura and related genera; a springtail.

Poecilopoda - Originally, an artificial group including many parasitic Entomostraca, together with the horseshoe crabs (Limuloidea).

Poecilopoda - By some recent writers applied to the Merostomata.

Poephaga - A group of herbivorous marsupials including the kangaroos and their allies.

Poinciana - A prickly tropical shrub (Caesalpinia, formerly Poinciana, pulcherrima), with bipinnate leaves, and racemes of showy orange-red flowers with long crimson filaments.

Poinsettia - A Mexican shrub (Euphorbia pulcherrima) with very large and conspicuous vermilion bracts below the yellowish flowers.

Polacca - A vessel with two or three masts, used in the Mediterranean. The masts are usually of one piece, and without tops, caps, or crosstrees.

Polacca - See Polonaise.

Polenta - Pudding made of Indian meal; also, porridge made of chestnut meal.

Polka - A dance of Polish origin, but now common everywhere. It is performed by two persons in common time.

Polka - A lively Bohemian or Polish dance tune in 2-4 measure, with the third quaver accented.

Pollinia - of Pollinium

Polyacra - of Polyacron

Polyactinia - An old name for those Anthozoa which, like the actinias, have numerous simple tentacles.

Polyadelphia - A Linnaean class of plants having stamens united in three or more bodies or bundles by the filaments.

Polyandria - A Linnaean class of monoclinous or hermaphrodite plants, having many stamens, or any number above twenty, inserted in the receptacle.

Polybranchia - A division of Nudibranchiata including those which have numerous branchiae on the back.

Polychaeta - One of the two principal groups of Chaetopoda. It includes those that have prominent parapodia and fascicles of setae. See Illust. under Parapodia.

Polycystidea - A division of Gregarinae including those that have two or more internal divisions of the body.

Polycystina - A division of Radiolaria including numerous minute marine species. The skeleton is composed of silica, and is often very elegant in form and sculpture. Many have been found in the fossil state.

Polycyttaria - A division of Radiolaria. It includes those having one more central capsules.

Polydipsia - Excessive and constant thirst occasioned by disease.

Polygala - A genus of bitter herbs or shrubs having eight stamens and a two-celled ovary (as the Seneca snakeroot, the flowering wintergreen, etc.); milkwort.

Polygamia - A Linnaean class of plants, characterized by having both hermaphrodite and unisexual flowers on the same plant.

Polygamia - A name given by Linnaeus to file orders of plants having syngenesious flowers.

Polygastrica - The Infusoria.

Polygynia - A Linnaean order of plants having many styles.

Polyhedra - of Polyhedron

Polyhymnia - The Muse of lyric poetry.

Polymnia - See Polyhymnia.

Polynia - The open sea supposed to surround the north pole.

Polyorama - A view of many objects; also, a sort of panorama with dissolving views.

Polypifera - The Anthozoa.

Polyplacophora - See Placophora.

Polyprotodonta - A division of marsupials in which there are more fore incisor teeth in each jaw.

Polystomata - A division of trematode worms having more two suckers. Called also Polystomea and Polystoma.

Polythalamia - A division of Foraminifera including those having a manychambered shell.

Poluria - A persistently excessive flow of watery urine, with low specific gravity and without the presence of either albumin or sugar. It is generally accompanied with more or less thirst.

Polyzoa - Same as Bryozoa. See Illust. under Bryozoa, and Phylactolaemata.

Polyzoaria - of Polyzoarium

Polyzoa - of Polyzoon

Pomona - The goddess of fruits and fruit trees.

Porifera - A grand division of the Invertebrata, including the sponges; -- called also Spongiae, Spongida, and Spongiozoa. The principal divisions are Calcispongiae, Keratosa or Fibrospongiae, and Silicea.

Poriferata - The Polifera.

Porpita - A genus of bright-colored Siphonophora found floating in the warmer parts of the ocean. The individuals are round and disk-shaped, with a large zooid in the center of the under side, surrounded by smaller nutritive and reproductive zooids, and by slender dactylozooids near the margin. The disk contains a central float, or pneumatocyst.

Porta - The part of the liver or other organ where its vessels and nerves enter; the hilus.

Porta - The foramen of Monro.

Portulaca - A genus of polypetalous plants; also, any plant of the genus.

Postcava - The inferior vena cava.

Postcornua - of Postcornu

Postea - The return of the judge before whom a cause was tried, after a verdict, of what was done in the cause, which is indorsed on the nisi prius record.

Postfurca - One of the internal thoracic processes of the sternum of an insect.

Postoblongata - The posterior part of the medulla oblongata.

Postscapula - The part of the scapula behind or below the spine, or mesoscapula.

Postulata - of Postulatum

Potassa - Potassium oxide.

Potassa - Potassium hydroxide, commonly called caustic potash.

Potichomania - Alt. of Potichomanie

Pozzuolana - Alt. of Pozzolana

Pozzolana - Volcanic ashes from Pozzuoli, in Italy, used in the manufacture of a kind of mortar which hardens under water.

Praecava - The superior vena cava.

Praecognita - This previously known, or which should be known in order to understand something else.

Praecordia - The front part of the thoracic region; the epigastrium.

Praecornua - of Praecornu

Praemaxilla - See Premaxilla.

Praenomina - of Praenomen

Praetexta - A white robe with a purple border, worn by a Roman boy before he was entitled to wear the toga virilis, or until about the completion of his fourteenth year, and by girls until their marriage. It was also worn by magistrates and priests.

Predella - The step, or raised secondary part, of an altar; a superaltar; hence, in Italian painting, a band or frieze of several pictures running along the front of a superaltar, or forming a border or frame at the foot of an altarpiece.

Premaxilla - A bone on either side of the middle line between the nose and mouth, forming the anterior part of each half of the upper jawbone; the intermaxilla. In man the premaxillae become united and form the incisor part of the maxillary bone.

Preoblongata - The anterior part of the medulla oblongata.

Presbyopia - A defect of vision consequent upon advancing age. It is due to rigidity of the crystalline lens, which produces difficulty of accommodation and recession of the near point of vision, so that objects very near the eyes can not be seen distinctly without the use of convex glasses. Called also presbytia.

Presbytia - Presbyopia.

Presscapula - The part of the scapula in front of, or above, the spine, or mesoscapula.

Prescuta - of Prescutum

Priapulacea - A suborder of Gephyraea, having a cylindrical body with a terminal anal opening, and usually with one or two caudal gills.

Prima donna - The first or chief female singer in an opera.

Primipara - A woman who bears a child for the first time.

Primitia - The first fruit; the first year's whole profit of an ecclesiastical preferment.

Primula - The genus of plants including the primrose (Primula vera).

Principia - First principles; fundamental beginnings; elements; as. Newton's Principia.

Proa - A sailing canoe of the Ladrone Islands and Malay Archipelago, having its lee side flat and its weather side like that of an ordinary boat. The ends are alike. The canoe is long and narrow, and is kept from overturning by a cigar-shaped log attached to a frame extending several feet to windward. It has been called the flying proa, and is the swiftest sailing craft known.

Proboscidea - An order of large mammals including the elephants and mastodons.

Proboscidifera - An extensive division of pectinibranchiate gastropods, including those that have a long retractile proboscis, with the mouth at the end, as the cones, whelks, tritons, and cowries. See Illust. of Gastropoda, and of Winkle.

Proboscidifera - A subdivision of the taenioglossate gastropods, including the fig-shells (Pyrula), the helmet shells (Cassis), the tritons, and allied genera.

Procidentia - A falling down; a prolapsus.

Procoelia - Same as Procoele.

Procoelia - A division of Crocodilia, including the true crocodiles and alligators, in which the dorsal vertebrae are concave in front.

Proctucha - A division of Turbellaria including those that have an intestine terminating posteriorly.

Proctucha - The Nemertina.

Programmata - of Programma

Programma - Any law, which, after it had passed the Athenian senate, was fixed on a tablet for public inspection previously to its being proposed to the general assembly of the people.

Programma - An edict published for public information; an official bulletin; a public proclamation.

Programma - See Programme.

Programma - A preface.

Prolata - of Prolatum

Prolegomena - of Prolegomenon

Promethea - A large American bombycid moth (Callosamia promethea). Its larva feeds on the sassafras, wild cherry, and other trees, and suspends its cocoon from a branch by a silken band.

Pronota - of Pronotum

Proostraca - of Proostracum

Propaganda - A congregation of cardinals, established in 1622, charged with the management of missions.

Propaganda - The college of the Propaganda, instituted by Urban VIII. (1623-1644) to educate priests for missions in all parts of the world.

Propaganda - Hence, any organization or plan for spreading a particular doctrine or a system of principles.

Propagula - of Propagulum

Properispomena - of Properispomenon

Prophragmata - of Prophragma

Prophragma - An internal dorsal chitinous process between the first two divisions of the thorax of insects.

Propodialia - of Propodiale

Propodia - of Propodium

Propterygia - of Propterygium

Propylaea - of Propylaeum

Propyla - of Propylon

Pro rata - In proportion; proportionately; according to the share, interest, or liability of each.

Proscenia - of Proscenium

Prosenchyma - A general term applied to the tissues formed of elongated cells, especially those with pointed or oblique extremities, as the principal cells of ordinary wood.

Prosobranchiata - The highest division, or subclass, of gastropod mollusks, including those that have the gills situated anteriorly, or forward of the heart, and the sexes separate.

Prosocoelia - Same as Prosocoele.

Prosomata - of Prosoma

Prosoma - The anterior of the body of an animal, as of a cephalopod; the thorax of an arthropod.

Prosopalgia - Facial neuralgia.

Prosopocephala - Same as Scaphopoda.

Prosopop/ia - A figure by which things are represented as persons, or by which things inanimate are spoken of as animated beings; also, a figure by which an absent person is introduced as speaking, or a deceased person is represented as alive and present. It includes personification, but is more extensive in its signification.

Prosopulmonata - A division of pulmonate mollusks having the breathing organ situated on the neck, as in the common snail.

Prostomia - of Prostomium

Proteidea - An order of aquatic amphibians having prominent external gills and four legs. It includes Proteus and Menobranchus (Necturus). Called also Proteoidea, and Proteida.

Proteroglypha - A suborder of serpents including those that have permanently erect grooved poison fangs, with ordinary teeth behind them in the jaws. It includes the cobras, the asps, and the sea snakes. Called also Proteroglyphia.

Prothallia - of Prothallium

Prothyalosomata - of Pro thyalosoma

Pro thyalosoma - The investing portion, or spherical envelope, surrounding the eccentric germinal spot of the germinal vesicle.

Protista - A provisional group in which are placed a number of low microscopic organisms of doubtful nature. Some are probably plants, others animals.

Protista - of Protiston

Protonemata - of Protonema

Protonema - The primary growth from the spore of a moss, usually consisting of branching confervoid filaments, on any part of which stem and leaf buds may be developed.

Protoplasta - A division of fresh-water rhizopods including those that have a soft body and delicate branched pseudopodia. The genus Gromia is one of the best-known.

Prototheria - Same as Monotremata.

Prototracheata - Same as Malacopoda.

Protovertebra - One of the primitive masses, or segments, into which the mesoblast of the vertebrate embryo breaks up on either side of the anterior part of the notochord; a mesoblastic, or protovertebral, somite. See Illust. of Ectoderm.

Protozoa - The lowest of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom.

Protozoa - of Protozoon

Protracheata - Same as Malacopoda.

Psalteria - of Psalterium

Pseudaesthesia - False or imaginary feeling or sense perception such as occurs in hypochondriasis, or such as is referred to an organ that has been removed, as an amputated foot.

Pseudobacteria - Microscopic organic particles, molecular granules, powdered inorganic substances, etc., which in form, size, and grouping resemble bacteria.

Pseudobranchia - A rudimentary branchia, or gill.

Pseudo-china - The false china root, a plant of the genus Smilax (S. Pseudo-china), found in America.

Pseudocoelia - The fifth ventricle in the mammalian brain. See Ventricle.

Pseudofilaria - One of the two elongated vibratile young formed by fission of the embryo during the development of certain Gregarinae.

Pseudo-galena - False galena, or blende. See Blende (a).

Pseudonavicella - Same as Pseudonavicula.

Pseudonavicula - One of the minute spindle-shaped embryos of Gregarinae and some other Protozoa.

Pseudoneuroptera - division of insects (Zool.) reticulated wings, as in the Neuroptera, but having an active pupa state. It includes the dragon flies, May flies, white ants, etc. By some zoologists they are classed with the Orthoptera; by others, with the Neuroptera.

Pseudopodia - of Pseudopodium

Pseudopupa - A stage intermediate between the larva and pupa of bees and certain other hymenopterous insects.

Pseudostella - Any starlike meteor or phenomenon.

Pseudostomata - of Pseudostoma

Pseudostoma - A group of cells resembling a stoma, but without any true aperture among them.

Pseudotetramera - A division of beetles having the fifth tarsal joint minute and obscure, so that there appear to be but four joints.

Pseudotinea - The bee moth, or wax moth (Galleria).

Pseudova - of Pseudovum

Psora - A cutaneous disease; especially, the itch.

Psychiatria - Alt. of Psychiatry

Psylla - Any leaping plant louse of the genus Psylla, or family Psyllidae.

Ptenoglossa - A division of gastropod mollusks having the teeth of the radula arranged in long transverse rows, somewhat like the barbs of a feather.

Pteranodontia - A group of pterodactyls destitute of teeth, as in the genus Pteranodon.

Pteridomania - A madness, craze, or strong fancy, for ferns.

Pteridophyta - A class of flowerless plants, embracing ferns, horsetails, club mosses, quillworts, and other like plants. See the Note under Cryptogamia.

Pterobranchia - An order of marine Bryozoa, having a bilobed lophophore and an axial cord. The genus Rhabdopleura is the type. Called also Podostomata. See Rhabdopleura.

Pteropoda - A class of Mollusca in which the anterior lobes of the foot are developed in the form of broad, thin, winglike organs, with which they swim at near the surface of the sea.

Pterosauria - An extinct order of flying reptiles of the Mesozoic age; the pterodactyls; -- called also Pterodactyli, and Ornithosauria.

Pterostigmata - of Pterostigma

Pterostigma - A thickened opaque spot on the wings of certain insects.

Pterygia - of Pterygium

Pterygopodia - of Pterygopodium

Pteryla - One of the definite areas of the skin of a bird on which feathers grow; -- contrasted with apteria.

Pudenda - The external organs of generation.

Pulkha - A Laplander's traveling sledge. See Sledge.

Pulmobranchiata - Alt. of Pulmobranchiate

Pulmogasteropoda - Same as Pulmonata.

Pulmonata - An extensive division, or sub-class, of hermaphrodite gastropods, in which the mantle cavity is modified into an air-breathing organ, as in Helix, or land snails, Limax, or garden slugs, and many pond snails, as Limnaea and Planorbis.

Pulmonibranchiata - Same as Pulmonata.

Pulmonifera - Same as Pulmonata.

Pulsatilla - A genus of ranunculaceous herbs including the pasque flower. This genus is now merged in Anemone. Some species, as Anemone Pulsatilla, Anemone pratensis, and Anemone patens, are used medicinally.

Puma - A large American carnivore (Felis concolor), found from Canada to Patagonia, especially among the mountains. Its color is tawny, or brownish yellow, without spots or stripes. Called also catamount, cougar, American lion, mountain lion, and panther or painter.

Punka - A machine for fanning a room, usually a movable fanlike frame covered with canvas, and suspended from the ceiling. It is kept in motion by pulling a cord.

Pupa - Any insect in that stage of its metamorphosis which usually immediately precedes the adult, or imago, stage.

Pupa - A genus of air-breathing land snails having an elongated spiral shell.

Pupipara - A division of Diptera in which the young are born in a stage like the pupa. It includes the sheep tick, horse tick, and other parasites. Called also Homaloptera.

Pupivora - A group of parasitic Hymenoptera, including the ichneumon flies, which destroy the larvae and pupae of insects.

Purana - One of a class of sacred Hindoo poetical works in the Sanskrit language which treat of the creation, destruction, and renovation of worlds, the genealogy and achievements of gods and heroes, the reigns of the Manus, and the transactions of their descendants. The principal Puranas are eighteen in number, and there are the same number of supplementary books called Upa Puranas.

Purpura - A disease characterized by livid spots on the skin from extravasated blood, with loss of muscular strength, pain in the limbs, and mental dejection; the purples.

Purpura - A genus of marine gastropods, usually having a rough and thick shell. Some species yield a purple dye.

Puzzolana - See Pozzuolana.

Pyaemia - A form of blood poisoning produced by the absorption into the blood of morbid matters usually originating in a wound or local inflammation. It is characterized by the development of multiple abscesses throughout the body, and is attended with irregularly recurring chills, fever, profuse sweating, and exhaustion.

Pycnidia - of Pycnidium

Pycnogonida - A class of marine arthropods in which the body is small and thin, and the eight legs usually very long; -- called also Pantopoda.

Pyemia - See PyAemia.

Pygidia - of Pygidium

Pygobranchia - A division of opisthobranchiate mollusks having the branchiae in a wreath or group around the anal opening, as in the genus Doris.

Pyjama - In India and Persia, thin loose trowsers or drawers; in Europe and America, drawers worn at night, or a kind of nightdress with legs.

Pyla - The passage between the iter and optocoele in the brain.

Pylangia - of Pylangium

Pyramidia - of Pyramidion

Pyrena - A nutlet resembling a seed, or the kernel of a drupe.

Pyrexia - The febrile condition.

Pyrula - A genus of large marine gastropods. having a pear-shaped shell. It includes the fig-shells. See Illust. in Appendix.

Pythonomorpha - Same as Mosasauria.

Pyuria - A morbid condition in which pus is discharged in the urine.

Pyxidia - of Pyxidium

Qua - In so far as; in the capacity or character of; as.

Quacha - The quagga.

Quadra - The plinth, or lowest member, of any pedestal, podium, water table, or the like.

Quadra - A fillet, or listel.

Quadragesima - The forty days of fast preceding Easter; Lent.

Quadriga - A car or chariot drawn by four horses abreast.

Quadrumana - A division of the Primates comprising the apes and monkeys; -- so called because the hind foot is usually prehensile, and the great toe opposable somewhat like a thumb. Formerly the Quadrumana were considered an order distinct from the Bimana, which last included man alone.

Quagga - A South African wild ass (Equus, / Hippotigris, quagga). The upper parts are reddish brown, becoming paler behind and behind and beneath, with dark stripes on the face, neck, and fore part of the body.

Quanta - of Quantum

Quassia - The wood of several tropical American trees of the order Simarubeae, as Quassia amara, Picraena excelsa, and Simaruba amara. It is intensely bitter, and is used in medicine and sometimes as a substitute for hops in making beer.

Quata - The coaita.

Quica - A small South American opossum (Didelphys quica), native of Guiana and Brazil. It feeds upon insects, small birds, and fruit.

Quinia - Quinine.

Quinoa - The seeds of a kind of goosewort (Chenopodium Quinoa), used in Chili and Peru for making porridge or cakes; also, food thus made.

Quinquagesima - Fiftieth.

Quinquennalia - Public games celebrated every five years.

Quinquina - Peruvian bark.

Quota - A proportional part or share; the share or proportion assigned to each in a division.

Quotha - Indeed; forsooth.

Ra - A roe; a deer.

Raca - A term of reproach used by the Jews of our Savior's time, meaning "worthless."

Rachialgia - A painful affection of the spine; especially, Pott's disease; also, formerly, lead colic.

Rachilla - Same as Rhachilla.

Racoonda - The coypu.

Radialia - of Radiale

Radiata - An extensive artificial group of invertebrates, having all the parts arranged radially around the vertical axis of the body, and the various organs repeated symmetrically in each ray or spheromere.

Radio-flagellata - A group of Protozoa having both flagella and pseudopodia.

Radiolaria - Order of rhizopods, usually having a siliceous skeleton, or shell, and sometimes radiating spicules. The pseudopodia project from the body like rays. It includes the polycystines. See Polycystina.

Radula - The chitinous ribbon bearing the teeth of mollusks; -- called also lingual ribbon, and tongue. See Odontophore.

Raffia - A fibrous material used for tying plants, said to come from the leaves of a palm tree of the genus Raphia.

Rafflesia - A genus of stemless, leafless plants, living parasitically upon the roots and stems of grapevines in Malaysia. The flowers have a carrionlike odor, and are very large, in one species (Rafflesia Arnoldi) having a diameter of two or three feet.

Raghuvansa - A celebrated Sanskrit poem having for its subject the Raghu dynasty.

Raia - A genus of rays which includes the skates. See Skate.

Raja - Same as Rajah.

Ramayana - The more ancient of the two great epic poems in Sanskrit. The hero and heroine are Rama and his wife Sita.

Ramenta - Thin brownish chaffy scales upon the leaves or young shoots of some plants, especially upon the petioles and leaves of ferns.

Rana - A genus of anurous batrachians, including the common frogs.

Ranula - A cyst formed under the tongue by obstruction of the duct of the submaxillary gland.

Rata - A New Zealand forest tree (Metrosideros robusta), also, its hard dark red wood, used by the Maoris for paddles and war clubs.

Ratafia - A spirituous liquor flavored with the kernels of cherries, apricots, peaches, or other fruit, spiced, and sweetened with sugar; -- a term applied to the liqueurs called noyau, cura/ao, etc.

Ravenala - A genus of plants related to the banana.

Razzia - A plundering and destructive incursion; a foray; a raid.

Reata - A lariat.

Receptacula - of Receptaculum

Robinia - A genus of leguminous trees including the common locust of North America (Robinia Pseudocacia).

Sax-tuba - A powerful instrument of brass, curved somewhat like the Roman buccina, or tuba.

Redia - A kind of larva, or nurse, which is prroduced within the sporocyst of certain trematodes by asexual generation. It in turn produces, in the same way, either another generation of rediae, or else cercariae within its own body. Called also proscolex, and nurse. See Illustration in Appendix.

Redowa - A Bohemian dance of two kinds, one in triple time, like a waltz, the other in two-four time, like a polka. The former is most in use.

Regalia - That which belongs to royalty. Specifically: (a) The rights and prerogatives of a king. (b) Royal estates and revenues. (c) Ensings, symbols, or paraphernalia of royalty.

Regalia - Hence, decorations or insignia of an office or order, as of Freemasons, Odd Fellows,etc.

Regalia - Sumptuous food; delicacies.

Regalia - A kind of cigar of large size and superior quality; also, the size in which such cigars are classed.

Regatta - Originally, a gondola race in Venice; now, a rowing or sailing race, or a series of such races.

Regma - A kind of dry fruit, consisting of three or more cells, each which at length breaks open at the inner angle.

Regularia - A division of Echini which includes the circular, or regular, sea urchins.

Rejectamenta - Things thrown out or away; especially, things excreted by a living organism.

Remora - Delay; obstacle; hindrance.

Remora - Any one of several species of fishes belonging to Echeneis, Remora, and allied genera. Called also sucking fish.

Remora - An instrument formerly in use, intended to retain parts in their places.

Replica - A copy of a work of art, as of a picture or statue, made by the maker of the original.

Replica - Repetition.

Reptantia - A division of gastropods; the Pectinibranchiata.

Reptilia - A class of air-breathing oviparous vertebrates, usually covered with scales or bony plates. The heart generally has two auricles and one ventricle. The development of the young is the same as that of birds.

Reseda - A genus of plants, the type of which is mignonette.

Reseda - A grayish green color, like that of the flowers of mignonette.

Respondentia - A loan upon goods laden on board a ship. It differs from bottomry, which is a loan on the ship itself.

Reticularia - An extensive division of rhizopods in which the pseudopodia are more or less slender and coalesce at certain points, forming irregular meshes. It includes the shelled Foraminifera, together with some groups which lack a true shell.

Reticulosa - Same as Reticularia.

Reticula - of Reticulum

Retina - The delicate membrane by which the back part of the globe of the eye is lined, and in which the fibers of the optic nerve terminate. See Eye.

Retinacula - of Retinaculum

Retinea - of Retineum

Retinophora - One of group of two to four united cells which occupy the axial part of the ocelli, or ommatidia, of the eyes of invertebrates, and contain the terminal nerve fibrillae. See Illust. under Ommatidium.

Retinula - One of the group of pigmented cells which surround the retinophorae of invertebrates. See Illust. under Ommatidium.

Rhabdocoela - A suborder of Turbellaria including those that have a simple cylindrical, or saclike, stomach, without an intestine.

Rhabdophora - An extinct division of Hydrozoa which includes the graptolities.

Rhabdopleura - A genus of marine Bryozoa in which the tubular cells have a centralchitinous axis and the tentacles are borne on a bilobed lophophore. It is the type of the order Pterobranchia, or Podostomata

Rhachialgia - See Rachialgia.

Rhachiglossa - A division of marine gastropods having a retractile proboscis and three longitudinal rows of teeth on the radula. It includes many of the large ornamental shells, as the miters, murices, olives, purpuras, volutes, and whelks. See Illust. in Append.

Rhachilla - A branch of inflorescence; the zigzag axis on which the florets are arranged in the spikelets of grasses.

Rhamphotheca - The horny covering of the bill of birds.

Rhea - The ramie or grass-cloth plant. See Grass-cloth plant, under Grass.

Rhea - Any one of three species of large South American ostrichlike birds of the genera Rhea and Pterocnemia. Called also the American ostrich.

Rhinencephala - of Rhinencephalon

Rhinoscleroma - A rare disease of the skin, characterized by the development of very hard, more or less flattened, prominences, appearing first upon the nose and subsequently upon the neighboring parts, esp. the lips, palate, and throat.

Rhinotheca - The sheath of the upper mandible of a bird.

Rhipidoglossa - A division of gastropod mollusks having a large number of long, divergent, hooklike, lingual teeth in each transverse row. It includes the scutibranchs. See Illustration in Appendix.

Rhizocephala - A division of Pectostraca including saclike parasites of Crustacea. They adhere by rootlike extensions of the head. See Illusration in Appendix.

Rhizomata - of Rhizoma

Rhizoma - SAme as Rhizome.

Rhizophaga - A division of marsupials. The wombat is the type.

Rhizophora - A genus of trees including the mangrove. See Mangrove.

Rhizopoda - An extensive class of Protozoa, including those which have pseudopodia, by means of which they move about and take their food. The principal groups are Lobosa (or Am/bea), Helizoa, Radiolaria, and Foraminifera (or Reticularia). See Protozoa.

Rhizostomata - A suborder of Medusae which includes very large species without marginal tentacles, but having large mouth lobes closely united at the edges. See Illust. in Appendix.

Rhopalia - of Rhopalium

Rhopalocera - A division of Lepidoptera including all the butterflies. They differ from other Lepidoptera in having club-shaped antennae.

Rhusma - A mixtire of caustic lime and orpiment, or tersulphide of arsenic, -- used in the depilation of hides.

Rhynchobdellea - A suborder of leeches including those that have a protractile proboscis, without jaws. Clepsine is the type.

Rhynchocephala - An order of reptiles having biconcave vertebrae, immovable quadrate bones, and many other peculiar osteological characters. Hatteria is the only living genus, but numerous fossil genera are known, some of which are among the earliest of reptiles. See Hatteria. Called also Rhynchocephalia.

Rhynchocoela - Same as Nemertina.

Rhynchonella - A genus of brachiopods of which some species are still living, while many are found fossil.

Rhynchophora - A group of Coleoptera having a snoutlike head; the snout beetles, curculios, or weevils.

Rhynchota - Same as Hemiptera.

Rhytina - See Rytina.

Rig-Veda - See Veda.

Rima - A narrow and elongated aperture; a cleft; a fissure.

Rocoa - The orange-colored pulp covering the seeds of the tropical plant Bixa Orellana, from which annotto is prepared. See Annoto.

Rodentia - An order of mammals having two (rarely four) large incisor teeth in each jaw, distant from the molar teeth. The rats, squirrels, rabbits, marmots, and beavers belong to this order.

Romanza - See Romance, 5.

Rondeletia - A tropical genus of rubiaceous shrubs which often have brilliant flowers.

Rosalia - A form of melody in which a phrase or passage is successively repeated, each time a step or half step higher; a melodic sequence.

Rosella - A beautiful Australian parrakeet (Platycercus eximius) often kept as a cage bird. The head and back of the neck are scarlet, the throat is white, the back dark green varied with lighter green, and the breast yellow.

Roseola - A rose-colored efflorescence upon the skin, occurring in circumscribed patches of little or no elevation and often alternately fading and reviving; also, an acute specific disease which is characterized by an eruption of this character; -- called also rose rash.

Rostella - of Rostellum

Rostra - See Rostrum, 2.

Rostrifera - A division of pectinibranchiate gastropods, having the head prolonged into a snout which is not retractile.

Rostrula - of Rostrulum

Rostra - of Rostrum

Rota - An ecclesiastical court of Rome, called also Rota Romana, that takes cognizance of suits by appeal. It consists of twelve members.

Rota - A short-lived political club established in 1659 by J.Harrington to inculcate the democratic doctrine of election of the principal officers of the state by ballot, and the annual retirement of a portion of Parliament.

Rota - A species of zither, played like a guitar, used in the Middle Ages in church music; -- written also rotta.

Rotatoria - Same as Rotifera.

Rotella - Any one of numerous species of small, polished, brightcolored gastropods of the genus Rotella, native of tropical seas.

Rotifera - An order of minute worms which usually have one or two groups of vibrating cilia on the head, which, when in motion, often give an appearance of rapidly revolving wheels. The species are very numerous in fresh waters, and are very diversified in form and habits.

Rotta - See Rota.

Rotula - The patella, or kneepan.

Rotunda - A round building; especially, one that is round both on the outside and inside, like the Pantheon at Rome. Less properly, but very commonly, used for a large round room; as, the rotunda of the Capitol at Washington.

Rubella - An acute specific disease with a dusky red cutaneous eruption resembling that of measles, but unattended by catarrhal symptoms; -- called also German measles.

Rubeola - the measles.

Rubeola - Rubella.

Ruga - A wrinkle; a fold; as, the rugae of the stomach.

Rugosa - An extinct tribe of fossil corals, including numerous species, many of them of large size. They are characteristic of the Paleozoic formations. The radiating septs, when present, are usually in multiples of four. See Cyathophylloid.

Ruminantia - A division of Artiodactyla having four stomachs. This division includes the camels, deer, antelopes, goats, sheep, neat cattle, and allies.

Rupia - An eruption upon the skin, consisting of vesicles with inflamed base and filled with serous, purulent, or bloody fluid, which dries up, forming a blackish crust.

Rupicola - A genus of beautiful South American passerine birds, including the cock of the rock.

Rusma - A depilatory made of orpiment and quicklime, and used by the Turks. See Rhusma.

Russia - A country of Europe and Asia.

Russophobia - Morbid dread of Russia or of Russian influence.

Ruta-baga - A kind of turnip commonly with a large and long or ovoid yellowish root; a Swedish turnip. See Turnip.

Rytina - A genus of large edentulous sirenians, allied to the dugong and manatee, including but one species (R. Stelleri); -- called also Steller's sea cow. S () the nineteenth letter of the English alphabet, is a consonant, and is often called a sibilant, in allusion to its hissing sound. It has two principal sounds; one a mere hissing, as in sack, this; the other a vocal hissing (the same as that of z), as in is, wise. Besides these it sometimes has the sounds of sh and zh, as in sure, measure. It generally has its hissing sound at the beginning of words, but in the middle and at the end of words its sound is determined by usage. In a few words it is silent, as in isle, debris. With the letter h it forms the digraph sh. See Guide to pronunciation, // 255-261.

Sabadilla - A Mexican liliaceous plant (Schoenocaulon officinale); also, its seeds, which contain the alkaloid veratrine. It was formerly used in medicine as an emetic and purgative.

Sabella - A genus of tubicolous annelids having a circle of plumose gills around the head.

Saccharilla - A kind of muslin.

Saccoglossa - Same as Pellibranchiata.

Sacella - of Sacellum

Sacra - of Sacrum

Sadda - A work in the Persian tongue, being a summary of the Zend-Avesta, or sacred books.

Saga - A Scandinavian legend, or heroic or mythic tradition, among the Norsemen and kindred people; a northern European popular historical or religious tale of olden time.

Sagitta - A small constellation north of Aquila; the Arrow.

Sagitta - The keystone of an arch.

Sagitta - The distance from a point in a curve to the chord; also, the versed sine of an arc; -- so called from its resemblance to an arrow resting on the bow and string.

Sagitta - The larger of the two otoliths, or ear bones, found in most fishes.

Sagitta - A genus of transparent, free-swimming marine worms having lateral and caudal fins, and capable of swimming rapidly. It is the type of the class Chaetognatha.

Saga - of Sagum

Saiga - An antelope (Saiga Tartarica) native of the plains of Siberia and Eastern Russia. The male has erect annulated horns, and tufts of long hair beneath the eyes and ears.

Saiva - One of an important religious sect in India which regards Siva with peculiar veneration.

Salamandrina - A suborder of Urodela, comprising salamanders.

Salamandroidea - A division of Amphibia including the Salamanders and allied groups; the Urodela.

Salangana - The salagane.

Salina - A salt marsh, or salt pond, inclosed from the sea.

Salina - Salt works.

Salisburia - The ginkgo tree (Ginkgo biloba, or Salisburia adiantifolia).

Saliva - The secretion from the salivary glands.

Salpa - A genus of transparent, tubular, free-swimming oceanic tunicates found abundantly in all the warmer latitudes. See Illustration in Appendix.

Salsoda - See Sal soda, under Sal.

Salsola - A genus of plants including the glasswort. See Glasswort.

Saltarella - See Saltarello.

Saltatoria - A division of Orthoptera including grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets.

Salvia - A genus of plants including the sage. See Sage.

Samara - A dry, indehiscent, usually one-seeded, winged fruit, as that of the ash, maple, and elm; a key or key fruit.

Samarra - See Simar.

Sanga - Alt. of Sangu

Sanguinaria - A genus of plants of the Poppy family.

Sanguinaria - The rootstock of the bloodroot, used in medicine as an emetic, etc.

Sanhita - A collection of vedic hymns, songs, or verses, forming the first part of each Veda.

Sankha - A chank shell (Turbinella pyrum); also, a shell bracelet or necklace made in India from the chank shell.

Sankhya - A Hindoo system of philosophy which refers all things to soul and a rootless germ called prakriti, consisting of three elements, goodness, passion, and darkness.

Sapodilla - A tall, evergeen, tropical American tree (Achras Sapota); also, its edible fruit, the sapodilla plum.

Sapota - The sapodilla.

Sappodilla - See Sapodilla.

Sapucaia - A Brazilian tree. See Lecythis, and Monkey-pot.

Sarcina - A genus of bacteria found in various organic fluids, especially in those those of the stomach, associated with certain diseases. The individual organisms undergo division along two perpendicular partitions, so that multiplication takes place in two directions, giving groups of four cubical cells. Also used adjectively; as, a sarcina micrococcus; a sarcina group.

Sarcocolla - A gum resin obtained from certain shrubs of Africa (Penaea), -- formerly thought to cause healing of wounds and ulcers.

Sarcoderma - A fleshy covering of a seed, lying between the external and internal integuments.

Sarcoderma - A sarcocarp.

Sarcolemma - The very thin transparent and apparently homogeneous sheath which incloses a striated muscular fiber; the myolemma.

Sarcomata - of Sarcoma

Sarcoma - A tumor of fleshy consistence; -- formerly applied to many varieties of tumor, now restricted to a variety of malignant growth made up of cells resembling those of fetal development without any proper intercellular substance.

Sarcophaga - A suborder of carnivorous and insectivorous marsupials including the dasyures and the opossums.

Sarcophaga - A genus of Diptera, including the flesh flies.

Sarcosepta - of Sarcoseptum

Sarracenia - A genus of American perennial herbs growing in bogs; the American pitcher plant.

Sarsa - Sarsaparilla.

Sarsaparilla - Any plant of several tropical American species of Smilax.

Sarsaparilla - The bitter mucilaginous roots of such plants, used in medicine and in sirups for soda, etc.

Sassarara - A word used to emphasize a statement.

Sassorolla - The rock pigeon. See under Pigeon.

Sastra - Same as Shaster.

Saturnalia - The festival of Saturn, celebrated in December, originally during one day, but afterward during seven days, as a period of unrestrained license and merriment for all classes, extending even to the slaves.

Saturnalia - Hence: A period or occasion of general license, in which the passions or vices have riotous indulgence.

Sauria - A division of Reptilia formerly established to include the Lacertilia, Crocodilia, Dinosauria, and other groups. By some writers the name is restricted to the Lacertilia.

Saurobatrachia - The Urodela.

Sauropoda - An extinct order of herbivorous dinosaurs having the feet of a saurian type, instead of birdlike, as they are in many dinosaurs. It includes the largest known land animals, belonging to Brontosaurus, Camarasaurus, and allied genera. See Illustration in Appendix.

Sauropsida - A comprehensive group of vertebrates, comprising the reptiles and birds.

Sauropterygia - Same as Plesiosauria.

Savanilla - The tarpum.

Savanna - A tract of level land covered with the vegetable growth usually found in a damp soil and warm climate, -- as grass or reeds, -- but destitute of trees.

Saxicava - Any species of marine bivalve shells of the genus Saxicava. Some of the species are noted for their power of boring holes in limestone and similar rocks.

Saxifraga - A genus of exogenous polypetalous plants, embracing about one hundred and eighty species. See Saxifrage.

Scaglia - A reddish variety of limestone.

Scagliola - An imitation of any veined and ornamental stone, as marble, formed by a substratum of finely ground gypsum mixed with glue, the surface of which, while soft, is variegated with splinters of marble, spar, granite, etc., and subsequently colored and polished.

Scala - A machine formerly employed for reducing dislocations of the humerus.

Scala - A term applied to any one of the three canals of the cochlea.

Scalaria - Any one of numerous species of marine gastropods of the genus Scalaria, or family Scalaridae, having elongated spiral turreted shells, with rounded whorls, usually crossed by ribs or varices. The color is generally white or pale. Called also ladder shell, and wentletrap. See Ptenoglossa, and Wentletrap.

Scaliola - Same as Scagliola.

Scampavia - A long, low war galley used by the Neapolitans and Sicilians in the early part of the nineteenth century.

Scandia - A chemical earth, the oxide of scandium.

Scaphopda - A class of marine cephalate Mollusca having a tubular shell open at both ends, a pointed or spadelike foot for burrowing, and many long, slender, prehensile oral tentacles. It includes Dentalium, or the tooth shells, and other similar shells. Called also Prosopocephala, and Solenoconcha.

Scapula - The principal bone of the shoulder girdle in mammals; the shoulder blade.

Scapula - One of the plates from which the arms of a crinoid arise.

Scarlatina - Scarlet fever.

Scena - A scene in an opera.

Scena - An accompanied dramatic recitative, interspersed with passages of melody, or followed by a full aria.

Schemata - of Schema

Schema - An outline or image universally applicable to a general conception, under which it is likely to be presented to the mind; as, five dots in a line are a schema of the number five; a preceding and succeeding event are a schema of cause and effect.

Schisma - An interval equal to half a comma.

Schizonemertea - A group of nemerteans comprising those having a deep slit along each side of the head. See Illust. in Appendix.

Schizopoda - A division of shrimplike Thoracostraca in which each of the thoracic legs has a long fringed upper branch (exopodite) for swimming.

Scholia - See Scholium.

Scholia - of Scholium

Sciatica - Neuralgia of the sciatic nerve, an affection characterized by paroxysmal attacks of pain in the buttock, back of the thigh, or in the leg or foot, following the course of the branches of the sciatic nerve. The name is also popularly applied to various painful affections of the hip and the parts adjoining it. See Ischiadic passion, under Ischiadic.

Scincoidea - A tribe of lizards including the skinks. See Skink.

Scintilla - A spark; the least particle; an iota; a tittle.

Sciuromorpha - A tribe of rodents containing the squirrels and allied animals, such as the gophers, woodchucks, beavers, and others.

Sclerema - Induration of the cellular tissue.

Sclerenchyma - Vegetable tissue composed of short cells with thickened or hardened walls, as in nutshells and the gritty parts of a pear. See Sclerotic.

Sclerenchyma - The hard calcareous deposit in the tissues of Anthozoa, constituting the stony corals.

Scleroderma - A disease of adults, characterized by a diffuse rigidity and hardness of the skin.

Sclerodermata - The stony corals; the Madreporaria.

Scleroma - Induration of the tissues. See Sclerema, Scleroderma, and Sclerosis.

Sclerotia - of Sclerotium

Scolecida - Same as Helminthes.

Scolecomorpha - Same as Scolecida.

Scolopendra - A genus of venomous myriapods including the centipeds. See Centiped.

Scolopendra - A sea fish.

Scopula - A peculiar brushlike organ found on the foot of spiders and used in the construction of the web.

Scopula - A special tuft of hairs on the leg of a bee.

Scoria - The recrement of metals in fusion, or the slag rejected after the reduction of metallic ores; dross.

Scoria - Cellular slaggy lava; volcanic cinders.

Scorpiodea - Same as Scorpiones.

Scorpionidea - Same as Scorpiones.

Scotia - A concave molding used especially in classical architecture.

Scotia - Scotland

Scotoma - Scotomy.

Scriptoria - of Scriptorium

Scrobicula - One of the smooth areas surrounding the tubercles of a sea urchin.

Scrofula - A constitutional disease, generally hereditary, especially manifested by chronic enlargement and cheesy degeneration of the lymphatic glands, particularly those of the neck, and marked by a tendency to the development of chronic intractable inflammations of the skin, mucous membrane, bones, joints, and other parts, and by a diminution in the power of resistance to disease or injury and the capacity for recovery. Scrofula is now generally held to be tuberculous in character, and may develop into general or local tuberculosis (consumption).

Scrophularia - A genus of coarse herbs having small flowers in panicled cymes; figwort.

Scuta - See Scutum.

Scutella - See Scutellum.

Scutella - See Scutellum, n., 2.

Scutella - of Scutellum

Scutibranchia - Same as Scutibranchiata.

Scutibranchiata - An order of gastropod Mollusca having a heart with two auricles and one ventricle. The shell may be either spiral or shieldlike.

Scuta - of Scutum

Scybala - Hardened masses of feces.

Scylla - A dangerous rock on the Italian coast opposite the whirpool Charybdis on the coast of Sicily, -- both personified in classical literature as ravenous monsters. The passage between them was formerly considered perilous; hence, the saying "Between Scylla and Charybdis," signifying a great peril on either hand.

Scyllaea - A genus of oceanic nudibranchiate mollusks having the small branched gills situated on the upper side of four fleshy lateral lobes, and on the median caudal crest.

Scypha - See Scyphus, 2 (b).

Scyphistomata - of Scyphistoma

Scyphistoma - The young attached larva of Discophora in the stage when it resembles a hydroid, or actinian.

Scytodermata - Same as Holothurioidea.

Sea - One of the larger bodies of salt water, less than an ocean, found on the earth's surface; a body of salt water of second rank, generally forming part of, or connecting with, an ocean or a larger sea; as, the Mediterranean Sea; the Sea of Marmora; the North Sea; the Carribean Sea.

Sea - An inland body of water, esp. if large or if salt or brackish; as, the Caspian Sea; the Sea of Aral; sometimes, a small fresh-water lake; as, the Sea of Galilee.

Sea - The ocean; the whole body of the salt water which covers a large part of the globe.

Sea - The swell of the ocean or other body of water in a high wind; motion of the water's surface; also, a single wave; a billow; as, there was a high sea after the storm; the vessel shipped a sea.

Sea - A great brazen laver in the temple at Jerusalem; -- so called from its size.

Sea - Fig.: Anything resembling the sea in vastness; as, a sea of glory.

Sea cocoa - A magnificent palm (Lodoicea Sechellarum) found only in the Seychelles Islands. The fruit is an immense two-lobed nut. It was found floating in the Indian Ocean before the tree was known, and called sea cocoanut, and double cocoanut.

Seborrhea - A morbidly increased discharge of sebaceous matter upon the skin; stearrhea.

Sienna - Clay that is colored red or brown by the oxides of iron or manganese, and used as a pigment. It is used either in the raw state or burnt.

Sierra - A ridge of mountain and craggy rocks, with a serrated or irregular outline; as, the Sierra Nevada.

Siesta - A short sleep taken about the middle of the day, or after dinner; a midday nap.

Sieva - A small variety of the Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus).

Spicula - of Spiculum

Stasmia - of Stasimon

Securifera - The Serrifera.

Sedilia - Seats in the chancel of a church near the altar for the officiating clergy during intervals of service.

Selaginella - A genus of cryptogamous plants resembling Lycopodia, but producing two kinds of spores; also, any plant of this genus. Many species are cultivated in conservatories.

Semaeostomata - A division of Discophora having large free mouth lobes. It includes Aurelia, and Pelagia. Called also Semeostoma. See Illustr. under Discophora, and Medusa.

Semina - of Semen

Semiparabola - One branch of a parabola, being terminated at the principal vertex of the curve.

Semi pupa - The young of an insect in a stage between the larva and pupa.

Semita - A fasciole of a spatangoid sea urchin.

Semolella - See Semolina.

Semolina - The fine, hard parts of wheat, rounded by the attrition of the millstones, -- used in cookery.

Semuncia - A Roman coin equivalent to one twenty-fourth part of a Roman pound.

Senega - Seneca root.

Senna - The leaves of several leguminous plants of the genus Cassia. (C. acutifolia, C. angustifolia, etc.). They constitute a valuable but nauseous cathartic medicine.

Senna - The plants themselves, native to the East, but now cultivated largely in the south of Europe and in the West Indies.

Seora - A Spanish title of courtesy given to a lady; Mrs.; Madam; also, a lady.

Seorita - A Spanish title of courtesy given to a young lady; Miss; also, a young lady.

Sensoria - of Sensorium

Senza - Without; as, senza stromenti, without instruments.

Sepia - The common European cuttlefish.

Sepia - A genus comprising the common cuttlefish and numerous similar species. See Illustr. under Cuttlefish.

Sepia - A pigment prepared from the ink, or black secretion, of the sepia, or cuttlefish. Treated with caustic potash, it has a rich brown color; and this mixed with a red forms Roman sepia. Cf. India ink, under India.

Sepia - Of a dark brown color, with a little red in its composition; also, made of, or done in, sepia.

Septaemia - Septicaemia.

Septaria - of Septarium

Septicaemia - A poisoned condition of the blood produced by the absorption into it of septic or putrescent material; blood poisoning. It is marked by chills, fever, prostration, and inflammation of the different serous membranes and of the lungs, kidneys, and other organs.

Septuagesima - The third Sunday before Lent; -- so called because it is about seventy days before Easter.

Septula - of Septulum

Septa - of Septum

Sequela - One who, or that which, follows.

Sequela - An adherent, or a band or sect of adherents.

Sequela - That which follows as the logical result of reasoning; inference; conclusion; suggestion.

Sequela - A morbid phenomenon left as the result of a disease; a disease resulting from another.

Sequestra - of Sequestrum

Sequoia - A genus of coniferous trees, consisting of two species, Sequoia Washingtoniana, syn. S. gigantea, the "big tree" of California, and S. sempervirens, the redwood, both of which attain an immense height.

Seraphina - A seraphine.

Serenata - Alt. of Serenate

Seriema - A large South American bird (Dicholophus, / Cariama cristata) related to the cranes. It is often domesticated. Called also cariama.

Serpentaria - The fibrous aromatic root of the Virginia snakeroot (Aristolochia Serpentaria).

Serpula - Any one of numerous species of tubicolous annelids of the genus Serpula and allied genera of the family Serpulidae. They secrete a calcareous tube, which is usually irregularly contorted, but is sometimes spirally coiled. The worm has a wreath of plumelike and often bright-colored gills around its head, and usually an operculum to close the aperture of its tube when it retracts.

Serrifera - A division of Hymenoptera comprising the sawflies.

Serrula - The red-breasted merganser.

Sertularia - A genus of delicate branching hydroids having small sessile hydrothecae along the sides of the branches.

Sesquialtera - A stop on the organ, containing several ranks of pipes which reenforce some of the high harmonics of the ground tone, and make the sound more brilliant.

Sessa - Hurry; run.

Seta - Any slender, more or less rigid, bristlelike organ or part; as the hairs of a caterpillar, the slender spines of a crustacean, the hairlike processes of a protozoan, the bristles or stiff hairs on the leaves of some plants, or the pedicel of the capsule of a moss.

Seta - One of the movable chitinous spines or hooks of an annelid. They usually arise in clusters from muscular capsules, and are used in locomotion and for defense. They are very diverse in form.

Seta - One of the spinelike feathers at the base of the bill of certain birds.

Setula - A small, short hair or bristle; a small seta.

Sexagesima - The second Sunday before Lent; -- so called as being about the sixtieth day before Easter.

Shama - A saxicoline singing bird (Kittacincla macroura) of India, noted for the sweetness and power of its song. In confinement it imitates the notes of other birds and various animals with accuracy. Its head, neck, back, breast, and tail are glossy black, the rump white, the under parts chestnut.

Shastra - A treatise for authoritative instruction among the Hindoos; a book of institutes; especially, a treatise explaining the Vedas.

Shelfa - Alt. of Shilfa

Shilfa - The chaffinch; -- so named from its call note.

Shepherdia - A genus of shrubs having silvery scurfy leaves, and belonging to the same family as Elaeagnus; also, any plant of this genus. See Buffalo berry, under Buffalo.

Shola - See Sola.

Siaga - The ahu, or jairou.

Sicca - A seal; a coining die; -- used adjectively to designate the silver currency of the Mogul emperors, or the Indian rupee of 192 grains.

Sida - A genus of malvaceous plants common in the tropics. All the species are mucilaginous, and some have tough ligneous fibers which are used as a substitute for hemp and flax.

Sigillaria - Little images or figures of earthenware exposed for sale, or given as presents, on the last two days of the Saturnalia; hence, the last two, or the sixth and seventh, days of the Saturnalia.

Sigillaria - A genus of fossil trees principally found in the coal formation; -- so named from the seallike leaf scars in vertical rows on the surface.

Sigilla - of Sigillum

Sigla - The signs, abbreviations, letters, or characters standing for words, shorthand, etc., in ancient manuscripts, or on coins, medals, etc.

Sigma - The Greek letter /, /, or / (English S, or s). It originally had the form of the English C.

Signora - Madam; Mrs; -- a title of address or respect among the Italians.

Signorina - Miss; -- a title of address among the Italians.

Silesia - A kind of linen cloth, originally made in Silesia, a province of Prussia.

Silesia - A twilled cotton fabric, used for dress linings.

Silica - Silicon dioxide, SiO/. It constitutes ordinary quartz (also opal and tridymite), and is artifically prepared as a very fine, white, tasteless, inodorous powder.

Silicea - Same as Silicoidea.

Silicioidea - Same as Silicoidea.

Silicoidea - An extensive order of Porifera, which includes those that have the skeleton composed mainly of siliceous fibers or spicules.

Silicula - A silicle.

Siliqua - Same as Silique.

Siliqua - A weight of four grains; a carat; -- a term used by jewelers, and refiners of gold.

Siliquosa - A Linnaean order of plants including those which bear siliques.

Silva - The forest trees of a region or country, considered collectively.

Silva - A description or history of the forest trees of a country.

Sima - A cyma.

Simia - A Linnaean genus of Quadrumana which included the types of numerous modern genera. By modern writers it is usually restricted to the genus which includes the orang-outang.

Simulacra - of Simulacrum

Sinopia - Alt. of Sinopis

Siphonata - A tribe of bivalve mollusks in which the posterior mantle border is prolonged into two tubes or siphons. Called also Siphoniata. See Siphon, 2 (a), and Quahaug.

Siphonia - A former name for a euphorbiaceous genus (Hevea) of South American trees, the principal source of caoutchouc.

Siphoniata - Same as Siphonata.

Siphonia - of Siphonium

Siphonobranchiata - A tribe of gastropods having the mantle border, on one or both sides, prolonged in the form of a spout through which water enters the gill cavity. The shell itself is not always siphonostomatous in this group.

Siphonophora - An order of pelagic Hydrozoa including species which form complex free-swimming communities composed of numerous zooids of various kinds, some of which act as floats or as swimming organs, others as feeding or nutritive zooids, and others as reproductive zooids. See Illust. under Physallia, and Porpita.

Siphonopoda - A division of Scaphopoda including those in which the foot terminates in a circular disk.

Siphonostomata - A tribe of parasitic copepod Crustacea including a large number of species that are parasites of fishes, as the lerneans. They have a mouth adapted to suck blood.

Siphonostomata - An artificial division of gastropods including those that have siphonostomatous shells.

Sipunculacea - A suborder of Gephyrea, including those which have the body unarmed and the intestine opening anteriorly.

Sipunculoidea - Same as Gephyrea.

Sipunculoidea - In a restricted sense, same as Sipunculacea.

Sirenia - An order of large aquatic herbivorous mammals, including the manatee, dugong, rytina, and several fossil genera.

Siserara - Alt. of Siserary

Sitophobia - A version to food; refusal to take nourishment.

Siva - One of the triad of Hindoo gods. He is the avenger or destroyer, and in modern worship symbolizes the reproductive power of nature.

Skua - Any jager gull; especially, the Megalestris skua; -- called also boatswain.

Smegma - The matter secreted by any of the sebaceous glands.

Smegma - The soapy substance covering the skin of newborn infants.

Smegma - The cheesy, sebaceous matter which collects between the glans penis and the foreskin.

Soda - Sodium oxide or hydroxide.

Soda - Popularly, sodium carbonate or bicarbonate.

Sofa - A long seat, usually with a cushioned bottom, back, and ends; -- much used as a comfortable piece of furniture.

Softa - Any one attached to a Mohammedan mosque, esp. a student of the higher branches of theology in a mosque school.

Soja - An Asiatic leguminous herb (Glycine Soja) the seeds of which are used in preparing the sauce called soy.

Sola - See Solus.

Sola - A leguminous plant (Aeschynomene aspera) growing in moist places in Southern India and the East Indies. Its pithlike stem is used for making hats, swimming-jackets, etc.

Solania - Solanine.

Solaria - of Solarium

Solenoconcha - Same as Scaphopoda.

Solenogastra - An order of lowly organized Mollusca belonging to the Isopleura. A narrow groove takes the place of the foot of other gastropods.

Solenoglypha - A suborder of serpents including those which have tubular erectile fangs, as the viper and rattlesnake. See Fang.

Sol-fa - To sing the notes of the gamut, ascending or descending; as, do or ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, do, or the same in reverse order.

Sol-fa - The gamut, or musical scale. See Tonic sol-fa, under Tonic, n.

Solfanaria - A sulphur mine.

Solfatara - A volcanic area or vent which yields only sulphur vapors, steam, and the like. It represents the stages of the volcanic activity.

Solidungula - A tribe of ungulates which includes the horse, ass, and related species, constituting the family Equidae.

Solpugidea - Same as Solifugae.

Sola - Alone; -- chiefly used in stage directions, and the like.

Soma - The whole axial portion of an animal, including the head, neck, trunk, and tail.

Sonata - An extended composition for one or two instruments, consisting usually of three or four movements; as, Beethoven's sonatas for the piano, for the violin and piano, etc.

Sonatina - A short and simple sonata.

Soodra - Same as Sudra.

Soorma - A preparation of antimony with which Mohammedan men anoint their eyelids.

Sophora - A genus of leguminous plants.

Sophora - A tree (Sophora Japonica) of Eastern Asia, resembling the common locust; occasionally planted in the United States.

Sophta - See Softa.

Sopra - Above; before; over; upon.

Sora - A North American rail (Porzana Carolina) common in the Eastern United States. Its back is golden brown, varied with black and white, the front of the head and throat black, the breast and sides of the head and neck slate-colored. Called also American rail, Carolina rail, Carolina crake, common rail, sora rail, soree, meadow chicken, and orto.

Soredia - pl. of Soredium.

Soredia - of Soredium

Sorema - A heap of carpels belonging to one flower.

Spa - A spring or mineral water; -- so called from a place of this name in Belgium.

Spanaemia - A condition of impoverishment of the blood; a morbid state in which the red corpuscles, or other important elements of the blood, are deficient.

Sparada - A small California surf fish (Micrometrus aggregatus); -- called also shiner.

Spatangoidea - An order of irregular sea urchins, usually having a more or less heart-shaped shell with four or five petal-like ambulacra above. The mouth is edentulous and situated anteriorly, on the under side.

Spatha - A spathe.

Spatula - An implement shaped like a knife, flat, thin, and somewhat flexible, used for spreading paints, fine plasters, drugs in compounding prescriptions, etc. Cf. Palette knife, under Palette.

Spectra - of Spectrum

Specula - of Speculum

Spermatheca - A small sac connected with the female reproductive organs of insects and many other invertebrates, serving to receive and retain the spermatozoa.

Spermatia - of Spermatium

Spermatogemma - Same as Spermosphere.

Spermatoa - of Spermatoon

Spermatorrhea - Alt. of Spermatorrhoea

Spermatorrhoea - Abnormally frequent involuntary emission of the semen without copulation.

Spermatozoa - of Spermatozoon

Spermidia - of Spermidium

Spermophyta - Plants which produce seed; phaenogamia. These plants constitute the highest grand division of the vegetable kingdom.

Spermoplasma - The protoplasm of the sperm cell.

Sphaerenchyma - Vegetable tissue composed of thin-walled rounded cells, -- a modification of parenchyma.

Sphaeridia - of Sphaeridium

Spherobacteria - See the Note under Microbacteria.

Spica - A kind of bandage passing, by successive turns and crosses, from an extremity to the trunk; -- so called from its resemblance to a spike of a barley.

Spica - A star of the first magnitude situated in the constellation Virgo.

Spicula - A little spike; a spikelet.

Spicula - A pointed fleshy appendage.

Spina bifida - A congenital malformation in which the spinal column is cleft at its lower portion, and the membranes of the spinal cord project as an elastic swelling from the gap thus formed.

Spiodea - An extensive division of marine Annelida, including those that are without oral tentacles or cirri, and have the gills, when present, mostly arranged along the sides of the body. They generally live in burrows or tubes.

Spiraea - A genus of shrubs or perennial herbs including the meadowsweet and the hardhack.

Spirobacteria - See the Note under Microbacteria.

Spirochaeta - Alt. of Spirochaete

Spirula - A genus of cephalopods having a multilocular, internal, siphunculated shell in the form of a flat spiral, the coils of which are not in contact.

Splenalgia - Pain over the region of the spleen.

Spongida - Spongiae.

Spongilla - A genus of siliceous spongea found in fresh water.

Spongiozoa - See Sponglae.

Sporangia - of Sporangium

Sporidia - of Sporidium

Sporozoa - An extensive division of parasitic Protozoa, which increase by sporulation. It includes the Gregarinida.

Sportula - A gift; a present; a prize; hence, an alms; a largess.

Sputa - of Sputum

Squama - A scale cast off from the skin; a thin dry shred consisting of epithelium.

Squamata - A division of edentates having the body covered with large, imbricated horny scales. It includes the pangolins.

Squamella - A diminutive scale or bractlet, such as those found on the receptacle in many composite plants; a palea.

Squamula - One of the little hypogynous scales found in the flowers of grasses; a lodicule.

Squilla - Any one of numerous stomapod crustaceans of the genus Squilla and allied genera. They make burrows in mud or beneath stones on the seashore. Called also mantis shrimp. See Illust. under Stomapoda.

Stadia - of Stadium

Stamina - of Stamen

Stamina - See Stamen.

Stamina - The fixed, firm part of a body, which supports it or gives it strength and solidity; as, the bones are the stamina of animal bodies; the ligneous parts of trees are the stamina which constitute their strength.

Stamina - Whatever constitutes the principal strength or support of anything; power of endurance; backbone; vigor; as, the stamina of a constitution or of life; the stamina of a State.

Staminodia - of Staminodium

Stanza - A number of lines or verses forming a division of a song or poem, and agreeing in meter, rhyme, number of lines, etc., with other divisions; a part of a poem, ordinarily containing every variation of measure in that poem; a combination or arrangement of lines usually recurring; whether like or unlike, in measure.

Stanza - An apartment or division in a building; a room or chamber.

Stapelia - An extensive and curious genus of African plants of the natural order Asclepiadaceae (Milkweed family). They are succulent plants without leaves, frequently covered with dark tubercles giving them a very grotesque appearance. The odor of the blossoms is like that of carrion.

Staphyloma - A protrusion of any part of the globe of the eye; as, a staphyloma of the cornea.

Statua - A statue.

Stearrhea - seborrhea.

Steatoma - A cyst containing matter like suet.

Steatopyga - A remarkable accretion of fat upon the buttocks of Africans of certain tribes, especially of Hottentot women.

Steganophthalmata - The Discophora, or Phanerocarpae. Called also Steganophthalmia.

Stegocephala - An extinct order of amphibians found fossil in the Mesozoic rocks; called also Stegocephali, and Labyrinthodonta.

Stegosauria - An extinct order of herbivorous dinosaurs, including the genera Stegosaurus, Omosaurus, and their allies.

Stela - A small column or pillar, used as a monument, milestone, etc.

Stellerida - An extensive group of echinoderms, comprising the starfishes and ophiurans.

Stelmatopoda - Same as Gymnolaemata.

Stemmata - of Stemma

Stemma - One of the ocelli of an insect. See Ocellus.

Stemma - One of the facets of a compound eye of any arthropod.

Sterelmintha - Same as Platyelminthes.

Sternebra - One of the segments of the sternum.

Sterna - of Sternum

Stichida - of Stichidium

Stigmata - of Stigma

Stigma - A mark made with a burning iron; a brand.

Stigma - Any mark of infamy or disgrace; sign of moral blemish; stain or reproach caused by dishonorable conduct; reproachful characterization.

Stigma - That part of a pistil which has no epidermis, and is fitted to receive the pollen. It is usually the terminal portion, and is commonly somewhat glutinous or viscid. See Illust. of Stamen and of Flower.

Stigma - A small spot, mark, scar, or a minute hole; -- applied especially to a spot on the outer surface of a Graafian follicle, and to spots of intercellular substance in scaly epithelium, or to minute holes in such spots.

Stigma - A red speck upon the skin, produced either by the extravasation of blood, as in the bloody sweat characteristic of certain varieties of religious ecstasy, or by capillary congestion, as in the case of drunkards.

Stigma - One of the external openings of the tracheae of insects, myriapods, and other arthropods; a spiracle.

Stigma - One of the apertures of the pulmonary sacs of arachnids. See Illust. of Scorpion.

Stigma - One of the apertures of the gill of an ascidian, and of Amphioxus.

Stigma - A point so connected by any law whatever with another point, called an index, that as the index moves in any manner in a plane the first point or stigma moves in a determinate way in the same plane.

Stigma - Marks believed to have been supernaturally impressed upon the bodies of certain persons in imitation of the wounds on the crucified body of Christ. See def. 5, above.

Stigmaria - The fossil root stem of a coal plant of the genus Sigillaria.

Stigmata - pl. of Stigma.

Stipula - A stipule.

Stipula - A newly sprouted feather.

Stola - A long garment, descending to the ankles, worn by Roman women.

Stomata - of Stoma

Stoma - One of the minute apertures between the cells in many serous membranes.

Stoma - The minute breathing pores of leaves or other organs opening into the intercellular spaces, and usually bordered by two contractile cells.

Stoma - The line of dehiscence of the sporangium of a fern. It is usually marked by two transversely elongated cells. See Illust. of Sporangium.

Stoma - A stigma. See Stigma, n., 6 (a) & (b).

Stomapoda - An order of Crustacea including the squillas. The maxillipeds are leglike in form, and the large claws are comblike. They have a large and elongated abdomen, which contains a part of the stomach and heart; the abdominal appendages are large, and bear the gills. Called also Gastrula, Stomatopoda, and Squilloidea.

Stomatoda - A division of Protozoa in which a mouthlike opening exists.

Stomatopoda - Same as Stomapoda.

Syllabaria - of Syllabarium

Tabula - A table; a tablet.

Tabula - One of the transverse plants found in the calicles of certain corals and hydroids.

Tabulata - An artificial group of stony corals including those which have transverse septa in the calicles. The genera Pocillopora and Favosites are examples.

Tacamahaca - A bitter balsamic resin obtained from tropical American trees of the genus Elaphrium (E. tomentosum and E. Tacamahaca), and also from East Indian trees of the genus Calophyllum; also, the resinous exhudation of the balsam poplar.

Tacamahaca - Any tree yielding tacamahac resin, especially, in North America, the balsam poplar, or balm of Gilead (Populus balsamifera).

Tachina - Any one of numerous species of Diptera belonging to Tachina and allied genera. Their larvae are external parasites of other insects.

Tachyglossa - A division of monotremes which comprises the spiny ant-eaters of Australia and New Guinea. See Illust. under Echidna.

Tapoa tafa - A small carnivorous marsupial (Phascogale penicillata) having long, soft fur, and a very long tail with a tuft of long hairs at the end; -- called also brush-tailed phascogale.

Tarantella - A rapid and delirious sort of Neapolitan dance in 6-8 time, which moves in whirling triplets; -- so called from a popular notion of its being a remedy against the poisonous bite of the tarantula. Some derive its name from Taranto in Apulia.

Tarantella - Music suited to such a dance.

Tarantula - Any one of several species of large spiders, popularly supposed to be very venomous, especially the European species (Tarantula apuliae). The tarantulas of Texas and adjacent countries are large species of Mygale.

Tardigrada - A tribe of edentates comprising the sloths. They are noted for the slowness of their movements when on the ground. See Sloth, 3.

Tardigrada - An order of minute aquatic arachnids; -- called also bear animalcules, sloth animalcules, and water bears.

Tarentula - See Tarantula.

Tellina - A genus of marine bivalve mollusks having thin, delicate, and often handsomely colored shells.

Terra - The earth; earth.

Tomenta - of Tomentum

Tomia - of Tomium

Stragula - of Stragulum

Strata - pl. of Stratum.

Strata - of Stratum

Strelitzia - A genus of plants related to the banana, found at the Cape of Good Hope. They have rigid glaucous distichous leaves, and peculiar richly colored flowers.

Strepsiptera - A group of small insects having the anterior wings rudimentary, and in the form of short and slender twisted appendages, while the posterior ones are large and membranous. They are parasitic in the larval state on bees, wasps, and the like; -- called also Rhipiptera. See Illust. under Rhipipter.

Strepsorhina - Same as Lemuroidea.

Streptobacteria - A so-called variety of bacterium, consisting in reality of several bacteria linked together in the form of a chain.

Streptoneura - An extensive division of gastropod Mollusca in which the loop or visceral nerves is twisted, and the sexes separate. It is nearly to equivalent to Prosobranchiata.

Stria - A minute groove, or channel; a threadlike line, as of color; a narrow structural band or line; a striation; as, the striae, or groovings, produced on a rock by a glacier passing over it; the striae on the surface of a shell; a stria of nervous matter in the brain.

Stria - A fillet between the flutes of columns, pilasters, or the like.

Strobila - A form of the larva of certain Discophora in a state of development succeeding the scyphistoma. The body of the strobila becomes elongated, and subdivides transversely into a series of lobate segments which eventually become ephyrae, or young medusae.

Strobila - A mature tapeworm.

Stromata - of Stroma

Stroma - The connective tissue or supporting framework of an organ; as, the stroma of the kidney.

Stroma - The spongy, colorless framework of a red blood corpuscle or other cell.

Stroma - A layer or mass of cellular tissue, especially that part of the thallus of certain fungi which incloses the perithecia.

Strontia - An earth of a white color resembling lime in appearance, and baryta in many of its properties. It is an oxide of the metal strontium.

Struma - Scrofula.

Struma - A cushionlike swelling on any organ; especially, that at the base of the capsule in many mosses.

Struthioidea - Same as Struthiones.

Strychnia - Strychnine.

Stufa - A jet of steam issuing from a fissure in the earth.

Stupa - A mound or monument commemorative of Buddha.

Stupa - See 1st Stupe.

Styca - An anglo-Saxon copper coin of the lowest value, being worth half a farthing.

Stylommata - Same as Stylommatophora.

Stylommatophora - A division of Pulmonata in which the eyes are situated at the tips of the tentacles. It includes the common land snails and slugs. See Illust. under Snail.

Stylopodia - of Stylopodium

Subgenera - of Subgenus

Sublingua - A process or fold below the tongue in some animals.

Submenta - of Submentum

Subpena - See Subpoena.

Subpoena - A writ commanding the attendance in court, as a witness, of the person on whom it is served, under a penalty; the process by which a defendant in equity is commanded to appear and answer the plaintiff's bill.

Subpoena - To serve with a writ of subpoena; to command attendance in court by a legal writ, under a penalty in case of disobedience.

Subsellia - of Subsellium

Substrata - of Substratum

Subumbrella - The integument of the under surface of the bell, or disk-shaped body, of a jellyfish.

Succedanea - of Succedaneum

Succuba - A female demon or fiend. See Succubus.

Succula - A bare axis or cylinder with staves or levers in it to turn it round, but without any drum.

Suctoria - An order of Infusoria having the body armed with somewhat stiff, tubular processes which they use as suckers in obtaining their food. They are usually stalked.

Suctoria - Same as Rhizocephala.

Sudamina - Minute vesicles surrounded by an area of reddened skin, produced by excessive sweating.

Sudatoria - of Sudatorium

Sudra - The lowest of the four great castes among the Hindoos. See Caste.

Sula - A genus of sea birds including the booby and the common gannet.

Sultana - The wife of a sultan; a sultaness.

Sultana - A kind of seedless raisin produced near Smyrna in Asiatic Turkey.

Sunna - A collection of traditions received by the orthodox Mohammedans as of equal authority with the Koran.

Supermaxilla - The supermaxilla.

Superstrata - of Superstatum

Supra - Over; above; before; also, beyond; besides; -- much used as a prefix.

Supramaxilla - The upper jaw or maxilla.

Sura - One of the sections or chapters of the Koran, which are one hundred and fourteen in number.

Suspensoria - of Suspensorium

Sutra - A precept; an aphorism; a brief rule.

Sutra - A collection of such aphorisms.

Sutra - A body of Hindoo literature containing aphorisms on grammar, meter, law, and philosophy, and forming a connecting link between the Vedic and later Sanscrit literature.

Swa - So.

Swietenia - A genus of meliaceous trees consisting of one species (Sweitenia Mahogoni), the mahogany tree.

Sylva - Same as Silva.

Symphyla - An order of small apterous insects having an elongated body, with three pairs of thoracic and about nine pairs of abdominal legs. They are, in many respects, intermediate between myriapods and true insects.

Sympodia - of Sympodium

Symposia - of Symposium

Synalepha - A contraction of syllables by suppressing some vowel or diphthong at the end of a word, before another vowel or diphthong; as, th' army, for the army.

Synaloepha - Same as Synalepha.

Synangia - of Synangium

Synapta - A genus of slender, transparent holothurians which have delicate calcareous anchors attached to the dermal plates. See Illustration in Appendix.

Synapticula - One of numerous calcareous processes which extend between, and unite, the adjacent septa of certain corals, especially of the fungian corals.

Synarthrodia - Synarthrosis.

Syncarpia - of Syncarpium

Synclinoria - of Synclinorium

Syncitia - of Syncytium

Synechia - A disease of the eye, in which the iris adheres to the cornea or to the capsule of the crystalline lens.

Syngenesia - A Linnaean class of plants in which the stamens are united by the anthers.

Synocha - See Synochus.

Synonyma - Synonyms.

Synovia - A transparent, viscid, lubricating fluid which contains mucin and secreted by synovial membranes; synovial fluid.

Syringa - A genus of plants; the lilac.

Syringa - The mock orange; -- popularly so called because its stems were formerly used as pipestems.

Syrma - A long dress, trailing on the floor, worn by tragic actors in Greek and Roman theaters.

Ta - To take.

Taenia - A genus of intestinal worms which includes the common tapeworms of man. See Tapeworm.

Taenia - A band; a structural line; -- applied to several bands and lines of nervous matter in the brain.

Taenia - The fillet, or band, at the bottom of a Doric frieze, separating it from the architrave.

Taeniada - Same as Taenioidea.

Taeniata - A division of Ctenophora including those which have a long, ribbonlike body. The Venus's girdle is the most familiar example.

Taenidia - of Taenidium

Taenioglossa - An extensive division of gastropod mollusks in which the odontophore is long and narrow, and usually bears seven rows of teeth. It includes a large number of families both marine and fresh-water.

Taenioidea - The division of cestode worms which comprises the tapeworms. See Tapeworm.

Taeniola - One of the radial partitions which separate the internal cavities of certain medusae.

Taffeta - Alt. of Taffety

Tafia - A variety of rum.

Taglia - A peculiar combination of pulleys.

Taha - The African rufous-necked weaver bird (Hyphantornis texor).

Taira - Same as Tayra.

Talaria - Small wings or winged shoes represented as fastened to the ankles, -- chiefly used as an attribute of Mercury.

Talegalla - A genus of Australian birds which includes the brush turkey. See Brush turkey.

Talma - A kind of large cape, or short, full cloak, forming part of the dress of ladies.

Talma - A similar garment worn formerly by gentlemen.

Talpa - A genus of small insectivores including the common European mole.

Tana - Same as Banxring.

Tanghinia - The ordeal tree. See under Ordeal.

Tanka - A kind of boat used in Canton. It is about 25 feet long and is often rowed by women. Called also tankia.

Tankia - See Tanka.

Tanystomata - A division of dipterous insects in which the proboscis is large and contains lancelike mandibles and maxillae. The horseflies and robber flies are examples.

Tapa - A kind of cloth prepared by the Polynesians from the inner bark of the paper mulberry; -- sometimes called also kapa.

Taphrenchyma - Same as Bothrenchyma.

Tapioca - A coarsely granular substance obtained by heating, and thus partly changing, the moistened starch obtained from the roots of the cassava. It is much used in puddings and as a thickening for soups. See Cassava.

Tarsalia - of Tarsale

Tarsia - Alt. of Tarsiatura

Tarsiatura - A kind of mosaic in woodwork, much employed in Italy in the fifteenth century and later, in which scrolls and arabesques, and sometimes architectural scenes, landscapes, fruits, flowers, and the like, were produced by inlaying pieces of wood of different colors and shades into panels usually of walnut wood.

Tataupa - A South American tinamou (Crypturus tataupa).

Tatta - A bamboo frame or trellis hung at a door or window of a house, over which water is suffered to trickle, in order to moisten and cool the air as it enters.

Taurocolla - Glue made from a bull's hide.

Taxeopoda - An order of extinct Mammalia found in the Tertiary formations.

Tayra - A South American carnivore (Galera barbara) allied to the grison. The tail is long and thick. The length, including the tail, is about three feet.

Tazza - An ornamental cup or vase with a large, flat, shallow bowl, resting on a pedestal and often having handles.

Tchawytcha - The quinnat salmon.

Tea - The prepared leaves of a shrub, or small tree (Thea, / Camellia, Chinensis). The shrub is a native of China, but has been introduced to some extent into some other countries.

Tea - A decoction or infusion of tea leaves in boiling water; as, tea is a common beverage.

Tea - Any infusion or decoction, especially when made of the dried leaves of plants; as, sage tea; chamomile tea; catnip tea.

Tea - The evening meal, at which tea is usually served; supper.

Tea - To take or drink tea.

Tectibranchia - Same as Tectibranchiata.

Tectibranchiata - An order, or suborder, of gastropod Mollusca in which the gills are usually situated on one side of the back, and protected by a fold of the mantle. When there is a shell, it is usually thin and delicate and often rudimentary. The aplysias and the bubble shells are examples.

Tegmina - of Tegmen

Tegmenta - of Tegmentum

Tegula - A small appendage situated above the base of the wings of Hymenoptera and attached to the mesonotum.

Telotrocha - An annelid larva having telotrochal bands of cilia.

Tempera - A mode or process of painting; distemper.

Tenacula - of Tenaculum

Tenia - See Taenia.

Tentaculata - A division of Ctenophora including those which have two long tentacles.

Tentaculifera - Same as Suctoria, 1.

Tentacula - of Tentaculum

Tephrosia - A genus of leguminous shrubby plants and herbs, mostly found in tropical countries, a few herbaceous species being North American. The foliage is often ashy-pubescent, whence the name.

Tequila - An intoxicating liquor made from the maguey in the district of Tequila, Mexico.

Teratoma - A tumor, sometimes found in newborn children, which is made up of a heterigenous mixture of tissues, as of bone, cartilage and muscle.

Terebra - A genus of marine gastropods having a long, tapering spire. They belong to the Toxoglossa. Called also auger shell.

Terebra - The boring ovipositor of a hymenopterous insect.

Terebrantia - A division of Hymenoptera including those which have an ovipositor adapted for perforating plants. It includes the sawflies.

Terebratula - A genus of brachiopods which includes many living and some fossil species. The larger valve has a perforated beak, through which projects a short peduncle for attachment. Called also lamp shell.

Terga - of Tergum

Terma - The terminal lamina, or thin ventral part, of the anterior wall of the third ventricle of the brain.

Terminalia - A festival celebrated annually by the Romans on February 23 in honor of Terminus, the god of boundaries.

Terza rima - A peculiar and complicated system of versification, borrowed by the early Italian poets from the Troubadours.

Tessellata - A division of Crinoidea including numerous fossil species in which the body is covered with tessellated plates.

Tessera - A small piece of marble, glass, earthenware, or the like, having a square, or nearly square, face, used by the ancients for mosaic, as for making pavements, for ornamenting walls, and like purposes; also, a similar piece of ivory, bone, wood, etc., used as a ticket of admission to theaters, or as a certificate for successful gladiators, and as a token for various other purposes.

Testa - The external hard or firm covering of many invertebrate animals.

Testa - The outer integument of a seed; the episperm, or spermoderm.

Testacea - Invertebrate animals covered with shells, especially mollusks; shellfish.

Testudinata - An order of reptiles which includes the turtles and tortoises. The body is covered by a shell consisting of an upper or dorsal shell, called the carapace, and a lower or ventral shell, called the plastron, each of which consists of several plates.

Tethyodea - A division of Tunicata including the common attached ascidians, both simple and compound. Called also Tethioidea.

Tetrabranchiata - An order of Cephalopoda having four gills. Among living species it includes only the pearly nautilus. Numerous genera and species are found in the fossil state, such as Ammonites, Baculites, Orthoceras, etc.

Tetracoralla - Same as Rugosa.

Tetractinellida - A division of Spongiae in which the spicules are siliceous and have four branches diverging at right angles. Called also Tetractinellinae.

Tetradecapoda - Same as Arthrostraca.

Tetradrachma - A silver coin among the ancient Greeks, of the value of four drachms.

Tetradynamia - A Linnaean class of plants having six stamens, four of which are longer than the others.

Tetragynia - A Linnaean order of plants having four styles.

Tetramera - A division of Coleoptera having, apparently, only four tarsal joints, one joint being rudimentary.

Tetrandria - A Linnaean class of plants having four stamens.

Tetrapla - A Bible consisting of four different Greek versions arranged in four columns by Origen; hence, any version in four languages or four columns.

Tetraneumona - A division of Arachnida including those spiders which have four lungs, or pulmonary sacs. It includes the bird spiders (Mygale) and the trapdoor spiders. See Mygale.

Thalamophora - Same as Foraminifera.

Thalia - That one of the nine Muses who presided over comedy.

Thalia - One of the three Graces.

Thalia - One of the Nereids.

Thaliacea - A division of Tunicata comprising the free-swimming species, such as Salpa and Doliolum.

Thea - A genus of plants found in China and Japan; the tea plant.

Theca - A sheath; a case; as, the theca, or cell, of an anther; the theca, or spore case, of a fungus; the theca of the spinal cord.

Theca - The chitinous cup which protects the hydranths of certain hydroids.

Theca - The more or less cuplike calicle of a coral.

Theca - The wall forming a calicle of a coral.

Thecata - Same as Thecophora.

Thecla - Any one of many species of small delicately colored butterflies belonging to Thecla and allied genera; -- called also hairstreak, and elfin.

Thecodontia - A group of fossil saurians having biconcave vertebrae and the teeth implanted in sockets.

Thecophora - A division of hydroids comprising those which have the hydranths in thecae and the gonophores in capsules. The campanularians and sertularians are examples. Called also Thecata. See Illust. under Hydroidea.

Thecosomata - An order of Pteropoda comprising those species which have a shell. See Pteropoda.

Theobroma - A genus of small trees. See Cacao.

Theorica - Public moneys expended at Athens on festivals, sacrifices, and public entertainments (especially theatrical performances), and in gifts to the people; -- also called theoric fund.

Theriaca - An ancient composition esteemed efficacious against the effects of poison; especially, a certain compound of sixty-four drugs, prepared, pulverized, and reduced by means of honey to an electuary; -- called also theriaca Andromachi, and Venice treacle.

Theriaca - Treacle; molasses.

Theriodonta - Same as Theriodontia.

Theriodontia - An extinct order of reptiles found in the Permian and Triassic formations in South Africa. In some respects they resembled carnivorous mammals. Called also Theromorpha.

Theromorpha - See Theriodonta.

Theropoda - An order of carnivorous dinosaurs in which the feet are less birdlike, and hence more like those of an ordinary quadruped, than in the Ornithopoda. It includes the rapacious genera Megalosaurus, Creosaurus, and their allies.

Theta - A letter of the Greek alphabet corresponding to th in English; -- sometimes called the unlucky letter, from being used by the judges on their ballots in passing condemnation on a prisoner, it being the first letter of the Greek qa`natos, death.

Thoracica - A division of cirripeds including those which have six thoracic segments, usually bearing six pairs of cirri. The common barnacles are examples.

Thoracostraca - An extensive division of Crustacea, having a dorsal shield or carapec/ //niting all, or nearly all, of the thoracic somites to the head. It includes the crabs, lobsters, shrimps, and similar species.

Thoria - A rare white earthy substance, consisting of the oxide of thorium; -- formerly called also thorina.

Thuja - A genus of evergreen trees, thickly branched, remarkable for the distichous arrangement of their branches, and having scalelike, closely imbricated, or compressed leaves.

Thulia - Oxide of thulium.

Thuya - Same as Thuja.

Thysanoptera - A division of insects, considered by some writers a distinct order, but regarded by others as belonging to the Hemiptera. They are all of small size, and have narrow, broadly fringed wings with rudimentary nervures. Most of the species feed upon the juices of plants, and some, as those which attack grain, are very injurious to crops. Called also Physopoda. See Thrips.

Thysanura - An order of wingless hexapod insects which have setiform caudal appendages, either bent beneath the body to form a spring, or projecting as bristles. It comprises the Cinura, or bristletails, and the Collembola, or springtails. Called also Thysanoura. See Lepisma, and Podura.

Tiara - A form of headdress worn by the ancient Persians. According to Xenophon, the royal tiara was encircled with a diadem, and was high and erect, while those of the people were flexible, or had rims turned over.

Tiara - The pope's triple crown. It was at first a round, high cap, but was afterward encompassed with a crown, subsequently with a second, and finally with a third. Fig.: The papal dignity.

Tibia - The inner, or preaxial, and usually the larger, of the two bones of the leg or hind limb below the knee.

Tibia - The fourth joint of the leg of an insect. See Illust. under Coleoptera, and under Hexapoda.

Tibia - A musical instrument of the flute kind, originally made of the leg bone of an animal.

Tibialia - of Tibiale

Ticpolonga - A very venomous viper (Daboia Russellii), native of Ceylon and India; -- called also cobra monil.

Tigella - That part of an embryo which represents the young stem; the caulicle or radicle.

Tillandsia - A genus of epiphytic endogenous plants found in the Southern United States and in tropical America. Tillandsia usneoides, called long moss, black moss, Spanish moss, and Florida moss, has a very slender pendulous branching stem, and forms great hanging tufts on the branches of trees. It is often used for stuffing mattresses.

Tillodontia - An extinct group of Mammalia found fossil in the Eocene formation. The species are related to the carnivores, ungulates, and rodents. Called also Tillodonta.

Tinea - A name applied to various skin diseases, but especially to ringworm. See Ringworm, and Sycosis.

Tinea - A genus of small Lepidoptera, including the clothes moths and carpet moths.

Tipula - Any one of many species of long-legged dipterous insects belonging to Tipula and allied genera. They have long and slender bodies. See Crane fly, under Crane.

Tirma - The oyster catcher.

Tirralirra - A verbal imitation of a musical sound, as of the note of a lark or a horn.

Tiza - See Ulexite.

Toccata - An old form of piece for the organ or harpsichord, somewhat in the free and brilliant style of the prelude, fantasia, or capriccio.

Toga - The loose outer garment worn by the ancient Romans, consisting of a single broad piece of woolen cloth of a shape approaching a semicircle. It was of undyed wool, except the border of the toga praetexta.

Tola - A weight of British India. The standard tola is equal to 180 grains.

Tonga - A drug useful in neuralgia, derived from a Fijian plant supposed to be of the aroid genus Epipremnum.

Tormina - acute, colicky pains; gripes.

Tornaria - The peculiar free swimming larva of Balanoglossus. See Illust. in Append.

Torta - a flat heap of moist, crushed silver ore, prepared for the patio process.

Tortilla - An unleavened cake, as of maize flour, baked on a heated iron or stone.

Torula - A chain of special bacteria. (b) A genus of budding fungi. Same as Saccharomyces. Also used adjectively.

Tota - The grivet.

Tox/mia - Blood poisoning. See under Blood.

Toxicomania - Toxiphobia.

Toxicomania - An insane desire for intoxicating or poisonous drugs, as alcohol or opium.

Toxifera - Same as Toxoglossa.

Toxiphobia - An insane or greatly exaggerated dread of poisons.

Toxodonta - An extinct order of Mammalia found in the South American Tertiary formation. The incisor teeth were long and curved and provided with a persistent pulp. They are supposed to be related both to the rodents and ungulates. Called also Toxodontia.

Toxoglossa - A division of marine gastropod mollusks in which the radula are converted into poison fangs. The cone shells (Conus), Pleurotoma, and Terebra, are examples. See Illust. of Cone, n., 4, Pleurotoma, and Terebra.

Trabea - A toga of purple, or ornamented with purple horizontal stripes. -- worn by kings, consuls, and augurs.

Trabecula - A small bar, rod, bundle of fibers, or septal membrane, in the framework of an organ part.

Trachea - The windpipe. See Illust. of Lung.

Trachea - One of the respiratory tubes of insects and arachnids.

Trachea - One of the large cells in woody tissue which have spiral, annular, or other markings, and are connected longitudinally so as to form continuous ducts.

Trachearia - A division of Arachnida including those that breathe only by means of tracheae. It includes the mites, ticks, false scorpions, and harvestmen.

Tracheata - An extensive division of arthropods comprising all those which breathe by tracheae, as distinguished from Crustacea, which breathe by means of branchiae.

Trachelipoda - An extensive artificial group of gastropods comprising all those which have a spiral shell and the foot attached to the base of the neck.

Trachenchyma - A vegetable tissue consisting of tracheae.

Tracheobranchia - One of the gill-like breathing organs of certain aquatic insect larvae. They contain tracheal tubes somewhat similar to those of other insects.

Trachystomata - An order of tailed aquatic amphibians, including Siren and Pseudobranchus. They have anterior legs only, are eel-like in form, and have no teeth except a small patch on the palate. The external gills are persistent through life.

Tradescantia - A genus including spiderwort and Wandering Jew.

Urostea - of Urosteon

Ursa - Either one of the Bears. See the Phrases below.

Ursula - A beautiful North American butterfly (Basilarchia, / Limenitis, astyanax). Its wings are nearly black with red and blue spots and blotches. Called also red-spotted purple.

Urtica - A genus of plants including the common nettles. See Nettle, n.

Urticaria - The nettle rash, a disease characterized by a transient eruption of red pimples and of wheals, accompanied with a burning or stinging sensation and with itching; uredo.

Urva - The crab-eating ichneumon (Herpestes urva), native of India. The fur is black, annulated with white at the tip of each hair, and a white streak extends from the mouth to the shoulder.

Victoria - A genus of aquatic plants named in honor of Queen Victoria. The Victoria regia is a native of Guiana and Brazil. Its large, spreading leaves are often over five feet in diameter, and have a rim from three to five inches high; its immense rose-white flowers sometimes attain a diameter of nearly two feet.

Victoria - A kind of low four-wheeled pleasure carriage, with a calash top, designed for two persons and the driver who occupies a high seat in front.

Victoria - An asteroid discovered by Hind in 1850; -- called also Clio.

Vicua - Alt. of Vicugna

Vicugna - A South American mammal (Auchenia vicunna) native of the elevated plains of the Andes, allied to the llama but smaller. It has a thick coat of very fine reddish brown wool, and long, pendent white hair on the breast and belly. It is hunted for its wool and flesh.

Vidonia - A dry white wine, of a tart flavor, produced in Teneriffe; -- called also Teneriffe.

Vizcacha - Same as Viscacha.

Trapezia - of Trapezium

Trehala - An amorphous variety of manna obtained from the nests and cocoons of a Syrian coleopterous insect (Larinus maculatus, L. nidificans, etc.) which feeds on the foliage of a variety of thistle. It is used as an article of food, and is called also nest sugar.

Trematodea - An extensive order of parasitic worms. They are found in the internal cavities of animals belonging to all classes. Many species are found, also, on the gills and skin of fishes. A few species are parasitic on man, and some, of which the fluke is the most important, are injurious parasites of domestic animals. The trematodes usually have a flattened body covered with a chitinous skin, and are furnished with two or more suckers for adhesion. Most of the species are hermaphrodite. Called also Trematoda, and Trematoidea. See Fluke, Tristoma, and Cercaria.

Tremella - A genus of gelatinous fungi found in moist grounds.

Triandria - A Linnaean class of plants having three distinct and equal stamens.

Trica - An apothecium in certain lichens, having a spherical surface marked with spiral or concentric ridges and furrows.

Trichina - A small, slender nematoid worm (Trichina spiralis) which, in the larval state, is parasitic, often in immense numbers, in the voluntary muscles of man, the hog, and many other animals. When insufficiently cooked meat containing the larvae is swallowed by man, they are liberated and rapidly become adult, pair, and the ovoviviparous females produce in a short time large numbers of young which find their way into the muscles, either directly, or indirectly by means of the blood. Their presence in the muscles and the intestines in large numbers produces trichinosis.

Trichobranchia - The gill of a crustacean in which the branchial filaments are slender and cylindrical, as in the crawfishes.

Trichoptera - A suborder of Neuroptera usually having the wings covered with minute hairs. It comprises the caddice flies, and is considered by some to be a distinct order.

Triclinia - of Triclinium

Tridacna - A genus of very large marine bivalve shells found on the coral reefs of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. One species (T. gigas) often weighs four or five hundred pounds, and is sometimes used for baptismal fonts. Called also paw shell, and fountain shell.

Trigonia - A genus of pearly bivalve shells, numerous extinct species of which are characteristic of the Mesozoic rocks. A few living species exist on the coast of Australia.

Trigynia - A Linnaean order of plants having three pistils or styles.

Trilemma - A syllogism with three conditional propositions, the major premises of which are disjunctively affirmed in the minor. See Dilemma.

Trilemma - A state of things in which it is difficult to determine which one of three courses to pursue.

Trilobita - An extinct order of arthropods comprising the trilobites.

Trimera - A division of Coleoptera including those which have but three joints in the tarsi.

Tringa - A genus of limicoline birds including many species of sandpipers. See Dunlin, Knot, and Sandpiper.

Tri/cia - The third order of the Linnaean class Polygamia.

Trionychoidea - A division of chelonians which comprises Trionyx and allied genera; -- called also Trionychoides, and Trionychina.

Triquetra - of Triquetrum

Tristoma - Any one of numerous species of trematode worms belonging to Tristoma and allied genera having a large posterior sucker and two small anterior ones. They usually have broad, thin, and disklike bodies, and are parasite on the gills and skin of fishes.

Tritova - of Tritovum

Trochlea - A pulley.

Trochlea - A pulley, or a structure resembling a pulley; as, the trochlea, or pulleylike end, of the humerus, which articulates with the ulna; or the trochlea, or fibrous ring, in the upper part of the orbit, through which the superior oblique, or trochlear, muscle of the eye passes.

Trona - A native double salt, consisting of a combination of neutral and acid sodium carbonate, Na2CO3.2HNaCO3.2H2O, occurring as a white crystalline fibrous deposit from certain soda brine springs and lakes; -- called also urao, and by the ancients nitrum.

Tsarina - Alt. of Tsaritsa

Tsaritsa - The title of the empress of Russia. See Czarina.

Tuatera - See Hatteria.

Tuba - An ancient trumpet.

Tuba - A sax-tuba. See Sax-tuba.

Tubercula - of Tuberculum

Tubipora - A genus of halcyonoids in which the skeleton, or coral (called organ-pipe coral), consists of a mass of parallel cylindrical tubes united at intervals by transverse plates. These corals are usually red or purple and form large masses. They are natives of the tropical parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Tubularia - A genus of hydroids having large, naked, flowerlike hydranths at the summits of long, slender, usually simple, stems. The gonophores are small, and form clusters at the bases of the outer tentacles.

Tubularida - An extensive division of Hydroidea; the tubularians; -- called also Athecata, Gymnoblastea, and Tubulariae.

Tubulibranchiata - A group of gastropod mollusks having a tubular shell. Vermetus is an example.

Tucuma - A Brazilian palm (Astrocaryum Tucuma) which furnishes an edible fruit.

Tufa - A soft or porous stone formed by depositions from water, usually calcareous; -- called also calcareous tufa.

Tufa - A friable volcanic rock or conglomerate, formed of consolidated cinders, or scoria.

Tuf-taffeta - A silk fabric formerly in use, having a nap or pile.

Tulipomania - A violent passion for the acquisition or cultivation of tulips; -- a word said by Beckman to have been coined by Menage.

Tuna - The Opuntia Tuna. See Prickly pear, under Prickly.

Tuna - The tunny.

Tuna - The bonito, 2.

Tundra - A rolling, marshy, mossy plain of Northern Siberia.

Tunicata - A grand division of the animal kingdom, intermediate, in some respects, between the invertebrates and vertebrates, and by some writers united with the latter. They were formerly classed with acephalous mollusks. The body is usually covered with a firm external tunic, consisting in part of cellulose, and having two openings, one for the entrance and one for the exit of water. The pharynx is usually dilated in the form of a sac, pierced by several series of ciliated slits, and serves as a gill.

Turbellaria - An extensive group of worms which have the body covered externally with vibrating cilia. It includes the Rhabdoc/la and Dendroc/la. Formerly, the nemerteans were also included in this group.

Turbinella - A genus of large marine gastropods having a thick heavy shell with conspicuous folds on the columella.

Turritella - Any spiral marine gastropod belonging to Turritella and allied genera. These mollusks have an elongated, turreted shell, composed of many whorls. They have a rounded aperture, and a horny multispiral operculum.

Tuza - The tucan.

Tylopoda - A tribe of ungulates comprising the camels.

Tympana - of Tympanum

Typhomania - A low delirium common in typhus fever.

Tzarina - Alt. of Tzaritza

Tzaritza - The empress of Russia. See Czarina.

Ulema - A college or corporation in Turkey composed of the hierarchy, namely, the imams, or ministers of religion, the muftis, or doctors of law, and the cadis, or administrators of justice.

Ulna - The postaxial bone of the forearm, or branchium, corresponding to the fibula of the hind limb. See Radius.

Ulna - An ell; also, a yard.

Ulnaria - of Ulnare

Ulonata - A division of insects nearly equivalent to the true Orthoptera.

Ultima - Most remote; furthest; final; last.

Ultima - The last syllable of a word.

Ultimata - of Ultimatum

Ultra - Going beyond others, or beyond due limit; extreme; fanatical; uncompromising; as, an ultra reformer; ultra measures.

Ultra - One who advocates extreme measures; an ultraist; an extremist; a radical.

Ulula - A genus of owls including the great gray owl (Ulula cinerea) of Arctic America, and other similar species. See Illust. of Owl.

Ulva - A genus of thin papery bright green seaweeds including the kinds called sea lettuce.

Umbellularia - A genus of deep-sea alcyonaria consisting of a cluster of large flowerlike polyps situated at the summit of a long, slender stem which stands upright in the mud, supported by a bulbous base.

Umbra - The conical shadow projected from a planet or satellite, on the side opposite to the sun, within which a spectator could see no portion of the sun's disk; -- used in contradistinction from penumbra. See Penumbra.

Umbra - The central dark portion, or nucleus, of a sun spot.

Umbra - The fainter part of a sun spot; -- now more commonly called penumbra.

Umbra - Any one of several species of sciaenoid food fishes of the genus Umbrina, especially the Mediterranean species (U. cirrhosa), which is highly esteemed as a market fish; -- called also ombre, and umbrine.

Umbrella - A shade, screen, or guard, carried in the hand for sheltering the person from the rays of the sun, or from rain or snow. It is formed of silk, cotton, or other fabric, extended on strips of whalebone, steel, or other elastic material, inserted, or fastened to, a rod or stick by means of pivots or hinges, in such a way as to allow of being opened and closed with ease. See Parasol.

Umbrella - The umbrellalike disk, or swimming bell, of a jellyfish.

Umbrella - Any marine tectibranchiate gastropod of the genus Umbrella, having an umbrella-shaped shell; -- called also umbrella shell.

Uncia - A twelfth part, as of the Roman as; an ounce.

Uncia - A numerical coefficient in any particular case of the binomial theorem.

Uncinata - A division of marine chaetopod annelids which are furnished with uncini, as the serpulas and sabellas.

Understrata - of Understratum

Ungka - The siamang; -- called also ungka ape.

Unguiculata - An extensive division of Mammalia including those having claws or nails, as distinguished from the hoofed animals (Ungulata).

Ungula - A hoof, claw, or talon.

Ungula - A section or part of a cylinder, cone, or other solid of revolution, cut off by a plane oblique to the base; -- so called from its resemblance to the hoof of a horse.

Ungula - Same as Unguis, 3.

Ungulata - An extensive group of mammals including all those that have hoofs. It comprises the Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla.

Unipara - A woman who has borne one child.

Univalvia - Same as Gastropoda.

Upupa - A genus of birds which includes the common hoopoe.

Uraemia - Accumulation in the blood of the principles of the urine, producing dangerous disease.

Urania - One of the nine Muses, daughter of Zeus by Mnemosyne, and patron of astronomy.

Urania - A genus of large, brilliantly colored moths native of the West Indies and South America. Their bright colored and tailed hind wings and their diurnal flight cause them to closely resemble butterflies.

Uranometria - A uranometry.

Urea - A very soluble crystalline body which is the chief constituent of the urine in mammals and some other animals. It is also present in small quantity in blood, serous fluids, lymph, the liver, etc.

Urethra - The canal by which the urine is conducted from the bladder and discharged.

Urocerata - A division of boring Hymenoptera, including Tremex and allied genera. See Illust. of Horntail.

Urochorda - Same as Tunicata.

Urodela - An order of amphibians having the tail well developed and often long. It comprises the salamanders, tritons, and allied animals.

Usnea - A genus of lichens, most of the species of which have long, gray, pendulous, and finely branched fronds. Usnea barbata is the common bearded lichen which grows on branches of trees in northern forests.

Utia - Any species of large West Indian rodents of the genus Capromys, or Utia. In general appearance and habits they resemble rats, but they are as large as rabbits.

Utica - Of, pertaining to, or designating, a subdivision of the Trenton Period of the Lower Silurian, characterized in the State of New York by beds of shale.

Utopia - An imaginary island, represented by Sir Thomas More, in a work called Utopia, as enjoying the greatest perfection in politics, laws, and the like. See Utopia, in the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction.

Utopia - Hence, any place or state of ideal perfection.

Utricularia - A genus of aquatic flowering plants, in which the submersed leaves bear many little utricles, or ascidia. See Ascidium,

Uva - A small pulpy or juicy fruit containing several seeds and having a thin skin, as a grape.

Uvea - The posterior pigmented layer of the iris; -- sometimes applied to the whole iris together with the choroid coat.

Uvula - The pendent fleshy lobe in the middle of the posterior border of the soft palate.

Uzema - A Burman measure of twelve miles. V () V, the twenty-second letter of the English alphabet, is a vocal consonant. V and U are only varieties of the same character, U being the cursive form, while V is better adapted for engraving, as in stone. The two letters were formerly used indiscriminately, and till a comparatively recent date words containing them were often classed together in dictionaries and other books of reference (see U). The letter V is from the Latin alphabet, where it was used both as a consonant (about like English w) and as a vowel. The Latin derives it from it from a form (V) of the Greek vowel / (see Y), this Greek letter being either from the same Semitic letter as the digamma F (see F), or else added by the Greeks to the alphabet which they took from the Semitic. Etymologically v is most nearly related to u, w, f, b, p; as in vine, wine; avoirdupois, habit, have; safe, save; trover, troubadour, trope. See U, F, etc.

Vaccina - Vaccinia.

Vaccinia - Cowpox; vaccina. See Cowpox.

Vacuna - The goddess of rural leisure, to whom the husbandmen sacrificed at the close of the harvest. She was especially honored by the Sabines.

Vacua - of Vacuum

Vagina - A sheath; a theca; as, the vagina of the portal vein.

Vagina - Specifically, the canal which leads from the uterus to the external orifice if the genital canal, or to the cloaca.

Vagina - The terminal part of the oviduct in insects and various other invertebrates. See Illust., of Spermatheca.

Vagina - The basal expansion of certain leaves, which inwraps the stem; a sheath.

Vagina - The shaft of a terminus, from which the bust of figure seems to issue or arise.

Vaginicola - A genus of Infusoria which form minute vaselike or tubular cases in which they dwell.

Vaginula - A little sheath, as that about the base of the pedicel of most mosses.

Vaginula - One of the tubular florets in composite flowers.

Vaishnava - A worshiper of the god Vishnu in any of his incarnations.

Vaisya - The third of the four great original castes among the Hindus, now either extinct or partially represented by the mercantile class of Banyas. See the Note under Caste, 1.

Valencia - A kind of woven fabric for waistcoats, having the weft of wool and the warp of silk or cotton.

Valentia - See Valencia.

Valhalla - The palace of immortality, inhabited by the souls of heroes slain in battle.

Valhalla - Fig.: A hall or temple adorned with statues and memorials of a nation's heroes; specifically, the Pantheon near Ratisbon, in Bavaria, consecrated to the illustrious dead of all Germany.

Valkyria - One of the maidens of Odin, represented as awful and beautiful, who presided over battle and marked out those who were to be slain, and who also ministered at the feasts of heroes in Valhalla.

Vallecula - A groove; a fossa; as, the vallecula, or fossa, which separates the hemispheres of the cerebellum.

Vallecula - One of the grooves, or hollows, between the ribs of the fruit of umbelliferous plants.

Valla - of Vallum

Valonia - The acorn cup of two kinds of oak (Quercus macrolepis, and Q. vallonea) found in Eastern Europe. It contains abundance of tannin, and is much used by tanners and dyers.

Valonia - A genus of marine green algae, in which the whole frond consists of a single oval or cylindrical cell, often an inch in length.

Valvata - A genus of small spiral fresh-water gastropods having an operculum.

Valvula - A little valve or fold; a valvelet; a valvule.

Vanessa - Any one of numerous species of handsomely colored butterflies belonging to Vanessa and allied genera. Many of these species have the edges of the wings irregularly scalloped.

Vanilla - A genus of climbing orchidaceous plants, natives of tropical America.

Vanilla - The long podlike capsules of Vanilla planifolia, and V. claviculata, remarkable for their delicate and agreeable odor, for the volatile, odoriferous oil extracted from them; also, the flavoring extract made from the capsules, extensively used in confectionery, perfumery, etc.

Vara - A Spanish measure of length equal to about one yard. The vara now in use equals 33.385 inches.

Varicella - Chicken pox.

Variola - The smallpox.

Varuna - The god of the waters; the Indian Neptune. He is regarded as regent of the west, and lord of punishment, and is represented as riding on a sea monster, holding in his hand a snaky cord or noose with which to bind offenders, under water.

Vasa - of Vas

Vasa deferentia - of Vas

Vascula - of Vasculum

Veda - The ancient sacred literature of the Hindus; also, one of the four collections, called Rig-Veda, Yajur-Veda, Sama-Veda, and Atharva-Veda, constituting the most ancient portions of that literature.

Vedanta - A system of philosophy among the Hindus, founded on scattered texts of the Vedas, and thence termed the "Anta," or end or substance.

Vega - A brilliant star of the first magnitude, the brightest of those constituting the constellation Lyra.

Velaria - of Velarium

Velella - Any species of oceanic Siphonophora belonging to the genus Velella.

Vela - of Velum

Velutina - Any one of several species of marine gastropods belonging to Velutina and allied genera.

Vena - A vein.

Venada - The pudu.

Venatica - See Vinatico.

Vendetta - A blood feud; private revenge for the murder of a kinsman.

Veneracea - An extensive tribe of bivalve mollusks of which the genus Venus is the type. The shells are usually oval, or somewhat heartshaped, with a conspicuous lunule. See Venus.

Veranda - An open, roofed gallery or portico, adjoining a dwelling house, forming an out-of-door sitting room. See Loggia.

Veratria - Veratrine.

Veratrina - Same as Veratrine.

Verbena - A genus of herbaceous plants of which several species are extensively cultivated for the great beauty of their flowers; vervain.

Vermiformia - A tribe of worms including Phoronis. See Phoronis.

Vermilinguia - A tribe of edentates comprising the South American ant-eaters. The tongue is long, slender, exsertile, and very flexible, whence the name.

Vermilinguia - A tribe of Old World lizards which comprises the chameleon. They have long, flexible tongues.

Veronica - A portrait or representation of the face of our Savior on the alleged handkerchief of Saint Veronica, preserved at Rome; hence, a representation of this portrait, or any similar representation of the face of the Savior. Formerly called also Vernacle, and Vernicle.

Veronica - A genus scrophulariaceous plants; the speedwell. See Speedwell.

Vertebra - One of the serial segments of the spinal column.

Vertebra - One of the central ossicles in each joint of the arms of an ophiuran.

Vertebrata - One of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom, comprising all animals that have a backbone composed of bony or cartilaginous vertebrae, together with Amphioxus in which the backbone is represented by a simple undivided notochord. The Vertebrata always have a dorsal, or neural, cavity above the notochord or backbone, and a ventral, or visceral, cavity below it. The subdivisions or classes of Vertebrata are Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia, Pisces, Marsipobranchia, and Leptocardia.

Vesica - A bladder.

Vesicula - A vesicle.

Vesicularia - Any one of numerous species of marine Bryozoa belonging to Vesicularia and allied genera. They have delicate tubular cells attached in clusters to slender flexible stems.

Vesiculata - The campanularian medusae.

Vespa - A genus of Hymenoptera including the common wasps and hornets.

Vesta - One of the great divinities of the ancient Romans, identical with the Greek Hestia. She was a virgin, and the goddess of the hearth; hence, also, of the fire on it, and the family round it.

Vesta - An asteroid, or minor planet, discovered by Olbers in 1807.

Vesta - A wax friction match.

Vestibula - of Vestibulum

Vettura - An Italian four-wheeled carriage, esp. one let for hire; a hackney coach.

Vexilla - of Vexillum

Via - A road way.

Via - By the way of; as, to send a letter via Queenstown to London.

Vibracula - of Vibraculum

Vibrissa - One of the specialized or tactile hairs which grow about the nostrils, or on other parts of the face, in many animals, as the so-called whiskers of the cat, and the hairs of the nostrils of man.

Vibrissa - The bristlelike feathers near the mouth of many birds.

Vifda - In the Orkney and Shetland Islands, beef and mutton hung and dried, but not salted.

Vigonia - Of or pertaining to the vicu/a; characterizing the vicu/a; -- said of the wool of that animal, used in felting hats, and for other purposes.

Villa - A country seat; a country or suburban residence of some pretensions to elegance.

Villanella - An old rustic dance, accompanied with singing.

Vincula - of Vinculum

Viola - A genus of polypetalous herbaceous plants, including all kinds of violets.

Viola - An instrument in form and use resembling the violin, but larger, and a fifth lower in compass.

Viperina - See Viperoidea.

Viperoidea - Alt. of Viperoides

Virginia - One of the States of the United States of America.

Virginia - Of or pertaining to the State of Virginia.

Visa - See Vis/.

Visa - To indorse, after examination, with the word vise, as a passport; to vise.

Viscacha - Alt. of Viz-cacha

Viz-cacha - A large burrowing South American rodent (Lagostomus trichodactylus) allied to the chinchillas, but much larger. Its fur is soft and rather long, mottled gray above, white or yellowish white beneath. There is a white band across the muzzle, and a dark band on each cheek. It inhabits grassy plains, and is noted for its extensive burrows and for heaping up miscellaneous articles at the mouth of its burrows. Called also biscacha, bizcacha, vischacha, vishatscha.

Viscera - pl. of Viscus.

Viscera - of Viscus

Vista - A view; especially, a view through or between intervening objects, as trees; a view or prospect through an avenue, or the like; hence, the trees or other objects that form the avenue.

Vitrella - One of the transparent lenslike cells in the ocelli of certain arthropods.

Vitrina - A genus of terrestrial gastropods, having transparent, very thin, and delicate shells, -- whence the name.

Vitta - One of the oil tubes in the fruit of umbelliferous plants.

Vitta - A band, or stripe, of color.

Vivaria - of Vivarium

Vivda - See Vifda.

Viverra - A genus of carnivores which comprises the civets.

Vivipara - An artificial division of vertebrates including those that produce their young alive; -- opposed to Ovipara.

Vodka - A Russian drink distilled from rye.

Volta - A turning; a time; -- chiefly used in phrases signifying that the part is to be repeated one, two, or more times; as, una volta, once. Seconda volta, second time, points to certain modifications in the close of a repeated strain.

Voluta - Any one of numerous species of large, handsome marine gastropods belonging to Voluta and allied genera.

Volva - A saclike envelope of certain fungi, which bursts open as the plant develops.

Vomica - An abscess cavity in the lungs.

Vomica - An abscess in any other parenchymatous organ.

Vondsira - Same as Vansire.

Vorticella - Any one of numerous species of ciliated Infusoria belonging to Vorticella and many other genera of the family Vorticellidae. They have a more or less bell-shaped body with a circle of vibrating cilia around the oral disk. Most of the species have slender, contractile stems, either simple or branched.

Vulva - The external parts of the female genital organs; sometimes, the opening between the projecting parts of the external organs.

Vulva - The orifice of the oviduct of an insect or other invertebrate.

Waldheimia - A genus of brachiopods of which many species are found in the fossil state. A few still exist in the deep sea.

Walhalla - See Valhalla.

Wallaba - A leguminous tree (Eperua falcata) of Demerara, with pinnate leaves and clusters of red flowers. The reddish brown wood is used for palings and shingles.

Water flea - Any one of numerous species of small aquatic Entomostraca belonging to the genera Cyclops, Daphnia, etc; -- so called because they swim with sudden leaps, or starts.

Water poa - Meadow reed grass. See under Reed.

Weigela - Alt. of Weigelia

Weigelia - A hardy garden shrub (Diervilla Japonica) belonging to the Honeysuckle family, with white or red flowers. It was introduced from China.

Weka - A New Zealand rail (Ocydromus australis) which has wings so short as to be incapable of flight.

Wellingtonia - A name given to the "big trees" (Sequoia gigantea) of California, and still used in England. See Sequoia.

Welwitschia - An African plant (Welwitschia mirabilis) belonging to the order Gnetaceae. It consists of a short, woody, topshaped stem, and never more than two leaves, which are the cotyledons enormously developed, and at length split into diverging segments.

Wenona - A sand snake (Charina plumbea) of Western North America, of the family Erycidae.

West India - Alt. of West Indian

Whala - To lash with stripes; to wale; to thrash; to drub.

Whoa - Stop; stand; hold. See Ho, 2.

Wistaria - A genus of climbing leguminous plants bearing long, pendulous clusters of pale bluish flowers.

Woodwardia - A genus of ferns, one species of which (Woodwardia radicans) is a showy plant in California, the Azores, etc.

Wyla - A helmeted Australian cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus funereus); -- called also funeral cockatoo.

Xanthelasma - See Xanthoma.

Xanthidia - of Xanthidium

Xanthoma - A skin disease marked by the development or irregular yellowish patches upon the skin, especially upon the eyelids; -- called also xanthelasma.

Xanthorhiza - A genus of shrubby ranunculaceous plants of North America, including only the species Xanthorhiza apiifolia, which has roots of a deep yellow color; yellowroot. The bark is intensely bitter, and is sometimes used as a tonic.

Xanthorhoea - A genus of endogenous plants, native to Australia, having a thick, sometimes arborescent, stem, and long grasslike leaves. See Grass tree.

Xenelasia - A Spartan institution which prohibited strangers from residing in Sparta without permission, its object probably being to preserve the national simplicity of manners.

Xenia - of Xenium

Xenomania - A mania for, or an inordinate attachment to, foreign customs, institutions, manners, fashions, etc.

Xeroderma - Ichthyosis.

Xeroderma - A skin disease characterized by the presence of numerous small pigmented spots resembling freckles, with which are subsequently mingled spots of atrophied skin.

Xerophthalmia - An abnormal dryness of the eyeball produced usually by long-continued inflammation and subsequent atrophy of the conjunctiva.

Xiphiplastra - of Xiphiplastron

Xiphisterna - of Xiphisternum

Xiphosura - See Xiphura.

Xiphura - Same as Limuloidea. Called also Xiphosura.

Xylocopa - A genus of hymenopterous insects including the carpenter. See Carpenter bee, under Carpenter.

Xylophaga - A genus of marine bivalves which bore holes in wood. They are allied to Pholas.

Xylotrya - A genus of marine bivalves closely allied to Teredo, and equally destructive to timber. One species (Xylotrya fimbriata) is very common on the Atlantic coast of the United States.

Ya - Yea.

Yacca - A West Indian name for two large timber trees (Podocarpus coriaceus, and P. Purdicanus) of the Yew family. The wood, which is much used, is pale brownish with darker streaks.

Yajur-Veda - See Veda.

Yaksha - A kind of demigod attendant on Kuvera, the god of wealth.

Yama - The king of the infernal regions, corresponding to the Greek Pluto, and also the judge of departed souls. In later times he is more exclusively considered the dire judge of all, and the tormentor of the wicked. He is represented as of a green color, with red garments, having a crown on his head, his eyes inflamed, and sitting on a buffalo, with a club and noose in his hands.

Yamma - The llama.

Yea - Yes; ay; a word expressing assent, or an affirmative, or an affirmative answer to a question, now superseded by yes. See Yes.

Yea - More than this; not only so, but; -- used to mark the addition of a more specific or more emphatic clause. Cf. Nay, adv., 2.

Yea - An affirmative vote; one who votes in the affirmative; as, a vote by yeas and nays.

Yeara - The California poison oak (Rhus diversiloba). See under Poison, a.

Yerba - An herb; a plant.

Yoga - A species of asceticism among the Hindoos, which consists in a complete abstraction from all worldly objects, by which the votary expects to obtain union with the universal spirit, and to acquire superhuman faculties.

Yttria - The oxide, Y2O3, or earth, of yttrium.

Yucca - See Flicker, n., 2.

Yucca - A genus of American liliaceous, sometimes arborescent, plants having long, pointed, and often rigid, leaves at the top of a more or less woody stem, and bearing a large panicle of showy white blossoms.

Yuga - Any one of the four ages, Krita, or Satya, Treta, Dwapara, and Kali, into which the Hindoos divide the duration or existence of the world.

Za - An old solfeggio name for B flat; the seventh harmonic, as heard in the or aeolian string; -- so called by Tartini. It was long considered a false, but is the true note of the chord of the flat seventh.

Zamia - A genus of cycadaceous plants, having the appearance of low palms, but with exogenous wood. See Coontie, and Illust. of Strobile.

Zampogna - A sort of bagpipe formerly in use among Italian peasants. It is now almost obsolete.

Zaphara - Zaffer.

Zapotilla - See Sapodilla.

Zareba - An improvised stockade; especially, one made of thorn bushes, etc.

Zauschneria - A genus of flowering plants. Zauschneria Californica is a suffrutescent perennial, with showy red flowers much resembling those of the garden fuchsia.

Zea - A genus of large grasses of which the Indian corn (Zea Mays) is the only species known. Its origin is not yet ascertained. See Maize.

Zebra - Either one of two species of South African wild horses remarkable for having the body white or yellowish white, and conspicuously marked with dark brown or brackish bands.

Zenana - The part of a dwelling appropriated to women.

Zend-Avesta - The sacred writings of the ancient Persian religion, attributed to Zoroaster, but chiefly of a later date.

Zerda - The fennec.

Zeriba - Same as Zareba.

Zeta - A Greek letter corresponding to our z.

Zeuglodonta - Same as Phocodontia.

Zeugma - A figure by which an adjective or verb, which agrees with a nearer word, is, by way of supplement, referred also to another more remote; as, "hic illius arma, hic currus fuit;" where fuit, which agrees directly with currus, is referred also to arma.

Zeugobranchiata - Same as Zygobranchia.

Ziega - Curd produced from milk by adding acetic acid, after rennet has ceased to cause coagulation.

Zilla - A low, thorny, suffrutescent, crucifeous plant (Zilla myagroides) found in the deserts of Egypt. Its leaves are boiled in water, and eaten, by the Arabs.

Zinnia - Any plant of the composite genus Zinnia, Mexican herbs with opposite leaves and large gay-colored blossoms. Zinnia elegans is the commonest species in cultivation.

Zircona - Zirconia.

Zirconia - The oxide of zirconium, obtained as a white powder, and possessing both acid and basic properties. On account of its infusibility, and brilliant luminosity when incandescent, it is used as an ingredient of sticks for the Drummomd light.

Zizania - A genus of grasses including Indian rice. See Indian rice, under Rice.

Zoanthacea - A suborder of Actinaria, including Zoanthus and allied genera, which are permanently attached by their bases.

Zoantharia - Same as Anthozoa.

Zoea - A peculiar larval stage of certain decapod Crustacea, especially of crabs and certain Anomura.

Zona - A zone or band; a layer.

Zonaria - A division of Mammalia in which the placenta is zonelike.

Zoochlorella - One of the small green granulelike bodies found in the interior of certain stentors, hydras, and other invertebrates.

Zoocytia - of Zoocytium

Zoodendria - of Zoodendrium

Zooecia - of Zooecium

Zoogloea - A colony or mass of bacteria imbedded in a viscous gelatinous substance. The zoogloea is characteristic of a transitory stage through which rapidly multiplying bacteria pass in the course of their evolution. Also used adjectively.

Zoa - of Zoon

Zoophaga - An artificial group comprising various carnivorous and insectivorous animals.

Zoophyta - An extensive artificial and heterogeneous group of animals, formerly adopted by many zoologists. It included the c/lenterates, echinoderms, sponges, Bryozoa, Protozoa, etc.

Zorilla - Either one of two species of small African carnivores of the genus Ictonyx allied to the weasels and skunks.

Zostera - A genus of plants of the Naiadaceae, or Pondweed family. Zostera marina is commonly known as sea wrack, and eelgrass.

Zygantra - of Zygantrum

Zygobranchia - A division of marine gastropods in which the gills are developed on both sides of the body and the renal organs are also paired. The abalone (Haliotis) and the keyhole limpet (Fissurella) are examples.

Zygoma - The jugal, malar, or cheek bone.

Zygoma - The zygomatic process of the temporal bone.

Zygoma - The whole zygomatic arch.